Rechargeable Research Articles

COBRA-LIKE4 Modulates Cellulose Synthase Velocity and Facilitates Cellulose Deposition in the Secondary Cell Wall.

Cellulose is a critical component of secondary cell walls and woody tissues of plants. Cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs) produce cellulose as they move within the plasma membrane, extruding glucan chains into the cell wall that coalesce and crystallize into cellulose fibrils. Here we examine COBRA-LIKE4 (COBL4), a GPI-anchored protein on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane that is required for normal cellulose deposition in secondary cell walls. Characterization of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cobl4 mutant alleles called irregular xylem6, irx6-2 and irx6-3, showed reduced ⍺-cellulose content and lower crystallinity, supporting a role for COBL4 in maintaining cellulose quantity and quality. In live-cell imaging, mNeon Green-tagged CESA7 moved in the plasma membrane at higher speeds in the irx6-2 background compared to wild type. To test conservation of COBL4 function between herbaceous and woody plants, poplar (Populus trichocarpa) COBL4 homologs PtCOBL4a and PtCOBL4b were transformed into, and rescued, the Arabidopsis irx6 mutants. Using the Arabidopsis secondary cell wall-inducible VND7-GR system to study poplar COBL4 dynamics, YFP-tagged PtCOBL4a localized to the plasma membrane in regions of high cellulose deposition in secondary cell wall bands. As predicted for a lipid-linked protein, COBL4 was more mobile in the plane of the plasma membrane than CESA7 or a control plasma membrane marker. Following programmed cell death, COBL4 anchored to the secondary cell wall bands. These data support a role for COBL4 as a modulator of cellulose organization in the secondary cell wall, influencing cellulose production and CSC velocity at the plasma membrane.

Accelerated Lanthanide Intercalation into Graphite Catalyzed by Na.

Lanthanides (Ln) are notoriously difficult to intercalate into graphite. We investigated the possibility of using Na to catalyze the formation of Ln-intercalated graphite and successfully synthesized LnC6 (Ln = Sm, Eu, and Yb) significantly rapidly in high yields. The synthesis process involves the formation of the reaction intermediate NaCx, through the mixing of Na and C, which subsequently reacts with Ln upon heating to form LnC6. Well-sintered LnC6 pellets with low residual Na concentrations (Ln:Na ≈ 98:2) were fabricated by the two-step method. The pellets enabled the evaluation of LnC6 by powder X-ray diffraction and electrical resistivity measurements. This study highlights the versatility of the Na-catalyzed method and lays the foundation for the rapid mass production of LnC6, with potential applications in superconducting and rechargeable battery materials.

Introducing nanodiamond-modified electrolyte to realize high capacity and rate performance of sodium ion batteries

The solid electrolyte interface (SEI) acts as a channel for sodium ions from electrolyte to anode, its structure and chemical properties are crucial to the Coulombic efficiency, cycling stability, and even safety of rechargeable batteries. In this work, using bio-carbon as an anode, and nanodiamond (ND) as electrolyte additive, the relation between ND and SEI properties and sodium storage performance is explored. It is found that ND is transferred to the surface of bio-carbon anode and induces the formation of stable and inorganic-rich SEI (such as NaF and Na2O). Besides, the introduction of ND significantly increases the ionic conductivity. The sodium-ion batteries with ND-electrolyte exhibit a superior reversible capacity of 340 mA g−1 after 400 cycles at 0.5 A g−1, long-term cycling stability (183 mA g−1 over 1000 cycles at 5 A g−1), and remarkable rate performance (157 mA h g−1 at 10 A g−1), which is attributed to the fact that the presence of ND could provide additional storage sites and improve the stability of SEI. This study provides valuable guidance for improving the electrochemical performance of electrode materials by regulating the SEI in the optimal electrolyte.

A Novel Strategy for Multitype Fault Diagnosis in Photovoltaic Systems Using Multiple Regression Analysis and Support Vector Machines

This study focuses on analyzing common fault types in photovoltaic (PV) modules, employing fault diagnosis methods based on machine learning technology to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of diagnosing faults in solar power systems. Initially, we collected relevant data from the solar power system and used data analysis techniques to identify system faults, designing a human-machine monitoring interface for practical application. Furthermore, the experimental results proved that the system could accurately identify eight major types of faults, including solar panel output circuits, energy storage batteries, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controllers, inverters, dust accumulation, loosening of mounting rack screws, damage to the mounting rack foundation, and deformation of the mounting rack structure. Particularly in the detection of dust accumulation, we developed a new method of estimating power generation from multiple regression analysis (MRA), which closely aligns the estimated power output with the actual power output, highlighting the significant impact of dust accumulation on the efficiency of solar power systems. Next, by integrating voltmeters and support vector machines (SVM) into the solar PV array modules, we are able to quickly and accurately measure and locate short-circuit and open-circuit faults in bypass diodes. Ultimately, the proposed PV fault diagnosis strategy includes diagnostics for dust accumulation and mounting frame faults, making it particularly suitable for areas with severe air pollution and frequent earthquakes, providing a comprehensive fault diagnosis solution.

Promoting Reaction Kinetics and Boosting Sodium Storage Capability via Constructing Stable Heterostructures for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

AbstractConstructing heterostructures containing multiple active components is proven to be an efficient strategy for enhancing the sodium storage capability of anode materials in sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). However, performance enhancement is often attributed to the unclear synergistic effects among the active components. A comprehensive understanding of the reaction mechanisms on the interfaces at the atomic level remains elusive. Herein, the carbon‐coated Fe3Se4/CoSe (Fe3Se4/CoSe‐C) anode material as a model featuring atomic‐scale contact interfaces is synthesized. This unique heterogeneous architecture offers an adjustable electronic structure, which facilitates rapid reaction kinetics and enhances structural integrity. In situ microscopic and ex situ spectral characterization techniques, along with theoretical simulations, confirm that the heterointerface with strong electric fields promotes Na+ ion migration. Based on solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, an interface charge storage mechanism is revealed, resulting in the enhanced specific capacity of the anode materials. When employed as an anode in SIBs, the Fe3Se4/CoSe‐C electrode demonstrates excellent rate capabilities (218 mAh g−1 at 7 A g−1) and prolonged cycling stability (258 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1 after 1000 cycles). This work highlights the significance of heterointerface engineering in electrode material design for rechargeable batteries.

2D Covalent Organic Framework Covalently Anchored with Carbon Nanotube as High-Performance Cathodes for Lithium and Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), featuring structural diversity, permanent porosity, and functional versatility, have emerged as promising electrode materials for rechargeable batteries. To date, amorphous polymer, COF, or their composites are mostly explored in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), while their research in other alkali metal ion batteries is still in infancy. This can be due to the challenges that arise from large volume changes, slow diffusion kinetics, and inefficient active site utilization by the large Na+ or K+ ion. Herein, microwave-assisted imide-based 2D COF, TAPB-NDA covalently connected with amine-functionalized carbon nanotubes (TAPB-NDA@CNT) targeting the application in both Li-/Na-ion batteries, is synthesized. As-synthesized, TAPB-NDA@CNT50 displays the good performance as LIB cathode with a specific capacity of ≈138mAhg-1 at 25mAg-1, long cycling stability (81.2% retention after 2000 cycles at 300mAg-1), with excellent reversible capacity retention of ≈79.6%. Similarly, TAPB-NDA@CNT50, when employed in sodium-ion battery (SIB), exhibited 136.7mAhg-1 specific capacity at 25mAg-1, retained ≈80% of the reversible capacity after 1000 cycles at 300mAg-1 and showing excellent rate performance. The structural advantage of TAPB-NDA@CNT will encourage researchers to design COF-based cathodes for the alkali ion batteries.

Application of Coffee Silverskin Cellulose/Polyacrylamide Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Rechargeable Zinc-Ion Batteries

Rechargeable zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have grown in popularity due to their low cost and the abundance of resources. However, there has been little research into the development of gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) for high voltage and capacity ZIBs. The use of agricultural waste as a polymer electrolyte (PE) is gradually increasing in order to support a circular economy. This study focuses on the utilization of cellulose derived from coffee silverskin (CS); coffee silverskin is a by-product generated during coffee roasting. We employ a reasonable approach to create the coffee silverskin cellulose (CSC)/polyacrylamide (PAM) GPE, with the goal of achieving good properties and improved battery performance. An investigation was conducted to determine the effect of CSC content in GPEs on ZIB characteristics. The cellulose derived from CS had a crystallinity index (CrI) of 64.60%. The optimal amount of cellulose added to the acrylamide monomer (AM) for the GPE of ZIB was found to be 2.5 mg (CSC/AM/salt weight ratio of 0.01/6/23). This amount resulted in the highest electrochemical stability and a cycling time of approximately 226 h. Furthermore, the PAM/Cellulose 2.5-based GPE exhibited increased Young’s modulus and tensile strength compared to the pure PAM. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) test revealed a diffusion resistance of 27.47 Ω and an ionic conductivity of 9.10 mS/cm at a temperature of 25 °C. Additionally, the use of cellulose in GPEs does not affect the electrochemical window. When the pure PAM-based GPE was compared to the CSC/PAM-based GPE, the biocomposites demonstrated electrochemical stability for a cycle life of over 200 cycles in the ZIB application.

Optimizing solar energy utilization: insights on energy storage battery capacities and residential self-sufficiency

Optimizing solar energy utilization: insights on energy storage battery capacities and residential self-sufficiency

The black powder behind battery power

Carbon black, a key ingredient in ancient inks, is used today to make the porous electrodes found in many rechargeable batteries. Understanding how to control its microstructure can pave the way to better-performing batteries.

Enhancing bargaining power for energy communities in renewable power purchase agreements using Gaussian learning and fixed price bargaining

Power purchase agreements aim to secure long-term contracts between sellers and buyers, particularly in renewable energy transactions. However, successful negotiations for a fixed long-term price and energy volume while ensuring maximum utility for stakeholders remains a significant challenge. This paper introduces a comprehensive model for negotiating 24/7 power purchase agreements, focusing on hourly pricing to address deficits and surpluses throughout each day of the contract timeline. The model incorporates demand flexibility through battery storage, settling on the strike price using Nash Bargaining theory and optimal management of energy consumption relative to market price fluctuations. A soft margin support vector machine classification model determines the buyer’s maximum acceptable price. Moreover, Gaussian process classification is employed to calculate a probabilistic, risk-adjusted strike price, enabling a data-driven approach to power purchase negotiations. The proposed model’s performance is demonstrated through a detailed case study of Norway, illustrating how demand flexibility can significantly lower long-term power purchase agreement contract prices. The analysis of yearly price trends indicates that incorporating flexibility resources in long-term energy contracts may lead to a reduction in strike prices by around 25%. Moreover, such flexibility enhances demand-generation matching, thereby increasing renewable energy transactions within such agreements.

Dual-ion “Rocking-Chair” chemistry: A vanadium dioxide anode with pre-intercalated zinc ions and protons for zinc metal-free zinc-ion batteries

Rechargeable zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have gained significant attention due to their high theoretical capacity, low cost, and inherent safety. However, ZIBs with zinc metal anodes suffer from critical issues such as gas evolution, zinc dendrite formation, and low utilization of anode materials, which hinder their large-scale applications. To address these challenges, we report a vanadium dioxide anode with pre-intercalated zinc ions and protons (VO2(B)) as a promising alternative to zinc metal. The VO2(B) anode exhibits a zinc and proton co-insertion mechanism, enabling a high capacity of 360 mAh g−1, excellent rate capability, and superior cycling stability over 10,000 cycles. We further assembled a “rocking-chair” full-battery by pairing VO2(B) anode with α-MnO2 cathode, which operates based on the reversible migration of both protons and zinc ions between the anode and cathode. This zinc metal-free full battery design, offering high specific energy density, successfully circumvents the inherent challenges of zinc metal anodes, paving the way for the development of high-performance, sustainable energy storage solutions.

Multicomponent Hierarchical Cu-based Advanced Cathode for Ultrahigh Capacity Rechargeable Cu-Zn Battery

Rechargeable aqueous Zn-based batteries (RAZBs) have emerged as a practically attractive option for large-scale energy storage applications due to their cost-effectiveness, safety, eco-friendliness, and high theoretical capacity. Nonetheless, the application of RAZBs at the grid scale is restricted by the drawbacks of cathode that exhibit low capacities and poor durability. In this work, a multicomponent hierarchical Cu@CuO@Cu2O cathode with superior electrochemical energy storage performance has been successfully synthesized by a fairly simple calcination method. Benefiting from its large active area, fast ion diffusion channel, high conductivity, and synergetic effect between different components, the resulting Cu@CuO@Cu2O electrode exhibits ultrahigh specific capacity (40.2 mAh cm-2, 402 mAh cm-3 at 10mAcm-2), excellent rate capability (24.8 mAh cm-2, 248 mAh cm-3 at 100mAcm-2) and satisfactory cycling durability (71.5% capacity retention after 3800 cycles). To our knowledge, such high areal/volumetric specific capacity ranks top among previously reported Cu-based electrode and other aqueous electrodes. Furthermore, the fabricated Cu@CuO@Cu2O//Zn battery achieves an extraordinary energy density of 24.5 mWh cm-2 and a remarkable cyclic capability of 91% capacity retention after 3000 cycles, highlighting its potential for large-scale energy storage in RAZBs.

First-principles study of solvent polarity effects in the Menshutkin reaction

Quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) have been used as antimicrobial agents, surfactants, and ionic liquids in electrical double-layer capacitors, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, and dye-sensitized solar cells. It is well known that solvents and reactants strongly affect the Menshutkin reaction. However, QASs are potentially harmful to humans and the environment. To address these issues, we report the effects of solvent polarity on the thermochemistry of two selected Menshutkin reactions, (1) trimethylamine and 1-iodopropane yielded propyltrimethylammonium, and (2) methylacetamide and 1-iodopropane yielded acetylpropylmethylammonium. We systematically constructed possible QAS unique conformers within the first-principles framework in solvents that have three various polarities: toluene, acetonitrile, and water. The polar solvent shifted both reactions toward exergonic and decreased the Gibbs free activation energy. In addition, the polar solvent changed the favorable reaction for the acetylpropylmethylammonium formation only due to an intramolecular hydrogen bond. Therefore, we suggest that selecting high solvent polarity should be considered to address the potential health and environmental effect.

Metal-Organic Frameworks as Electrode Materials for Lithium-Ion Battery

Over recent decades, Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have distinguished themselves as a unique class of porous materials due to their adaptable surface and structural properties. This versatility has made MOFs highly relevant across various fields, including drug delivery, gas separation, catalysis, and sensor technology. Additionally, their conductive properties have made them promising candidates for use in energy storage systems like high-energy-density batteries and supercapacitors. MOFs are particularly noted for their role in the development of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and supercapacitors, where they serve as both anode and cathode materials. The ability to fine-tune MOFs at a molecular level allows for precise control over their structure and chemistry, enhancing their functionality in energy storage applications. This control facilitates superior electronic and ionic transport within MOFs, which is critical during the charging and discharging cycles of LIBs. This review delves into the various synthetic methods used to develop specific MOF structures, focusing on their implementation within LIBs to improve cyclic stability and discharge capacity. Recent advancements in MOF technology as anode and cathode materials are explored, providing insights into how these developments can optimize reaction conditions and design choices within the battery development community and broader electrochemical energy storage sectors. The aim is to highlight how MOFs’ inherent characteristics can be leveraged to enhance the performance and efficiency of energy storage devices.

Poor outcome despite modern treatments: A retrospective study of 99 patients with primary and secondary plasma cell leukemia.

Plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is a rare monoclonal gammopathy, associated with short survival. Because of its very low incidence, only a few cohorts have been reported and thus, information on this disease is scarce. The goal of this study was to better understand the clinical features, prognostic factors, and efficacy of modern treatments in both primary PCL (pPCL) and secondary PCL (sPCL). We performed a retrospective, multicenter study of patients diagnosed with PCL, defined as circulating plasma cells ≥20% of total leukocytes and/or ≥2 × 109/L. We identified 99 eligible PCL patients, of whom 33 were pPCL and 66 were sPCL. The median progression-free survival (PFS) to frontline treatment and overall survival (OS) were, respectively, 4.8 (95% CI, 0.4-9.2) and 18.3 months (95% CI, 0.0-39.0) for pPCL and 0.8 (95% CI, 0.5-1.1) and 1.2 months (95% CI, 0.9-1.5) for sPCL (both p < 0.001). We observed no improvement in OS over time (2005-2012 vs. 2013-2020, p = 0.629 for pPCL and p = 0.329 for sPCL). Finally, our data suggested that sPCL originates from a high-risk multiple myeloma (MM) population with a short OS (median 30.2 months), early relapse after stem cell transplant (median 11.9 months) and a high proportion of patients with multiple cytogenetic abnormalities (36% with ≥2 abnormalities). This study is one of the largest PCL cohorts reported. We are also the first to investigate characteristics of MM before its transformation into sPCL and demonstrate that high-risk biologic features already present at the time of MM diagnosis. Moreover, our data highlights the lack of improvement in PCL survival in recent years and the urgent need for better treatment options.

Transcriptional responses of durum wheat to chronic chromium exposure reveal candidate proteins involved in metal detoxification and compartmentalization

Chromium phytotoxicity results in relevant alterations to plant physiology, gene expression, and genomic DNA methylation at a transgenerational level. Herein, transcriptional responses of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) to chronic chromium exposure were explored in roots and leaves by RNA-seq approach. Plants grown all the time in a hydroponic system supplemented with 2.5 and 10µM chromium were compared to unstressful control plants, assessing biomass and seed yield analyses after senescence. Then, transcriptomic analysis was performed with these plants kept under 10µM chromium 50 days after the onset of exposure. The chromium concentrations used were considered the lowest dose sufficient to alter gene expression without impeding plant development, while the sampling time reflected the effects in the pre-harvest phase and long-lasting defense mechanisms. Root and leaf samples from plants kept under 10µM chromium stress and from unstressful control plants were analyzed, generating 12 RNA-seq libraries. In total, 965 and 810 transcripts were found to be differentially expressed, respectively, in root and leaf in response to 10µM chromium stress. In roots, transcriptional changes were noted in the primary and secondary metabolism, redox homeostasis, protein modification, solute transport, nutrient uptake, and external stimuli responses. Meanwhile, the transcriptional changes in leaves were primarily found in the secondary metabolism, hormone-related pathways, chromatin modifications, cell division, protein modification and homeostasis, solute transport, and nutrient uptake. In particular, the metal uptake and translocation pathways were studied with greater emphasis to identify key proteins involved in chromium transport and compartmentalization. Furthermore, several genes involved in malate-derived organic acid biosynthesis, trace metal transport/detoxification/chelation, and vacuolar compartmentalization were liked to primary defense responses, and some of them were also associated with two putative gene clusters. Therefore, these genes and gene clusters are suggested as valuable biotechnological targets for future proof-of-concept studies aimed at genetic engineering of durum wheat to improve plant tolerance to chromium exposure.

Towards Standalone Commercial Buildings in the Mediterranean Climate Using a Hybrid Metal Hydride and Battery Energy Storage System

Given the critical role of hybrid energy storage systems in the building sector for enhancing renewable energy reliability and integration, this study examines the techno-economic feasibility of adopting a dual-level energy storage system for a PV-driven commercial building in the Mediterranean climate. The proposed system encompasses both hydrogen metal hydride and battery storage units. Aimed at off-grid electrification, the optimal component sizing of the hybrid system is identified by establishing a statistical optimization framework using the response surface methodology. Dynamic simulations of the hybrid system are performed through a TRNSYS model coupled with a numerical code that simulates the metal hydride system. Regarding optimal net-zero solutions, it is shown that the share of the direct PV electricity supply to end-use fluctuates within a limited range for all scenarios, namely between 57.7 and 60.5%, while the share of each storage system varies distinctively in each solution. The results indicate a striking difference between scenarios in terms of economic aspects; differences of $ 19,791 and $ 32,621 are observed between the minimum and maximum values of the initial investment and life cycle cost, respectively. The levelized cost of electricity varies between 0.354 and 0.403 $/kWh, in which the case having the lowest payback period (10.8 years) demonstrates the lowest levelized cost of electricity too. Furthermore, an inverse relationship between the levelized cost of hydrogen and production rate is observed; the lowest levelized cost and the highest annual production are achieved in the scenario with the lowest BESS capacity and the highest electrolyzer power and hydrogen storage volume, which are equal to 5.77 $/kg and 304.7 kg H2/yr, respectively.

Multi-Objective Energy Management in Microgrids: Improved Honey Badger Algorithm with Fuzzy Decision-Making and Battery Aging Considerations

A multi-objective energy management and scheduling strategy for a microgrid comprising wind turbines, solar cells, fuel cells, microturbines, batteries, and loads is proposed in this work. The plan uses a fuzzy decision-making technique to reduce pollution emissions, battery storage aging costs, and operating expenses. To be more precise, we applied an improved honey badger algorithm (IHBA) to find the best choice variables, such as the size of energy resources and storage, by combining fuzzy decision-making with the Pareto solution set and a chaotic sequence. We used the IHBA to perform single- and multi-objective optimization simulations for the microgrid’s energy management, and we compared the results with those of the conventional HBA and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The results showed that the multi-objective method improved both goals by resulting in a compromise between them. On the other hand, the single-objective strategy makes one goal stronger and the other weaker. Apart from that, the IHBA performed better than the conventional HBA and PSO, which also lowers the cost. The suggested approach beat the alternative tactics in terms of savings and effectively reached the ideal solution based on the Pareto set by utilizing fuzzy decision-making and the IHBA. Furthermore, compared with the scenario without this cost, the results indicated that integrating battery aging costs resulted in an increase of 7.44% in operational expenses and 3.57% in pollution emissions costs.

Techno-Economic Analysis of Solar, Wind, and Biomass Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems to Meet Electricity Demand of a Small Village in Bihar State of India

This study examines the potential use of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (consisting of photovoltaic, wind, bio, and diesel sources) both with and without the inclusion of battery storage in the eastern region of India. An evaluation is conducted to determine the economic viability of several system configurations, and the most efficient system is selected using HOMER software. The investigation focused on six distinct scenarios to meet the energy needs of a village community. The goal was to satisfy a daily load need of 1093.7 kWh, with a peak demand of 153.63 kW. The study examined many factors, such as system efficiency, financial viability, and ecological consequences. The primary aim of the research was to compare the power costs associated with different designs of HRES. Detailed techno-commercial assessments were carried out to examine the energy production, consumption, and financial impacts of each scenario. This research provides valuable insights for individuals and organizations seeking reliable and long-lasting energy solutions by analyzing the potential benefits and drawbacks of implementing HRES in rural areas. An evaluation is conducted to determine the energy contribution of each element within an RES, as well as the influence of HRES on energy expenses and net present value. The findings of this study reveal that the optimized hybrid system comprises 133 kW photovoltaic arrays, a 130-kW wind turbine, a 0.2 kW biogas generator, a 100-kW diesel generator, a 540-kWh battery bank with nominal capacity, and a 58-kW converter. This system has a minimum COE of 0.347$/kWh and NPC of $1.71M. The research offers useful insights for designers, scholars, and policymakers on the existing design constraints and policies of biomass-based hybrid systems.

Integrated Optimal Energy Management of Multi-Microgrid Network Considering Energy Performance Index: Global Chance-Constrained Programming Framework

Distributed generation (DG) sources play a special role in the operation of active energy networks. The microgrid (MG) is known as a suitable substrate for the development and installation of DGs. However, the future of energy distribution networks will consist of more interconnected and complex MGs, called multi-microgrid (MMG) networks. Therefore, energy management in such an energy system is a major challenge for distribution network operators. This paper presents a new energy management method for the MMG network in the presence of battery storage, renewable sources, and demand response (DR) programs. To show the performance of each connected MG’s inefficient utilization of its available generation capacity, an index called unused power capacity (UPC) is defined, which indicates the availability and individual performance of each MG. The uncertainties associated with load and the power output of wind and solar sources are handled by employing the chance-constrained programming (CCP) optimization framework in the MMG energy management model. The proposed CCP ensures the safe operation of the system at the desired confidence level by involving various uncertainties in the problem while optimizing operating costs under Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP). The proposed energy management model is assessed on a sample network concerning DC power flow limitations. The procured power of each MG and power exchanges at the distribution network level are investigated and discussed.