Secondary Index Research Articles

Arsenic methylation capability and hypertension risk in subjects living in arseniasis-hyperendemic areas in southwestern Taiwan

Cumulative arsenic exposure (CAE) from drinking water has been shown to be associated with hypertension in a dose-response pattern. This study further explored the association between arsenic methylation capability and hypertension risk among residents of arseniasis-hyperendemic areas in Taiwan considering the effect of CAE and other potential confounders. There were 871 subjects (488 women and 383 men) and among them 372 were diagnosed as having hypertension based on a positive history or measured systolic blood pressure >or=140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure >or=90 mm Hg. Urinary arsenic species were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-hydride generator and atomic absorption spectrometry. Primary arsenic methylation index [PMI, defined as monomethylarsonic acid (MMA(V)) divided by (As(III)+As(V))] and secondary arsenic methylation index (SMI, defined as dimethylarsinic acid divided by MMA(V)) were used as indicators for arsenic methylation capability. The level of urinary arsenic was still significantly correlated with cumulative arsenic exposure (CAE) calculated from a questionnaire interview (p=0.02) even after the residents stopped drinking the artesian well water for 2-3 decades. Hypertensive subjects had higher percentages of MMA(V) and lower SMI than subjects without hypertension. However, subjects having CAE >0 mg/L-year had higher hypertension risk than those who had CAE=0 mg/L-year disregard a high or low methylation index. Inefficient arsenic methylation ability may be related with hypertension risk.

Single and Combined Effects of Cadmium and Zinc on Carrots: Uptake and Bioaccumulation

ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn), singly and in combination, on uptake and bioaccumulation of Cd and Zn in Daucus carota L. (carrot) grown under natural field conditions. Carrot plants were treated with two Cd concentrations (10 and 100 μg mL−1), two Zn concentrations (100 and 300 μg mL−1), and two combined concentrations of Cd and Zn (10 + 100 and 100 + 300 μg mL−1) 15 d after seed germination. Treatments were repeated at 10 d intervals up to 90 d of plant age. A control was also kept without a Cd or Zn treatment. Uptake, total accumulation rate (TAR), bioconcentration factor (BCF), primary transport index (PTI), secondary transport index (STI), and accumulation of Cd and Zn in root, stem, and leaf were quantified. The results show that uptake, TAR, and accumulation of Cd and Zn are concentration-dependent phenomena. Highest accumulation of Cd and Zn was found in the root, followed by the stem and then leaves. The results also showed that bioaccumulation of Cd in root, stem, and leaf was greater at the low metal-application rates of Cd and Zn in combination than at the higher rate. This study further showed that interactions of Zn and Cd are dependent on the concentrations of those metals in the soil.

Sexing La Mode: Gender, Fashion and Commercial Culture in Old Regime France

Contents List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Prologue: The Morning Toilette Introduction Part I La Cour: Absolutism and Appearance in the Court of Louis XIV Chapter 1 Courting La Mode and Costuming the French Chapter 2 Fashion Culture in Print Chapter 3 Objects of Desire, Subjects of the King Part II La Ville: Clothing and Consumption in an Enlightened Society of Taste Chapter 4 A Natural Right to Dress Women Chapter 5 The Agreeable Art of Clothing Chapter 6 Coquettes and Grisettes Chapter 7 Selling La Mode Conclusion Epilogue: From the Absolutist Gaze to the Republican Look Select secondary bibliography Index

Holy bishops in late antiquity: the nature of Christian leadership in an age of transition

Acknowledgments PART ONE 1. The Nature of Leadership in Late Antiquity 2. Pragmatic Authority 3. Spiritual Authority 4. Ascetic Authority PART TWO 5. Bishops in Action 6. Social Contexts 7. Cities 8. Empire 9. The Bishop as a New Urban Functionary Epilogue Bibliography Primary Sources Secondary Literature Index

Overcoming 64kb data size limit in handling large spatial data in GISNIC while cleaning and building topology

When asked if topology is a key concept of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), most GIS users will nod their heads in agreement. But when asked how topology is handled in GIS the nodding heads give way to shrugging shoulders. Why should GIS users care about topology? What are the advantages and disadvantages of storing polygon (topology) data? This paper attempts to analyse the algorithm used in GISNIC, an in-house developed software, to clean the spatial data and then build topology from line (segment) data and associate this topology with point data. Suppose there is a structure of 32 bytes size, and it is required to store, say, 11,000 data of that structure. It is obvious by simple arithmetic that we need nearly 333KB of memory by dynamic allocation. In a 16-bit application, only power (2, 16) memory units (byte in byte addressable memory system) can be addressed. Thus, simple allocation of memory for 11,000 data units of the said size cannot work in this case. This paper discusses the method to overcome this constraint. The problem can be solved by giving precedence to the first index and then to the secondary index. For instance, to address the location where 3335th item could be residing the following should be done: LPCNT = int(3335/2000) REMAINDER=3335 LPCNT * 2000. Then variable, say region, can be accessed as: region[LPCNT])[REMAINDER].

Trichuris suis therapy for active ulcerative colitis: A randomized controlled trial

Ulcerative colitis is most common in Western industrialized countries. Inflammatory bowel disease is uncommon in developing countries where helminths are frequent. People with helminths have an altered immunological response to antigens. In animal models, helminths prevent or improve colitis by the induction of regulatory T cells and modulatory cytokines. This study determined the efficacy and safety of the helminth Trichuris suis in therapy of ulcerative colitis. This was a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted at the University of Iowa and select private practices. Trichuris suis ova were obtained from the US Department of Agriculture. The trial included 54 patients with active colitis, defined by an Ulcerative Colitis Disease Activity Index of > or =4. Patients were recruited from physician participants and were randomly assigned to receive placebo or ova treatment. Patients received 2500 Trichuris suis ova or placebo orally at 2-week intervals for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy variable was improvement of the Disease Activity Index to > or =4. After 12 weeks of therapy, improvement according to the intent-to-treat principle occurred in 13 of 30 patients (43.3%) with ova treatment compared with 4 of 24 patients (16.7%) given placebo (P = .04). Improvement was also found with the Simple Index that was significant by week 6. The difference in the proportion of patients who achieved an Ulcerative Colitis Disease Activity Index of 0-1 was not significant. Treatment induced no side effects. Ova therapy seems safe and effective in patients with active colitis.

Interaction between environmental tobacco smoke and arsenic methylation ability on the risk of bladder cancer

Arsenic exposure and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) have been suspected to be associated with bladder cancer risk. We hypothesize that interaction between ETS and the ability to methylate arsenic, a detoxification pathway, modifies the risk of bladder cancer. From January 1996 to December 1999, we identified 41 newly diagnosed bladder cancer patients and 202 fracture and cataract patients at the National Cheng-Kung University (NCKU) Medical Center. The levels of urinary arsenic species [As(III), As(V), MMA(V), and DMA(V)] were determined in all subjects. We found significant interaction between ETS and secondary methylation index (SMI) on the risk of bladder cancer (p=0.02). Among non-smokers with a high primary methylation index (PMI), the risk of bladder cancer was lower in subjects exposed to ETS (OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.14-0.96) than in subjects without exposure to ETS. Among non-smokers without ETS, the risk of bladder cancer was 4.7 times higher in subjects with a low SMI (95% CI, 1.30-16.81) than in subjects with a high SMI. Ability to methylate arsenic plays an important role in reducing the risk of bladder cancer attributable to the continuation of arsenic exposure from drinking water and from ETS exposure.

Arsenic exposure, urinary arsenic speciation, and peripheral vascular disease in blackfoot disease-hyperendemic villages in Taiwan

Long-term exposure to ingested inorganic arsenic is associated with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) in the blackfoot disease (BFD)-hyperendemic area in Taiwan. This study further examined the interaction between arsenic exposure and urinary arsenic speciation on the risk of PVD. A total of 479 (220 men and 259 women) adults residing in the BFD-hyperendemic area were studied. Doppler ultrasound was used to diagnose PVD. Arsenic exposure was estimated by an index of cumulative arsenic exposure (CAE). Urinary levels of total arsenic, inorganic arsenite (As III) and arsenate (As V), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA V), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA V) were determined. Primary methylation index [PMI = MMA V/(As III + As V)] and secondary methylation index (SMI = DMA V/MMA V) were calculated. The association between PVD and urinary arsenic parameters was evaluated with consideration of the interaction with CAE and the confounding effects of age, sex, body mass index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption. Results showed that aging was associated with a diminishing capacity to methylate inorganic arsenic and women possessed a more efficient arsenic methylation capacity than men did. PVD risk increased with a higher CAE and a lower capacity to methylate arsenic to DMA V. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratios for CAE of 0, 0.1–15.4, and >15.4 mg/L × year were 1.00, 3.41 (0.74–15.78), and 4.62 (0.96–22.21), respectively ( P < 0.05, trend test); and for PMI ≤ 1.77 and SMI > 6.93, PMI > 1.77 and SMI > 6.93, PMI > 1.77 and SMI ≤ 6.93, and PMI ≤ 1.77 and SMI ≤ 6.93 were 1.00, 2.93 (0.90–9.52), 2.85 (1.05–7.73), and 3.60 (1.12–11.56), respectively ( P < 0.05, trend test). It was concluded that individuals with a higher arsenic exposure and a lower capacity to methylate inorganic arsenic to DMA V have a higher risk of developing PVD in the BFD-hyperendemic area in Taiwan.

Life-cycle exposure of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to an ethinylestradiol concentration below 1 ng/L reduces egg fertilization success and demasculinizes males

Forty-eight hours after fertilization, fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) eggs were exposed to the synthetic estrogen 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) at nominal concentrations of 0.32 and 0.96 ng/L and measured concentrations of 3.5, 9.6, and 23 ng/L. The fish were observed through the larval, juvenile, and adult stages. Growth, secondary sex characteristics, the liver somatic index, the gonadosomatic index, and fecundity were examined after several lengths of exposure. No significant changes were seen in fry or juvenile growth from 8 to 30 days posthatch (dph). An increase in the ovipositor index (a female secondary sex characteristic) was the most sensitive early response at 60 dph and was seen in fish exposed to EE2 concentrations > or = 3.5 ng/L. Continuation of the EE2 exposure until 150 dph, through maturation and reproduction, allowed measurement of two sensitive end points: decreased egg fertilization and sex ratio (skewed toward females), both of which were significantly affected at the lowest EE2 concentration tested, 0.32 ng/L. The next most sensitive end point was demasculinization (decreased male secondary sex characteristic index) of males exposed to an EE2 concentration of 0.96 ng/L. The effects of low concentrations of EE2 (0.32 and 0.96 ng/L) were manifested in male fish (decreased male sex characteristics and reduced egg fertilization success), whereas female fish showed no changes in the gonadosomatic index. Exposure to higher EE2 concentrations negatively affected females, as shown by a reduced gonadosomatic index at 150 dph in fish exposed to > or =3.5 ng/L EE2. Although there were some end points that showed changes at 60 dph, the reproductive end points and external sex characteristics measured in mature fish at 150 dph were more sensitive, with response thresholds of EE2 ranging from 0.32 to 0.96 ng/L. The concentrations of EE2 that negatively affected fathead minnows were similar to or lower than those detected in many municipal wastewater effluents. In conclusion, life-cycle exposure of fathead minnows proved to be a very sensitive bioassay, and responses were seen at concentrations of less than 1 ng/L, which are environmentally relevant concentrations of EE2.

The rise of conservation in South Africa: settlers, livestock, and the environment, 1770-1950

Preface and Acknowledgements Lists of Figures, Illustrations, Tables, and Maps Introduction: Livestock Farming and Environmental Regulation at the Cape 1. Scientific Travellers, Colonists, and Africans: Chains of Knowledge and the Cape Vernacular, 1770-1850 2. Defining the Problems: Colonial Science and the Origins of Conservation at the Cape 1770-1860 3. Fire, Vegetation Change, and Pastures 1860-1880 4. Vets, Viruses, and Environmentalism in the 1870s and 1880s 5. Water, Irrigation, and the State 1880-1930 6. The Night of the Jackal: Sheep, Pastures, and Predators 1890-1930 7. Drought, Conservation, and Nationalism: the Career of H. S. du Toit 1900-1940 8. Prickly Pear in the Cape: Useful Plants and Invaders in the Livestock Economy 1890-1950 9. 'The Farmer as a Conservationalist': Sidney Rubidge at Wellwood, Graaff-Reinet 1913-1952 10. Debating Conservation in the African Areas of the Cape 1920-1950 11. Postscript: Debating Degradation over the Long Term: Animals, Veld, and Conservation Bibliographical Note Select Bibliography of Secondary Sources Index

Mechanical Properties of Municipal Solid Waste

Abstract This paper deals with the compressibility and shear strength of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) as measured in the laboratory. The waste studied was recovered from Bandeirantes Sanitary Landfill (São Paulo, Brazil) and is about 15 years old. More than 50 % by weight of MSW is organic paste and as much as 17 % is plastic and other strip materials. Consolidation and drained and undrained triaxial compression tests were performed in reconstituted waste specimens of large dimensions and with different unit weights considering both saturated specimens and specimens tested at natural moisture content. It is shown that the MSW exhibits a pronounced secondary compression; the influence of void ratio and stress on secondary compression index is discussed and compared with available data from MSW and soft soils. Typical stress-strain curves are presented and some peculiarities are shown, as the absence of failure even at large strains, up to 30 %, implies the need of deriving shear strength envelopes based on strain. The influence of saturation and of unit weight on shear strength is also addressed as well as the shear strength mobilization that shows that the friction tends to be fully mobilized at strains of about 20 %, while the cohesion intercept starts to be mobilized at strains of 10% and even more and a limiting value could not be observed in the strain range attained in the tests. The development of pore water pressures in the undrained tests and the variation of undrained shear strength with effective confining pressure are also addressed.

A proposal for a Secondary Permeability Index obtained from water pressure tests in dam foundations

The permeability of fissured rock masses is strongly related to joint characteristics; degree of jointing, opening, continuity and presence of weathering in-fill. Inspection of the drill core boxes allows for estimating to the degree of jointing and opening. Nevertheless, continuity and weathering in-fill cannot be detected. In this sense, the rock mass quality is defined by the Secondary Permeability Index (SPI). The rock mass foundation can be zoned regarding different quality classes and each zone treated separately. The proposed method requires the interpretation of the results, from which the water pressure test effect in the test section is confirmed and the rock mass classification criteria are applied. In this sense, the hydrofracturing appearance has a special importance. The rock mass quality of the test section obtained from SPI completed with the degree of jointing of the drill core acts as a useful reference for ground treatment design. Finally, a theoretical approximation to the maximum water injected distance reached into rock mass from the SPI is suggested.

Heritability of cooking time and water absorption traits in dry beans (&lt;i&gt;Phaseolus vulgaris&lt;/i&gt; L.) using a North Carolina design II mating scheme

Estimation of genetic variances, heritabilities and estimations of response to selection of the cooking time and water absorption traits of Andean gene pool of dry bean seed Phaseolus vulgaris L. were done. General combining ability (GCA) i.e. GCA males and GCA females, and Specific combining ability (SCA) were estimated. The parents were crossed in a North Carolina mating design II and genetic analysis was made on the F 3 and F 4 . Both male and female effectations within sets for the cooking trait in F 3 and F 4 were highly significant for the traits studied. Variances due to General combining ability (GCA) and Specific combining ability (SCA) were significant for the traits. It was observed that quick cooking parental genotypes produced progenies that were rapid cooking. This suggests that it is possible to select superior cooking progenies from crosses involving quick cooking parents due to the preponderance of the additive genetic variance in both F 3 and F 4 . The high heritability and large magnitude in the range of the means of the cooking time trait indicates that population improvement is possible through recurrent selection. Estimation of response to selection indicated that genetic gain in selection was achievable. Partitioning among the entry source of variance for the water absorption into male and female effects within sets, their interactions, and the environment main effect indicated that the values were highly significant in both F 3 and F 4 . The GCA male and GCA female effects had a much larger component of variance than the SCA. This indicates that additive genetic variances were important. The large magnitude in the heritability and the range in the mean of water absorption, and the estimated high response to selection indicate that the population can be improved through selection as shown by the presence of genetic gain in selection for the trait. It appears from the results obtained in this study that soaking dry beans before cooking is indicative of the amount of time required to render them eating soft. Hence water absorption can be used as a secondary selection index or indirect selection criteria for cooking time in a crop improvement program. In both traits studied, narrow sense heritability estimates were high (76% to 85 %). Tanz. J. Sci. Vol.29(1) 2003: 25-34

Staging the war: American drama and World War II

Introduction 1. Getting Involved: American Drama on the Eve of World War II 2. The Drama of the War Years 3. The Dramatic Art of Uncle Sam: The Government, the Drama, and the War 4. Airing the War: World War II Radio Plays 5. The Aftermath Notes Bibliography Primary Texts Secondary Sources Index

Theorizing Muriel Spark: Gender, Race, Deconstruction

Notes on the Contributors Acknowledgements Abbreviations Introduction: 'I Don't Know Anything About Freud: Muriel Spark Meets Contemporary Criticism M.McQuillan PART I: GENDER Tales of Love: Narcissism and Idealization in The Public Image S.Sellers The Future Perfect's Perfect Future: Spark's and Duras's Narrative Drive J.Roof The Suggestive Spectacle: Queer Passions in Bronte's Villette and The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie P.Duncker In Bed with Muriel Spark: Mourning, Metonymy and Autobiography M.McQuillan PART II: RACE Writing Against Conversion: Muriel Spark the Gentile Jewess B.Cheyette Muriel Spark Shot in Africa E.Byrne A Bit of the Other: Symposium , Futility and Scotland A.Freeman PART III: DECONSTRUCTION Muriel Spark's Uselessness J.Idle Muriel Spark's Mary Shelley : A Gothic and Liminal Life J.Wolfreys Not to Deconstruct? Righting and Deference in Not to Disturb: W.Maley Memento Mori: N.Royle PART IV: APPENDICES Grimacing Catholicism: Muriel Spark's Macabre Farce: Muriel Spark's Latest Novel: The Public Image H.Cixous 'The Same Informed Air: An Interview with Muriel Spark' A Muriel Spark Bibliography: Primary and Secondary Sources Index

Protein Backbone 1H(N)-13Calpha and 15N-13Calpha residual dipolar and J couplings: new constraints for NMR structure determination.

A simple, sensitivity-enhanced experiment was devised for accurate measurement of backbone 15N-13Calpha and 1HN-13Calpha couplings in proteins. The measured residual dipolar couplings 2DHCA, 1DNCA, 3DHCA, and 2DNCA for protein GB1 display very good agreement with the refined NMR structure (PDB code: 3GB1). A Karplus-type relationship between the one-bond 1JNCA couplings and the backbone dihedral psi angles holds, and on the basis of the two-bond 2JNCA couplings a secondary structure index can be established.

A 2-D Random Wave Transformation Model with Gradational Breaker Index

Random wave transformations with breaking in shallow water of 2-D bathymetry are computed with the parabolic equation. A new system of gradational breaker index, the value of which gradually decreases as the level of wave height within a wave group is lowered, is introduced to simulate gradual shape variations of wave height distribution in the surf zone. Wave attenuation in the trough area of a barred beach is treated with a secondary gradational breaker index, which is applied for locations in water of constant or increasing depth. Its empirical coefficients are assigned values different from those in water of decreasing depth. The wave attenuation factor due to bottom friction is formulated by evaluating the rate of energy dissipation by shear stress along the sea bottom. Computation is made for directional spectral components with multiple levels of wave heights under the Rayleigh distribution, and the results are synthesized for the calculation of wave height distributions. The new computational scheme succeeds in reproducing the random wave breaking diagrams by Goda (1975), and shows good agreements with several experimental results on wave transformations over horizontal shelves, barred beaches, and an elliptical shoal. The scheme also yields wave height predictions in good agreement with several field measurements across the surf zone.

Evaluation of once daily tobramycin dosing in critically ill patients through Bayesian simulation.

To evaluate if once-daily dose (ODD) regimens of tobramycin attain pharmacodynamic goals using individualized pharmacokinetic monitoring of critically ill patients with creatinine clearance (Clcr) over 60 mL/min. Fifty-one adult critically ill patients treated with intravenous tobramycin with ODD were included in the study. The effect of dosing using the proposed method was compared with a weight-based (7 mg/kg) dosing method. Pharmacokinetics parameters, peak concentration (Cpeak), minimum concentration (Cmin) and the time below the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were estimated using Bayesian analysis. Pharmacodynamic parameters used to evaluate both dosing regimens were Cpeak/MIC ratio and, secondly, time below MIC (T< MIC). The median dose of tobramycin administrated in our hospital was too low for achieving pharmacodynamic goals. In contrast, the weight-based (7 mg/kg) method produced an adequate Cpeak/MIC ratio but an increase of the dose would not reduce the secondary pharmacodynamic index T<MIC. The results from the current study explain why weight-based daily dosing of tobramycin in critically ill patients with Clcr>60 mL/min achieved the Cpeak/MIC target values of 10. However in critically ill patients with Clcr>80 mL/min, T<MIC is greater than the aminoglycoside post-antibiotic effect, so these patients do not attain the secondary pharmacodynamic index. These data show the need for rapid pharmacokinetic optimization with individualized aminoglycoside dosing. Additional studies are necessary to better define the best tobramycin regimen for critically ill patients.

English Vocabulary Quick Reference: A Comprehensive Dictionary Arranged by Word Roots (review)

Reviewed by: English vocabulary quick reference: A comprehensive dictionary arranged by word roots by Roger S. Crutchfield Lisi Oliver English vocabulary quick reference: A comprehensive dictionary arranged by word roots. By Roger S. Crutchfield. Leesburg, VA: LexaDyne Publishing, 1998. ISBN 0965913805. Pp. xiv, 364. $39.95. This book is designed ‘to increase your knowlede of word roots and begin the lifelong process of vocabulary building’ (i). Crutchfield assumes a target audience of students studying for SATs or college entrance exams; he could have included TOEFL exams. The book would be described more accurately as a morphological word list than as a dictionary (despite C’s exaggerated claim that it shows ‘the complete etymology for each word’ [i]). It ‘begins with a primary root index that lists 260 word roots [including] prefixes and suffixes . . . In the dictionary section, each root is followed by a comprehensive list of words that contain that root’ (iii). Yet, these entries are ‘limited to those words found in a standard desk dictionary’ (iii). Words ‘likely to appear on the SAT and other college entrance exams’ (iii) are highlighted in red. For simplicity, C has developed his own ‘Pronunciation guide’ using only standard English characters. A sample entry in the ‘Primary root index’ is ‘astro-aster . . . star 27 (Greek)’ (v). Page 27 in the dictionary proper contains the heading ‘astro, aster . . . star’, followed by 23 listings. Among these are ‘astrogeology [astro, star + geo, earth + -logy, study of] The scientific study of the origin, history and structure of celestial bodies in the solar system. (as’troh jee OL uh jee)’. Astrogeology itself is in red, indicating that it is a common word (more so, apparently, than astrodynamics or astronavigation, which are not so marked). The words I have boldfaced are printed in blue, showing they are ‘keywords . . . the most important part of the definition’ (iii). A section on keywords follows the dictionary. Under ‘celestial bodies’ are listed quintile and sextile (although, interestingly, not astrobiology or, indeed, any other aster- entry). This section basically inverts the usual dictionary order, matching the word to the definition. For example, the keyword string ‘mental disorder characterized by belief in one’s omnipotence’ is followed by megalomania (273). But actually finding this if needed requires a degree of sophistication which the average user of this book might not possess. And where are the astro- roots under ‘celestial’? The final section is the ‘Main entry index’. Here ‘astrogeology’ is followed by three page references: for aster-, geo- ‘earth’, and -logy ‘study of, science’. A ‘Secondary root index’ is supplied as an appendix; this consists of 500 additional, ‘generally less common roots’ for which no individual entries were made although they are still ‘very important to the etymology of the main entries’ (iii). This index includes roots like audi- ‘hearing’ and -cele ‘tumor’. This book neither is, nor purports to be, a scholarly reference tool. The page layout is clear and easy-to-read, and with its profusion of red, blue, and black ink, it is a cheerfully colorful tool. It will probably serve its target audience well. Lisi Oliver Louisiana State University Copyright © 2003 Linguistic Society of America

Beaten down: a history of interpersonal violence in the West

Acknowledgments Introduction A White Fist on Their Noses: Colonization and Violence To Take Your Own Part: Violence among the Settlers I Was Not There to Fight: The Decline and Persistence of Violence in the Late Nineteenth Century Plucky Women and Crazed Indians: Representing Violence and Marginality in Seattle, Portland, and Vancouver To Do Just as He Pleased: Violence in the 1920s Big as God Almighty and Undemanding as Dew: Violence and People of African and Japanese Descent Epilogue: Discovering Violence Abbreviations Notes Selected Bibliography of Secondary Sources Index