Secondary Item Research Articles

Analisis Tingkat Kepuasan Pelanggan dengan Menerapkan Algoritma C4.5

Furniture is currently a secondary item that is quite needed among the community to support their daily activities. In its use, furniture becomes an item that really helps human activities in their daily lives. But now furniture marketing is not only in terms of use, but now people have their own assessment of the aesthetic value of a furniture. So this is a demand for furniture business people to make variations on each product to be marketed. Customer satisfaction is one of the most important things in assessing the level of service provided by the company to its customers. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of satisfaction of CV. Karinda customers. at the company CV. This aspect of Karinda has not been measured, so CV. Karinda finds it difficult to determine which aspects must be improved. The method used in this study is the C 4.5 algorithm, where the data source used is a questionnaire/questionnaire technique given to CV. Karinda customers. the process of testing this research using RapidMinner software to create a decision tree. From the results of the analysis is expected to improve the company's performance in providing services to customers CV. Karinda to be better

Ruimtelike en temporele leksikografiese deiktiese verankering

Spatial and Temporal Lexicographic Deictic Anchoring. In this contribution attention is given to deixis as it is known in the field of semantics. The transfer of deixis to lexicography is discussed and the concept of lexicographic deictic anchoring is brought to the fore. It is shown how this anchoring can be executed in different ways. Lexicographers need to decide how to employ this procedure in a specific dictionary. Different types of text segments can be used to enable deictic anchoring. These segments that include items, item symbols and item parts are briefly discussed. The main focus of this article is on spatial and temporal lexicographic deictic anchoring. Different deictic markers and anchoring procedures are discussed. In this regard it is shown that dictionaries do not only employ single items but also item complexes and that these item complexes can have a uniform or a hybrid format. It is suggested that successful deictic anchoring often demands that dictionaries should complement a primary anchoring procedure with secondary anchoring procedures. Deictic anchoring is discussed as a multi-phased process. The discussion is illustrated by real examples from dictionaries. Following the discussion suggestions are made for improved procedures of lexicographic deictic anchoring. Keywords: deictic anchoring, hybrid item complex, internally-expanded item, item symbol, lexicographic deictic centre, lexicographic deixis, lexicographic labels, neologisms, primary deictic item, rudimentary deictic anchoring, secondary deictic item

Habitat use and behavioral patterns of Cassin's Kingbird (Tyrannus vociferans) in an urban park of Mexico City

Changes in vegetation structure and species composition affect habitat use and behavior in most bird species by altering the distribution and abundance of their resources. We explore how the mating and foraging behavior of Cassin's Kingbirds (Tyrannus vociferans) varies by habitat type within a 2,450 ha urban park in Mexico City. The study site includes primarily water bodies, riparian vegetation, willow and Montezuma cypress stands, maize fields, and grasslands. We recorded kingbird behavior twice a week along 21 transects throughout 2012 and 2015. Courtship and reproductive behaviors were displayed in autumn (Sep) and early winter (Dec). Intraspecific agonistic behaviors were associated with courtship and mating events, particularly in 2015. Cassin's Kingbird generally favored open vegetation. The main foraging strategy in open habitats was flycatching but foliage gleaning became frequent when mistletoe plants produced fruits in infested willow stands. The use of mistletoe fruits, presumably a secondary diet item, coincided with the breeding season. In addition to these observations, our study is the first report of Cassin's Kingbird winter mating at low latitudes.

Habitat use and behavioral patterns of Cassin's Kingbird (Tyrannus vociferans) in an urban park of Mexico City

Changes in vegetation structure and species composition affect habitat use and behavior in most bird species by altering the distribution and abundance of their resources. We explore how the mating and foraging behavior of Cassin's Kingbirds (Tyrannus vociferans) varies by habitat type within a 2,450 ha urban park in Mexico City. The study site includes primarily water bodies, riparian vegetation, willow and Montezuma cypress stands, maize fields, and grasslands. We recorded kingbird behavior twice a week along 21 transects throughout 2012 and 2015. Courtship and reproductive behaviors were displayed in autumn (Sep) and early winter (Dec). Intraspecific agonistic behaviors were associated with courtship and mating events, particularly in 2015. Cassin's Kingbird generally favored open vegetation. The main foraging strategy in open habitats was flycatching but foliage gleaning became frequent when mistletoe plants produced fruits in infested willow stands. The use of mistletoe fruits, presumably a secondary diet item, coincided with the breeding season. In addition to these observations, our study is the first report of Cassin's Kingbird winter mating at low latitudes.

Face-to-Face Exercises Performed by Instructors to Improve the Mental Health of Japanese in the Community-A Randomized Control Trial.

Background and objectives: The purpose of this study is to clarify the effects on the mental health of face-to-face exercise performed by an instructor (lesson-style Group: Group L) and exercise using machines (program-style Group: Group P) by randomized control trial. Materials and Methods: Among 120 subjects, 117 subjects were allocated to two groups with stratified randomization by sex (Group P: 58 subjects; Group L: 59 subjects). A 60-min health exercise class was held once per week for 12 consecutive weeks. The measurement items were mental health as a primary evaluation item and self-efficacy as a secondary evaluation item. Physical fitness was also measured using a new physical fitness test used in Japan. The 12-item general health questionnaire (GHQ-12) was used to measure mental health and the general self-efficacy scale (GSES) was used to measure self-efficacy. Results: After the intervention, 102 subjects were analyzed. The changes in mental health evaluated by GHQ-12 scores were significantly lower in Group L −0.7 (95% CI, −1.2 to −0.3) than Group P −0.1 (95% CI, −0.4 to 0.2) (p = 0.03). The changes in self-efficacy evaluated by GSES scores were significantly higher in Group P 5.3 (95% CI, 3.1 to 7.5) than Group L 1.3 (95% CI, −0.4 to 3.1) (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Compared with program exercises mainly using machines, face-to-face exercises performed by instructors improved mental health.

Safety and Effectiveness of Ninjin'yoeito: A Utilization Study in Elderly Patients.

Post-marketing surveillance studies of traditional Japanese medicine in Japan are limited, and currently there are no data for Ninjin'yoeito, which is often used for the elderly because of its efficacy. In this study, we aimed to investigate the post-marketing safety and efficacy of Ninjin'yoeito in elderly patients over 65 years of age in clinical practice in Japan. This survey was an open-label, non-comparative, prospective, multicenter, post-marketing survey conducted at 383 centers between February 2016 and March 2017. In the safety analysis of 808 patients, adverse reactions were reported in 25 patients (3.1%), most of whom had gastrointestinal disorders (2.1%). In the efficacy analysis, Ninjin'yoeito was found to significantly improve visual analog scale scores in fatigue/malaise and anorexia at weeks 8, 16, and 24, and weeks 8 and 24 after commencement of treatment, respectively. In addition, the Basic Checklist created by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan was used as a secondary survey item. The proportion of patients expected to require nursing care significantly decreased after 24 weeks compared with the baseline in four domains (activities of daily living, motor function, oral function, and depression). On the basis of physician assessment, Ninjin'yoeito was rated as “effective” or “moderately effective” in 486 (90.5%) of 537 cases. As the checklist contains many aspects of frailty, Ninjin'yoeito might be beneficial in preventing frailty. The findings of the present study indicate the safety of Ninjin'yoeito in aged patients, although further integrated clinical trials are necessary to examine its efficacy.

The architecture of interaction between visual working memory and visual attention.

In five experiments, we examined whether a task-irrelevant item in visual working memory (VWM) interacts with perceptual selection when VWM must also be used to maintain a template representation of a search target. This question is critical to distinguishing between competing theories specifying the architecture of interaction between VWM and attention. The single-item template hypothesis (SIT) posits that only a single item in VWM can be maintained in a state that interacts with attention. Thus, the secondary item should be inert with respect to attentional guidance. The multiple-item template hypothesis (MIT) posits that multiple items can be maintained in a state that interacts with attention; thus, both the target representation and the secondary item should be capable of guiding selection. This question has been addressed previously in attention capture studies, but the results have been ambiguous. Here, we modified these earlier paradigms to optimize sensitivity to capture. Capture by a distractor matching the secondary item in VWM was observed consistently across multiple types of search task (abstract arrays and natural scenes), multiple dependent measures (search reaction time (RT) and oculomotor capture), multiple memory dimensions (color and shape), and multiple search stimulus dimensions (color, shape, common objects), providing strong support for the MIT. (PsycINFO Database Record

Feeding habits of milk shark, Rhizoprionodon acutus (Ruppell, 1837) in the Gujarat coastal waters of north-eastern Arabian Sea

The feeding habit of milk shark Rhizoprionodon acutus was investigated in 684 specimens collected along Gujarat coast (India) of north-eastern Arabian Sea from January 2013 to December 2014. The length range of females was 32–89.6 cm and males 33.5–89 cm. The shark foraged on diversified prey items which were pooled into four distinct groups i.e., teleosts, crustaceans, mollusks and annelids. Teleosts (Dietary coefficient, %QI=83.05 and index of relative importance, %IRI=78.40) were found to be the preferred food items followed by crustaceans (%QI=16.21; %IRI=19.78), which formed the secondary food item group. Mollusks (%QI=0.74; %IRI=1.69) and annelids (%QI=0.01; %IRI=0.14) constituted the accidental or accessory food items. The species, though is a pelagic predator, probably performs vertical movements in search of prey items. The shark also showed some sorts of preference and selectivity for clupeids, engraulids and carangids. Females though showed significantly lower index of relative fullness (IRF) (P≤0.5) and comparatively lower vacuity index and lower mean number of preys per stomach compared to the males, the preference for prey items was not found to be significantly different between the females and males. Juveniles were found to have significantly higher IRF (P≤0.5) and comparatively higher vacuity index than that of the adults, whereas the mean preys per stomach was found to be lower than that of the adults. Moreover, the prey preference was also significantly different between the juveniles and adults. The study provides necessary baseline information about the feeding habits of the shark in the region which will be helpful in understanding the trophodynamics of the species under the influence of overfishing and climate change.

Seasonal niche segregation of two sympatric xenocyprinid fishes

Xenocypris microlepis (Bleeker, 1871) and Xenocypris davidi (Bleeker, 1871) are two closely related xenocyprinid species potentially subject to exploitative competition. They often coexist in many freshwater ecosystems, which offers an opportunity to analyze their relationships. The present study describes the seasonal feeding habits of age‐3 X. microlepis and X. davidi in Xin'anjiang Reservoir, located in Zhejiang, China, as determined by stable isotope analysis. Particulate organic matter (POM; 50%) and periphyton (50%) were the major items observed in the X. microlepis diet, whereas periphyton (>60%) was prevalent in the X. davidi diet. Seasonal variations were observed in the diet compositions of both xenocyprinid species. Whereas X. microlepis tended to ingest more sediment organic matter (SOM) in autumn than in spring and summer, SOM was the secondary food item for X. davidi over the three seasons. The seasonal diet shift observed in this work indicates niche segregation of the sympatric pair. The results of this study contribute to the current knowledge of seasonal trophic interactions in predator–prey systems where sympatric xenocyprinids are present.

WARM Based Data Pre-fetching and Cache Replacement Strategies for Location Dependent Information System in Wireless Environment

Rapid growth in wireless communications gives mobile users the facility to search local emergency services, business events, entertainment activity and other necessary information at anytime from anywhere using any device. Recent research on mobility and spatial---temporal data focuses on techniques for improving data availability and reducing latency and access costs through client side data caching techniques. In this paper, we design a cache management system for location dependent information system by considering various contextual information of users such as mobility pattern and the type of service being requested. Cache placement and invalidation is carried out considering the spatial and temporal validity of the services. We also propose a pre-fetching technique which considers the geographical and semantic adjacency of the queried items. The pre-fetching policy rules are derived from applying Weighted Association Rule Mining to determine the secondary service item that should be pre-fetched while processing the primary service query. A new cache replacement algorithm Spatial and Temporal Valid Scope which takes into account the spatial and temporal valid scopes, data distance and service type are applied for eviction. The experimental evaluations using synthetic datasets show that the proposed cache management system is effective in improving the system performance in terms of the cache hit ratio of mobile clients.

Development and psychometric testing of the online Adolescent Diabetes Needs Assessment Tool (ADNAT)

To report on the development and psychometric testing of the Adolescent Diabetes Needs Assessment Tool. The UK has the fifth largest paediatric diabetes population in the world, but one of the poorest levels of diabetes control, highlighting the need for intervention development. Mixed methods following recommendations for questionnaire design and validation. A total of 171 young people (12-18 years) participated between 2008- 2011. Methods included item selection using secondary framework analysis, item review, pre-testing, piloting and online transfer. Statistical tests assessed reliability using item-total correlations, interitem consistency and test-retest reliability; and validity using blood glucose (HbA1c) levels and the Self-Management of type 1 Diabetes in Adolescence questionnaire. The Adolescent Diabetes Needs Assessment Tool consists of 117 questions divided between six domains of educational and psychosocial support needs. It combines reflective questioning with needs assessment to raise self-awareness to support adolescent decision-making in relation to diabetes self-care. Thirty-six of the questions provide self-care and psychosocial health assessment scores. Face and content validity of the scoring items were all positively evaluated in terms of appropriateness and readability and tests for validity found significant correlations with Self-Management of type 1 Diabetes in Adolescence and weak correlation with HbA1c , which compared favourably with Self-Management of type 1 Diabetes in Adolescence, the only comparable (USA) tool. Item response analysis validated the use of simple additive scores. The Adolescent Diabetes Needs Assessment Tool combines reflective learning with needs assessment to support patient-centred clinical consultations.

High intraspecific variation in the diet of the french angelfish Pomacanthus paru in the south-western Atlantic

Grazing by reef fishes is among the most important biotic factors controlling the structure of benthic communities in coral reefs and tropical rocky shores (e.g., HIXON, 1983). Exclusion experiments have widely demonstrated that fish grazing is a key factor determining algal abundance, with direct and indirect effects on corals and other competing benthic organisms (e.g., SAMMARCO, 1983; LEWIS, 1986; HUGUES et al., 2007). Grazer exclusion reduces the resilience of coral reefs in face of disturbances such as hurricanes, bleaching events, and climate change (HUGUES et al., 2007; MUMBY, 2009). Underwater observations and palatability, caging and transplantation experiments indicate that grazing by reef fish also has strong influence on the abundance, distribution and shape of sponges (PAWLIK, 1998; WULFF, 2000; RUZICKA; GLEASON, 2009; LOH; PAWLIK, 2009). Angelfishes (family Pomacanthidae) are very common and conspicuous reef fishes with a circum-global distribution on tropical and warm temperate reefs. Pomacanthids feed mainly on the structurally resilient and firmly attached benthic prey items avoided by most predators (KONOW; BELLWOOD, 2005). Sponges are the dominant item in the diet of several species of the genera Holacanthus and Pomacanthus, which are therefore often called spongivorous, while algae are usually a secondary item (e.g., RANDALL; HARTMAN, 1968; HOURIGAN et al., 1989; WULFF, 1994; VERDIN et al., 2010). The diet of adult Western Atlantic angelfishes has only been studied in a few localities in the Caribbean (RANDALL; HARTMAN, 1968; HOURIGAN et al., 1989; WULFF, 1994; DUNLAP; PAWLIK, 1996; PAWLIK, 1998; SWEARINGEN; PAWLIK, 1998). In the South-western Atlantic only juveniles have been studied (SAZIMA et al., 1999; ANDREA et al., 2007). Francini-Filho and Moura (2010) observed the feeding of adult Pomacanthus arcuatus and P. paru on the zoanthid Palythoa caribaeorum in Abrolhos, without giving any attention to other items of their diet. Ferreira et al. (2004) and Ruzicka and Gleason (2008) stressed the need to determine the extent of geographical variation in diet composition of spongivorous reef fishes, including angelfishes, to better understand the latitudinal variation of predation and herbivory intensity on Western Atlantic coral reefs. However, virtually nothing is yet known about the feeding habits of South-western Atlantic adult angelfishes. The French angelfish Pomacanthus paru inhabits coral reefs and rocky shores from Florida (USA) to Santa Catarina State (Southern Brazil) (e.g., RANDALL; HARTMAN, 1968; FERREIRA et al., 2004). Due to its high abundance, colour pattern and large size, it is one of the most conspicuous and recognizable species of the family Pomacanthidae in the Caribbean (DELOACH, 1999). In Brazil P. paru is the most abundant angelfish and shows a patchy distribution, with peaks of abundance in Parcel Manoel Luis (0.52

Gross Diet Composition and Trophic Level Estimation of the Spotcheek Emperor, &lt;I&gt;Lethrinus Rubrioperculatus&lt;/I&gt; (actinopterygii: Perciformes: Lethrinidae), in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia

Background. The spotcheek emperor, Lethrinus rubrioperculatus Sato 1978, is an important component of the mesophotoic coral reef community in the Indo-Pacific Region, where it is a target of commercial fisheries. A diet composition study was undertaken as part of a broader investigation towards elucidation of the biological characteristics of this species in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Micronesia. Materials and methods. A total of 395 spotcheek emperor stomachs were examined between September 2000 and February 2002 based on a commercial fishery and research cruises.&#160; Feeding activity was estimated using indices of vacuity and repletion, diet composition was defined using the Main Food Item (MFI) index, and trophic level was determined using Trophlab. All indices were calculated to observe for patterns demographically, seasonally, ontogenetically and by sex. Results. Total vacuity index (VI) for fish was 45.8% while inclusion of bait in stomach (BIS) raised VI to 60.5%. The highest VI came from Farallon de Medinilla, with 63% and 73% including BIS. Lowest VI was at Marpi Reef, while Sonome Reef had the largest separation between VI and VI BIS. Repletion indices were greatest in Saipan and Tinian, lowest at Sonome Reef. First quarter year had the highest vacuity and lowest repletion. Repletion increased from the first to fourth quarter while VI did not reveal a pattern. Repletion decreased with size, and VI was highest in the smallest size group. Repletion and VI values were greater in females. MFI results showed fish were the primary prey item at all locations, seasons, and sizes, and in both sexes. Fish increased in diet seasonally. The smallest size group had the highest fish MFI, and the largest size group the lowest. Crustaceans and mollusks were secondary prey items varying by location, season and size. Saipan and Tinian uniquely displayed five prey categories. Overall trophic values were estimated at 4.23 &#177; 0.73, with a range from 3.96 to 4.46 as estimated by location, season size and sex. Conclusion. Results differed from New Caledonia that reported fish as a secondary food item to crustaceans for spotcheek emperor. In this study mollusks then crustaceans were present as accessory prey items. Demography, ontogeny, and size influenced diet. Estimated trophic levels were indicative of a piscivorous diet, in contrast to the value provided by FishBase. Future work in elucidating observed trends in diet preference for the spotcheek emperor should focus on obtaining a much larger sample size that is more evenly distributed across location, season, size class and sex.

Long-lost relative claims orphan gene: oskar in a wasp.

“To us as embyrologists and men the formation of an embryo has appeared to be everything, the history of the germ cells a secondary item of no particular moment. Nature, on the other hand, reverses the relative importance of the two, setting the germ-cells in the place of honour, as linking the remote past with the distant future.” In 1902, the vertebrate embryologist James Beard wrote these words in his monograph on germ cells in the skate Raja batis [1]. Over 110 years later, germ line specification and development are indeed major areas of investigation in the fields of developmental biology and evolution. August Weismann's description of the germ line as containing “unalterable accessory idioplasm” [2] may sound suspiciously mythical to modern readers. Nevertheless, we now know that in some animals, a special cytoplasm containing conserved gene products is indeed transmitted from oocyte to embryonic germ cells, and again to oocytes in the next generation. This “germ plasm” is necessary and sufficient for germ cell formation, and its molecular basis is best understood in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Germ plasm in some form has been described in oocytes and embryos of most “higher insects” (Holometabola: e.g., flies, wasps, and butterflies) as well as in other animals such as frogs and fish. However, in “lower insects” (Hemimetabola: e.g., grasshoppers, mayflies, and cockroaches) and in most other animals, nothing like germ plasm or inherited germ line determinants have been reported. In mice, the best studied example of such cases, inductive signals from specific somatic cells cause neighbouring cells to adopt germ cell fate. Comparative analyses suggest that most animals may use inductive signaling rather than germ plasm to specify germ cells, including animals branching close to the base of the animal tree (e.g., sponges and cnidarians). This has led to the hypothesis that the ancestral mechanism for animal germ cell specification may have been based on inductive signaling, meaning that germ plasm-driven mechanisms would have evolved independently several times in animal radiation [3]. How such a novel mechanism could have evolved remains unclear. In a recent paper [4], Jeremy Lynch and colleagues provide evidence that a critical component of germ plasm in insects is more ancient than previously thought, and that the driving force for this novel mechanism was the evolution of a novel gene.

Finding the frequent items in streams of data

Many data generation processes can be modeled as data streams. They produce huge numbers of pieces of data, each of which is simple in isolation, but which taken together lead to a complex whole. F...

Locational tying of complementary retail items

AbstractWe study a selling practice that we refer to as locational tying (LT), which seems to be gaining wide popularity among retailers. Under this strategy, a retailer “locationally ties” two complementary items that we denote by “primary” and “secondary.” The retailer sells the primary item in an appropriate “department” of his or her store. To stimulate demand, the secondary item is offered in the primary item's department, where it is displayed in very close proximity to the primary item. We consider two variations of LT: In the multilocation tying strategy (LT‐M), the secondary item is offered in its appropriate department in addition to the primary item's department, whereas in the single‐location tying strategy (LT‐S), it is offered only in the primary item's location. We compare these LT strategies to the traditional independent components (IC) strategy, in which the two items are sold independently (each in its own department), but the pricing/inventory decisions can be centralized (IC‐C) or decentralized (IC‐D). Assuming ample inventory, we compare and provide a ranking of the optimal prices of the four strategies. The main insight from this comparison is that relative to IC‐D, LT decreases the price of the primary item and adjusts the price of the secondary item up or down depending on its popularity in the primary item's department. We also perform a comparative statics analysis on the effect of demand and cost parameters on the optimal prices of various strategies, and identify the conditions that favor one strategy over others in terms of profitability. Then we study inventory decisions in LT under exogenous pricing by developing a model that accounts for the effect of the primary item's stock‐outs on the secondary item's demand. We find that, relative to IC‐D, LT increases the inventory level of the primary item. We also link the profitability of different strategies to the trade‐off between the increase in demand volume of the secondary item as a result of LT and the potential increase in inventory costs due to decentralizing the inventory of the secondary item. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2009

Feeding habits of blackmouth catsharkGaleus melastomusRafinesque, 1810 and velvet belly lantern sharkEtmopterus spinax(Linnaeus, 1758) in the western Mediterranean

Summary Feeding habits of blackmouth catshark Galeus melastomus and velvet belly lantern shark Etmopterus spinax were studied throughout the Spanish Mediterranean, from the Alboran Sea to the Gulf of Lion, between 400 and 790 m depth. Diets were studied taking into account size and depth differences. Included within the trophic guild of non-migratory macroplankton feeders, both species preferably exploited mesopelagic resources (mainly natantian decapods, euphausiids, mesopelagic fish and cephalopods). G. melastomus mostly preyed on decapod crustaceans (46% in terms of IRI), with cephalopods, euphausiids and mesopelagic fish as a secondary prey item. The diet of E. spinax was composed primarily of mesopelagic fish (61.4% in terms of IRI), with decapod crustaceans and cephalopods of secondary importance. Both species showed ontogenetic changes in their diets: small blackmouth catshark specimens (between 150 and 350 mm total length) mainly consumed cephalopods, medium size individuals (351–450 mm TL) consumed decapod crustaceans, while larger specimens (larger than 451 mm TL) seemed to be more generalist-feeders. Smaller specimens of E. spinax (150– 250 mm TL) mostly fed on small crustaceans and cephalopods, whilst an increase in the consumption of mesopelagic fish (mycthophids and Stomiiformes) was detected in larger individuals (251–450 mm TL). Diet of G. melastomus also changed throughout the narrow depth range explored, mainly consumed euphausiids and mesopelagic fish between 400 and 500 m depth, whilst preferably exploiting natantian decapods and cephalopods below 500 m of depth. However, this trend may be correlated to the larger-deeper trend found for this species. Slight but not significant differences were found in E. spinax diet by depth, with euphausiids mainly consumed at lower depths (400–500 m). In a multispecies MDS analysis, diets of G. melastomus and E. spinax were separated and the ANOSIM test proved evidence for significant differences in the diets of the two species (R = 0.25; P = 0.05), mainly attributed to the stronger pelagic habits of E. spinax in comparison with G. melastomus. Low overlap (by Schoener Index) also occurred when comparing specimens of the same size range. In general, the higher occurrence of benthic prey in the diet of G. melastomus (i.e. the brachyuran crab Geryon longipes, the thalassinid shrimp Calocaris macandrae) than in E. spinax pointed to a stronger pelagic behavior for the velvet belly lantern shark. Both multivariate analysis and the Levins Index pointed to a narrow niche breadth for the two sharks. A trend of increasing fullness was found for both species in the highly productive areas of the Alboran Sea and Vera Gulf, probably related to higher resource availability, enhanced by local upwellings.

Relative importance of plague rodents and dasyurids as prey of barn owls in central Australia

We examined the diet of the barn owl in three bioregions of arid Northern Territory; two in upland areas, the other on the Barkly Tableland. Owls from the MacDonnell and Petermann Ranges fed predominantly on rodents. At both sites, Mus musculus was the dominant prey both in terms of frequency and prey units, with Pseudomys hermannsburgensis an important secondary item. Notomys alexis was an important secondary item in the MacDonnell Ranges. These results support previous research in highlighting the importance of plague rodents in the diet of barn owls in arid Australia. In contrast to the samples from the upland sites, the Barkly Tableland sample was composed mostly of the dasyurid marsupial Sminthopsis macroura, with only one rodent captured. The absence of the long-haired rat, Rattus villosissimus, from the sample, despite the species being a favoured prey item of the barn owl that undergoes population irruptions at the collection site, suggests that the sample was collected during a non-plague period. Our study is the first to record a marsupial species as the major prey of the barn owl. This finding suggests that barn owls can switch to other prey when populations of rodents crash.

Modelling the Disruptive Effects of Irrelevant Speech on Order Information

The feature model (Nairne, 1990) is extended to include order information by incorporating aspects of Estes' (1972, 1997) perturbation theory. Order information is encoded with other cues in primary memory and precision is gradually lost due to drift along the appropriate dimension. Recall begins with the cue whose positional uncertainty gradient indicates it was in the first position with the highest probability. Order errors occur primarily because cues can “perturb” to adjacent positions: Although the appropriate secondary memory target is sampled, it is sampled out of order. However, cues that have not perturbed can also sample an incorrect secondary memory item, which is then recalled out of order. Thus, both order errors and item errors can give rise to recalling an item from the list in an incorrect position. A simulation shows that with the addition of the perturbation mechanism, the feature model can produce the appropriate order error gradients for short and long words recalled in quiet, accompanied by irrelevant speech, or accompanied by articulatory suppression.

Jesse Helms and Electoral Change in Southern Politics

Southeastern Geographer Vol. 30, No. 1, May 90, pp. 68-73 JESSE HELMS AND ELECTORAL CHANGE IN SOUTHERN POLITICS Gerald L. Ingalls Since V. O. Key penned his magnificent treatment of southern politics in 1949, the South has witnessed massive electoral change: in partisanship , in racial composition ofthe electorate, and in the competitiveness ofthe Democratic and Republican parties in national and statewide elections. Both national and regional forces have been causes of this change. For instance, Southern Republicans have successfully coattailed on strong presidential candidates. (J) But as beneficial as a strong ticket leader may be, the fortunes of Southern Republicans also depend on their ability to build their own political support base. Competitive state-level Republican parties have emerged as a consequence of the sweeping social, economic, and political changes which have reshaped the South including "the replacement of the agrarian middle class's traditionalists by the entrepreneurial individualists of the new middle class as the central source of regional leadership." (2) This emerging middle class reflected the increasing levels ofurbanization and industrialization in the South. Together with the demographic changes which accompanied them, these processes drastically altered the southern political arena. For example, while the "Old South" found its leaders in the black belt, the "New South" searched for its leaders in mediumsized urban places or in metropolitan settings. (3) While the old Southern Republican Party found much of its support in the mountains, the new GOP found adherents in urban and metropolitan settings. (4) A CHANGING SOUTH AND JESSE HELMS. In most respects North Carolina and its 18-year incumbent senator Jesse Helms seem to epitomize this changing South. Building on an existing manufacturing (textile ) base, the state has witnessed substantial new economic development and increasing levels of urbanization over the past three decades. In politics the North Carolina Republican Party has steadily improved its competitive edge since 1948 (Fig. 1). Since 1972 Republicans have won 8 of the 12 elections for governor and senator. Only an incumbent Dr. Ingalls is Professor ofGeography at the University ofNorth Carolina at Charlotte in Charlotte, NC 28223. Vol. XXX, No. 1 69 60 50 40 30 SENATE VOTE GOVERNOR VOTE 20 19481958196819781988 Fig. 1. Rise of Republican competitiveness in North Carolina. senator, Robert Morgan in 1974, and a two-term governor, Jim Hunt in 1976 and 1980, have been able to give the Democrats landslide election victories. Within this tide of rising competitiveness is a strong current of alternative republicanism—with a small r. Jesse Helms and the Congressional Club, a political support group committed to Jesse Helms and to the support of candidates who adopt the Helms brand of Conservatism (with a big C), have combined to win four of the Senate races— Helms in 1972, 1978, and 1984 and John East in 1980. The Congressional Club and Jesse Helms, while tacitly Republican, have had a higher level of commitment to ideological purity than partisan identification . Helms and the Club took Conservatism as their principal banner with republicanism a secondary agenda item. While North Carolina may well reflect southern political, social, and economic change and notwithstanding the apparent spectacular success of the GOP within the state, there is some question about the political structure that has emerged. Is this structure based on a strong, newly emergent commitment to Republican partisanship, or is at least part ofit committed to Jesse Helms personally? Does the Congressional Club and voters who are faithful to Jesse Helms support him because he is a Republican or because he is Jesse Helms? This paper argues that Jesse Helms, despite his identification with the Republican Party and apparent role in its rise in the South, actually is not representative of the mainstream GOP and has a pattern of electoral support different from 70 Southeastern Geographer Piedmont Mountains Coastal Plain Tidewater Fig. 2. Regions of North Carolina. more traditional Republican candidates. It will analyze the spatial patterns of electoral support for Helms and for Jim Martin, a more mainstream GOP candidate, to identify their similarities and differences. THE GEOGRAPHIC PATTERN OF THE VOTE FOR JESSE HELMS. The success of Jesse Helms, like most Southern Republicans, has come in large part because of his ability to fashion a...