Secondary Data Sources Research Articles

Firm Characteristics, Interest Rate And Financial Performance Of Microfinance Banks In Kenya

Microfinance Banks gives the forte to improve the economic activity of low-income individuals and eliminate poverty, resulting in economic progress. However, microfinance's Banks financial performance in Kenya has declined over time. The objective of this study is to investigate firm characteristics, interest rate and financial performance of microfinance banks in Kenya. The study was grounded on buffer capital, efficiency structure and interest rate parity theories. The study research methodology rested on positivism research philosophy. Research design was explanatory non-experimental design. Secondary panel data was utilized. 13 microfinance banks in Kenya were target. Information was gathered using secondary data sources from microfinance banks accounting report from 2016 to 2022. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study used multiple regressions and Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation analysis. All ethical considerations were appropriately observed. Findings indicated that adequacy of capital exerts a notable and direct effect on financial performance, underscoring the importance for microfinance banks in Kenya to prioritize maintaining sufficient capital levels to support their overall stability and financial outcomes. Conversely, quality of asset demonstrates a significant and adverse influence on performance financially, highlighting the need for microfinance banks to enhance their credit assessment processes to ensure the quality of their loan portfolios. The research revealed that efficiency of management has an insignificant direct influence on financial performance of Microfinance banks. To address this, microfinance banks are advised to invest in comprehensive management training programs and capacitybuilding initiatives to improve operational effectiveness and decision-making processes. Earning ability, on the other hand, exhibits a considerable and direct influence on financial performance. Microfinance banks should thus focus on continuous innovation of their products and services to enhance their earning potential and overall financial outcomes. Liquidity levels exhibit an insignificant and inverse effect on the financial performance outcomes. To mitigate potential risks, microfinance banks should establish comprehensive policies and procedures to monitor and manage liquidity effectively. Interestingly, the study reveals that the connection concerning firm-level attributes and financial outcomes for microfinance institutions in Kenya does not appear to be subject to a substantial moderating influence from interest rate movements. Therefore, the survey recommends that microfinance banks concentrate on improving governance structures, operational efficiency, risk management practices, and asset quality. This can be achieved through capacity-building programs, training initiatives, and adopting best practices from successful microfinance institutions. Strengthening these firm characteristics will enable microfinance banks to enhance their financial performance, irrespective of interest rate fluctuations

A dynamic resilience management framework for deep-tier supply networks

The unprecedented supply chain disruptions caused by COVID-19 has had severe operational and financial consequences to firms across industries and continents. While tactical reactionary strategies can help, firms are in need of proactive management approaches to design more resilient supply chain networks in the first place. Firms are looking for an effective framework to design and monitor supply networks, mitigate disruption consequences, and manage resilience under different scenarios. We propose a framework to manage the resilience of deep-tier automotive supply networks by integrating a simulation-based resilience assessment scheme for effectiveness with an efficient optimization-based framework to find optimal strategies for handling regular disruption events. The framework promotes network analysis techniques combined with discrete-event simulation informed by secondary data sources and global supply risk databases for improving resilience management. We validate the effectiveness of the proposed framework using a real-world global automotive original equipment manufacturer case study. Our results demonstrate that the proposed dynamic framework relying on deep-tier visibility can optimize resilience strategies through all key performance indicators. The results show an average of 35% and 40% reductions in back-ordered cost and shipment delays, respectively, with a marginal growth in holding cost when the proposed framework is implemented with deep-tier visibility.

Study on Development of RSETI Training Programme at South Andaman district of Andaman and Nicobar Islands

The first and foremost important problem in today’s generation and economy is lack of financial literacy. The financial literacy towards entrepreneurship intention of rural youths of South Andaman District of Andaman and Nicobar Islands are studied here. The Rural self-employment training Institute are working on several districts of India and they are provided with these programmes to improve the entrepreneurial intention and financial literacy among the rural youths. This study is intended to know the influence of these programmes on entrepreneurship and its inception of skill in their respective fields and role of RSETI in supporting the trained candidates in settlement. Rural self-employment training institute (RSETI) is a replicated model of rural development and self-employment training Institute (RUDSETI) and a unique initiative which ids not only imparts training to the rural youths for different economic activities but also extends the supports to beneficiaries to settle though self-employments by providing credit linkage to the beneficiaries. The data was collected through primary and secondary data sources. The data taken from the beneficiaries who took training during last eight years and were engaged different entrepreneurial activities. Findings of this study states that 75% of them (cumulative) are new self-proud to be as successful entrepreneur. This year i.e., (2019-20) 489 candidates have been trained and majority of them i.e., 71% and above settled through bank finance/ wage employment.

Artificial Intelligence Enabled Loan Processing – A Boon for Micro Entrepreneurs

Microbusiness entrepreneurs encounter substantial difficulties in obtaining timely and effective financing to grow their companies in the rapidly changing financial landscape. Traditional loan processes are frequently laborious and time-consuming, which limits small businesses' potential for expansion. This study explores how artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionise the loan environment for microbusiness owners. AI streamlines loan processing to provide a quicker, more efficient, and fairer method, empowering entrepreneurs to take opportunities and succeed. The study shows how processing gets quicker, more accurate, and inclusive loan by using secondary data sources. Diverse pieces of literature highlight the benefits of AI for credit risk assessment and transparency. Despite difficulties like implementation expenses, AI provides unmatched advantages including less paperwork, greater access, and enhanced fraud detection. Human monitoring ensures moral AI implementation, finding a balance that changes the financial environment for microentrepreneurs.

Increased incidence of pediatric type 1 diabetes during the pandemic in Biscay, Spain

ObjectiveTo update the incidence rate (IR) and trends of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in children aged 0–14 years from 2003 to 2022, in Biscay, Spain. Subjects and methodWe used the capture–recapture method: primary cases were prospectively extracted from the hospital registry and a secondary independent data source was obtained from diabetes associations and a public health database. The IRs standardized by age and sex were calculated using the direct method, assuming an equal distribution in each age/sex group. The IR occurring during the various COVID-19 waves was compared with the pre-pandemic IR. ResultsA total of 378 new cases were identified. The mean age at diagnosis was 9.7 years (5.8–11.9). The completeness of ascertainment was 99.1%. The mean annual age-standardized IR was 12.92 (95%CI, 11.35–13.91). The mean IRs for the 0–4, 5–9, and 10–14 age groups were 7.67, 13.41 and 17.83 cases/100,000 children/year, respectively. The IR trend was statistically significant in the entire group and in the 5–9 year-old group with a mean annual increase of 1.9% (95%CI, 0.1–3.8) and 3.3% (95%CI, 1.002–1.065); p=0.039.The 5-year period analysis confirmed that the increase was significant only in the last 5 years (20%). When 2020–2022 (pandemic) and 2017–2019 (pre-pandemic) periods were compared this difference goes up to 44.5%; p=0.029. ConclusionsAfter a long period of stability in the IR of T1DM in children younger than 15 years of age in Biscay, Spain, an increase in recent years has been reported, which is consistent with the SARS-CoV2 pandemic, with the largest increase being reported in the 5-to 9-year-old age group.

Opportunities and lessons learned from a retrospective analysis of administrative billing data to understand the language profile of high-risk close contacts of COVID-19 cases in Ontario.

During a public health emergency, it is vital to have access to data sources that can identify communities disproportionately affected and to ensure public health communications are meeting the needs of diverse populations. To explore how administrative billing data for language interpretation services could be used as an additional source of information to understand the language profile of high-risk close contacts of COVID-19 cases. A retrospective descriptive analysis was conducted using administrative billing data from Public Health Ontario's Contact Tracing Initiative from May 2020 to February 2022. Data from the Contact Tracing Initiative were utilized to identify drivers that could have influenced patterns in language interpretation requests. Trends were compared with community language profiles using 2021 Canadian Census data. Interpreters responded to 2,604 requests across 38,518 interpretation minutes and provided information in 50 different languages. The top five requested languages were French, Arabic, Spanish, Punjabi and Mandarin. Five distinct periods were identified of different language predominance including Spanish in spring/summer 2020, French in summer/fall 2020 and Arabic in spring 2021. Overall, these trends aligned with the language profile of health units contributing most submissions. Public health agencies could benefit from using existing secondary data sources to understand the language interpretation needs of their communities. This study also demonstrated how existing data sources could be used to help assess how communities are being disproportionately affected by public health emergencies and how this might change over time.

Penerapan Metode Field Trip Observation untuk Meningkatkan Wawasan Siswa di MTs Muhammadiyah 10 Gresik

The aim of this research is to examine the implementation of the field trip observation method in the learning process of students, focusing on their ability to adapt and modify themselves in their surroundings, and to identify the strengths and weaknesses of this method. This qualitative study employs ethnographic or field research methodology, with teachers and students under observation as the primary data sources. Secondary data sources include school profile information, field trip destination observation data, and observations of field trip learning strategies. Data collection techniques involve documentation, interviews, and observations. Data analysis proceeds incrementally, leading to conclusions. Findings indicate that using field trip observation methods enhances students' insights, exposes them to new experiences, and alleviates boredom associated with classroom learning. However, this method requires thorough planning and significant financial resources to implement effectively.

Exploring Mahmud Yunus's Indonesian-Arabic Dictionary: Structure and Significance

Background: This study examines Mahmud Yunus' Arabic-Indonesian dictionary using a library research method. Gap: Limited research exists on the dictionary's structural features and supplementary content. Aim: The research analyzes the dictionary's components and applies Philip Mayring's content analysis. Results: The 14th edition of the dictionary includes linguistic tools like tashrif and wazan but lacks elements such as historical chronology, maps, and compiler details. It does feature visual aids related to everyday objects. Novelty: The study reveals missing supplementary content, suggesting areas for improvement. Implications: Updates could enhance its educational value. Highlights : Library Research Method: Emphasizes the use of primary and secondary data sources for comprehensive analysis. Structural Components: Identifies key elements in the dictionary, such as tashrif and wazan, and highlights missing features like historical chronology. Educational Value: Suggests the need for updates to enhance the dictionary's utility as a linguistic resource. Keywords: Mahmud Yunus, Arabic-Indonesian dictionary, content analysis, linguistic tools, supplementary features

Impact of Organizational Structure on the Implementation of Government Funded Projects at Kenya Ports Authority

The strategic planning process provided a structured approach aimed at developing and executing a comprehensive strategic business plan. This study aimed to examine the impact of organizational structure on the implementation of government-funded projects at the Kenya Ports Authority. The study was grounded in the systems theory. A descriptive research design was employed, targeting a population of 1,210 management staff at the Kenya Ports Authority’s Mombasa headquarters. The Slovin’s Formula was applied to determine the sample size, while a stratified random sampling method was employed to select 300 participants from the total population. The study incorporated both primary and secondary sources of data. Semi-structured questionnaires were used for primary data collection, generating quantitative data from closed-ended questions and qualitative data from open-ended questions. Quantitative data underwent analysis employing both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Descriptive statistics involved the examination of data through percentages, mean, and standard deviation, while inferential statistics utilized Pearson’s product moment correlation (r) and multiple regression analysis to assess hypotheses at a 95% confidence level. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Objectives were scrutinized using mean and standard deviation, while the impact of strategic planning on project implementation of government funded project in KPA was analyzed through regression analysis. Organization Structure (p=0.001) was found to significantly impact project implementation. The findings underscored the significant influence of organizational structure on implementation of government funded project in KPA.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF ILLEGAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES: BANGLADESH’S COMPLIANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

Bangladesh is one of the world's most environmentally vulnerable countries. As a result, a diverse array of environmental crimes and harms can be identified in Bangladesh. Wildlife trafficking has grown significantly in Bangladesh during the last few years. The impacts of illegal trade on the environment can be wide-ranging. Despite the fact that wildlife trafficking is a significant and geographically widespread problem in Bangladesh, it may not be given much priority or not seen as an urgent or important issue, or even if acknowledged, it may not be taken into consideration. In Bangladesh, the government also takes initiatives to meet the challenges towards the protection of wildlife. Additionally, Bangladesh's national legislation and the role of law enforcement agencies in combating wildlife trafficking are insufficient to prevent this crime. In particular, this proposed thesis aims to addresses the challenges for combatting this crime and the adverse effects of the trade and trafficking on the environment. This research focuses on the relevant laws prevailing in Bangladesh in case of the protection of wildlife and how effective they are. The study is qualitative in its nature, and the study is based on various kinds of primary and secondary sources of data. This paper recommended as where the Act should be amended, protection of wildlife and controlling wildlife trafficking has been highlighted based on the research findings. Finally, emphasis has been made for the immediate requirements of Act to ensure complete protection of wildlife in Bangladesh.

Influence of Customary Law on Marriage Dispensation Post-Law No. 16 of 2019 Amendment to Law No. 1 of 1974

The influence of customary law on the Marriage Dispensation Phenomenon after the issuance of Law No.16 of 2019 at the Andoolo Religious Court is a very important thing to do to determine the objective conditions of the effect of customary law on the phenomenon of Marriage Dispensation, the factors that cause the applicant to apply for dispensation of marriage and the reasons for the Judge's consideration and its impact. This research is a qualitative descriptive study, using the juridical-empirical approach method, primary and secondary data sources through observation, interviews, reviewing various books, archives of the KUA marriage refusal, archives of decisions/decisions of the Andoolo Religious Court, websites and several related and relevant regulations. with this writing. The results showed that the effect of customary law on the objective conditions of marriage dispensation after the issuance of Law No. 16 of 2019 greatly affects the increasing number of cases of dispensation of marriage, the factors causing dispensation of marriage include; already pregnant, influenced by customs, dropped out of school, determined the day of marriage, forced marriage, the reason for the judge's consideration; maintain the status of the party in the eyes of the community, the situation is urgent, prevents harm. Impact of Marriage Dispensation; have a positive and negative impact.

Application of Bivariate Statistical Method for Landslide Susceptibility Assessment along Srinagar-Bandipora Highway, North Kashmir Himalaya

The present study aims to create and evaluate a map indicating the potential of landslides along the Srinagar-Bandipora highway in the North Kashmir Himalaya region. Therefore, the study utilized the Bivariate Statistical Relative effect (RE) method to establish the correlation between casual factors (CFs) contributing to landslides and the actual landslide incidences. Additionally, fifteen different CFs were analyzed within a Geographic Information System (GIS) framework to assess the impact of these factors on landslides. Further, a comprehensive GIS-based inventory map was compiled, incorporating both primary and secondary data sources, to identify landslide locations. A landslide susceptibility zonation (LSZ) map was developed by integrating all identified landslide CFs along with their respective effect function values. Moreover, the results revealed that 21.06% of the study area was classified as having a very high to high susceptibility to landslides. To validate the accuracy of the produced map, 30% of landslide validation data was employed and the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve method was utilized, yielding an excellent result with an area under curve (AUC) value of 0.919 for the study area. Consequently, the findings of this study hold significant potential for mitigating landslide-related hazards and guiding land use planning projects.

The Influence of the Board of Commissioners, Board of Directors, Audit Committee, and Managerial Ownership on Financial Performance in Manufacturing Companies in 2020-2022

Proper implementation of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) which has an impact on financial performance. The case of PT Mayora Indah Tbk and PT. Buyung Poetra Sembada, Tbk. Company Not yet fully implement Good Corporate Governance (GCG) with Good And impact on report and performance poor finances. This research aims to Empirically examine the influence of the board of commissioners, board of directors, audit committee, and managerial ownership on financial performance in manufacturing companies in 2020-2022. Study This use method purposive sampling as method sample determination. The sample for this research consisted of 24 companies with 72 sample data. This research uses quantitative data types and secondary data sources. The data collection method uses the documentation method. The data analysis technique uses multiple linear regression analysis. The research results show that the board of commissioners, board of directors, audit committee and managerial ownership have a positive and significant effect on the financial performance of manufacturing companies in 2020-2022. This shows that the more the board of commissioners, board of directors, audit committee and managerial ownership increases, the greater the financial performance of manufacturing companies in 2020-2022. Future researchers are advised to add other independent variables that can influence financial performance, like ownership institutional, structure capital, And intellectual capital disclosure. Besides That, disar can use location study Which different in order to obtain new phenomena and findings, such as the banking, real estate and mining sectors.

Effect of Capital Adequacy, Bank Size and Lending Interest Rate on Profitability of Commercial Banks in Nepal

Purpose : This study aims to examine the effect of capital adequacy, bank size and lending interest rate on the profitability of commercial banks in Nepal.Methods: This research used a combination of descriptive and causal comparative research design using secondary source of data obtained from the annual report of corresponding commercial banks. A panel data from the fiscal year 2013/14 to 2022/23 were obtained from six randomly selected commercial banks. Results: The capital adequacy ratio exhibits a significant positive impact on ROA signifying that a robust capital base strengthens financial stability, lowers funding costs, and promotes profitable lending operations. The analysis reveals that bank size has negative effect on ROA but the effect is insignificant suggesting that variations in size do not substantially influence profitability, implying that other determinants are more critical in shaping financial performance. Furthermore, the results indicate a significant negative effect of lending interest rates on return on assets (ROA), which are attributed to factors such as increased borrower repayment capacity, reduced loan demand, higher non-performing loan risks, and elevated funding costs negatively impact overall bank profitability Conclusion: Capital adequacy ratio plays a critical role in increasing bank profitability. Other factors such as bank size and lending interest rates need to be managed to optimize financial performance. Future research is necessary to explore these relationships in more diverse banking environments and consider additional variables to further understand the drivers of bank profitability.

United Nations Goals for Child Welfare in Pakistan: An Analysis of Midpoint Agenda

The primary objective of this study was to examine Pakistan's child welfare policies and programs in light of the United Nations' goals for 2030. The study aims to examine Pakistan's performance in child-related SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) and to compare it to its neighbors, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and India. As a 'Quant-Qual Cross-sectional Study,' the researchers reviewed a number of secondary data sources available through their websites. Along with these many sources of quantitative data, the researchers also obtained qualitative information (e.g., child policies, programs, legislation, plans of action, etc.). It was a halfway evaluation, named the "Midpoint Agenda," of what is to be achieved by 2030. The Midpoint Agenda was analyzed in May 2024, nearly halfway through the UN goals set in 2015. The analysis of data leads us to the conclusion that child welfare in Pakistan remains at a residual level after 77 years. The welfare personnel's justified attitude has made it clear that Pakistan's residual welfare is the result of insufficient public investment and poor governance. Urgent attention is also required to overhaul all child welfare programs and instruments.

A Review of Educational Leadership during Crisis: Lessons Learned from the COVID-19 Pandemic

The Covid-19 pandemic presented unprecedented challenges to educational systems worldwide, compelling leaders in the field to swiftly adapt and respond to an ever-evolving crisis. This study provides a comprehensive review of educational leadership during the COVID-19 crisis, utilizing secondary data sources to examine the strategies, responses, and lessons learned. The analysis highlights the critical role of adaptive leadership, effective communication, and the integration of technology in managing the crisis. Key findings indicate that successful educational leadership during the pandemic necessitated a collaborative approach, resilience, and the ability to swiftly implement innovative solutions. The study underscores the importance of preparing educational leaders for future crises by fostering skills in crisis management, digital fluency, and organizational agility. These insights offer a blueprint for developing robust frameworks and policies to enhance the efficacy of educational leadership in the face of unforeseen challenges.

The Effect of Transfer Pricing and Other Factors on Tax Aggressiveness

This research was conducted with the aim of obtaining empirical evidence regarding the effect of transfer pricing, capital intensity, inventory intensity, profitability, leverage, liquidity, and firm size on tax aggressiveness. This type of research is quantitative research using secondary data sources obtained from the company's financial statements. The population used in this study are manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in the 2019-2021 period. In this study, the sampling technique used was the purposive sampling method with 6 predetermined research criteria so that a total sample of 47 companies or 141 research data was obtained. The data analysis technique in this study used multiple regression analysis to test the hypothesis using the SPSS 25 application. The results of the analysis of this study indicate that the variable profitability has a significant negative effect on tax aggressiveness and firm size has a significant positive effect on tax aggressiveness. Meanwhile, transfer pricing, capital intensity, inventory intensity, leverage and liquidity have no effect on tax aggressiveness.

Selection of essential materials in social studies subjects through a differentiated approach according to Carol Tomlinson

One of the key elements of the Merdeka Curriculum is the implementation of essential materials, which are deemed crucial and must be delivered to students. However, limited research has focused on essential materials within social studies subjects. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct an in-depth analysis of how teachers apply essential materials in social studies. Based on this need, the objective of this study is to analyze the selection of essential materials by social studies teachers using a differentiated approach, as proposed by Carol Tomlinson. This research employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method, gathering secondary data sources relevant to the research topic. The data consists of journal articles from 2019 to 2024, retrieved using Harzing's Publish or Perish software. The subjects of this study are high school social studies teachers, with a focus on their practices in teaching essential materials. The findings reveal that teachers have selected essential materials that are both relevant and engaging for students. This is evidenced by the use of learning media that resonates with students' daily lives, as well as digital-based teaching methods such as problem-based learning (PBL), gamification, and field studies. As a result, students are able to easily grasp the material, enhancing their motivation, conceptual understanding, and engagement in the learning process.

Geographical Analysis of Trends and Patterns in Sugarcane Production: A Case Study of Meerut District, Uttar Pradesh, India

Sugarcane, a commercial crop, is the second-largest agro-based industry in India, producing nearly 25% of global production. India is the second-largest country producing sugarcane after Brazil, and its production is crucial to the country's economy. Sugarcane cultivation in India is divided into tropical and sub-tropical regions, with the sub-tropical region contributing 47% of the country's production. Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer, providing employment opportunities. However, input prices increase, and farmers face challenges such as inadequate quantity and delayed payment from sugar mills. Thus, this study aims to study the economics of sugarcane production in the study area. The study uses secondary sources of data from various sources, including the District Statistical Handbook, Census of India, and various journals. It uses percentage methods and pictorial diagrams to show trends in sugarcane cultivation. The Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) method is used to measure sugarcane production growth from 2002-03 to 2021-22. The study reveals fluctuations in sugarcane production, area, and productivity in the Meerut district over the last 20 years. However, the area under sugarcane shows an increasing trend, with little change in the state and Meerut. Sugarcane is a crucial cash crop and politically sensitive, so small steps in favour of farmers lead to larger changes in cropping patterns. The cost of cultivation and harvesting has increased alarmingly due to labour shortages and unpredictable monsoons. The government can play a vital role by providing weather forecasting and strong policies for crop procurement to stabilize production and price

An Econometric Evaluation of the Variation effect of the Nigerian Rate of Exchange on the Economic Progression

This research work investigated an econometric evaluation of the variation effect of the Nigerian rate of exchange on the economic progression between the years 1986-2017. A secondary source of data was employed in this work, which was extracted from the National Bureau Statistical Bulletin published by the Central Bank of Nigeria. Maximum Likelihood estimation of the R-software was carried out to evaluate the parameter estimate of the multiple regression coefficients and analyzed the influence of the explanatory variables (Gross Domestic Product, Unemployment and Inflation on the rate of Exchange). It was observed that the Gross Domestic Product and Unemployment rate influenced negatively on the Exchange rate but significant with (β = -1.646, t = -2.409, sig.val = 0.0228) and (β = - 0.8602, t = -3.302, sig.val = 0.00263) respectively. Nevertheless Inflation rate had positive influence on the rate of Exchange but not significant with (β = 1.311, t = 0.852, sig.val = 0.40122). The Coefficient of determination (R2 = 82.7) implies that the variation of the Nigerian rate of exchange has significant effect on the economic progression between the years 1986-2017. However, the paper recommends the following; a control of the sequential rising of inflation so as to have a stabilized rate of exchange and a promising economy for the citizens, adequate security, effective fiscal and monetary policies, as well as the provision of infrastructural facilities so that foreign investors will be attracted to invest in Nigeria.