Second Wave Of COVID-19 Pandemic Research Articles

Epidemiological comparison of the first and second wave of COVID-19 Pandemic in Dhaka, Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study among suspected cases.

Epidemiological comparison of the first and second wave of COVID-19 Pandemic in Dhaka, Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study among suspected cases.

Clinico-pathological study among COVID-19 patients during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Andaman Nicobar Island- "A retrospective cross-sectional study".

Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a Union Territory of India is Tropical Island, has better air quality and since its specific geographic location that may have an impact on the clinical and pathological features. So, this study is intended to describe the clinical and pathological features of COVID-19 infection and its association with the severity of the disease among adult COVID-19 patients. A cross-sectional study done retrospectively among 100 adult COVID-19 RT PCR positive in Tertiary Hospital, tropical Islands by reviewing medical records. The clinical, laboratory parameters were assessed. In the study 65% of the population were male, and 55% of COVID-19 cases were between the age group of 25 to 50 years of age. At presentation, 96% had respiratory symptoms, 91% had fever, 33% had gastrointestinal symptoms, 10% had musculoskeletal symptoms, and 6% have a history of contact with COVID-19 positive patients. The severe COVID-19 patients had longer duration of fever (P-value 0.041), duration of cough (P 0.016), duration of breathlessness (P 0.002), high pulse rate (P = 0.031) at presentation, had high neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (P = 0.001), high neutrophil count (P < 0.001), low lymphocyte count (P < 0.001), high CRP (P < 0.001), and high D-dimer (P < 0.001) at presentation. Severe COVID-19 patients at presentation had longer duration of fever, cough, and breathlessness, hence should seek early medical care. Lab parameters is a great tool in the assessment of patient who can go to have severe disease and thus help in formulating Guidelines.

Patients’ Satisfaction with the Quality of Care in the Tunisian Private Hospitals during the Second Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic: Does Human Resource Planning Matter?

Human resources need planning to meet the firms’ objectives and help them achieve advantages over their competitors. Therefore, the right management of the right people at the right time has the power and energy to embed sustainability across the organization not only in normal circumstances but also in turbulent and crisis times. As far as we know, no previous research has investigated the value of human resource planning (HRP) during a crisis period/time, like that of COVID-19. For this reason, a new approach is needed to explore the role of HRP in the context of crisis periods or disaster situations. Actually, it is in hospitals that human resource management (HRM) practices take on special meaning. However, the relationship between HRM and healthcare is very complex as the employees’ behavior is directly correlated with the patient’s satisfaction. During the outbreak of COVID-19, it became increasingly important to recognize the patient’s satisfaction criteria regarding how hospitals serve the patients. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of the HRP on the patients’ satisfaction during the outbreak of an imminent pandemic, like COVID-19. For this purpose, we developed two contrasting samples: private hospitals’ directors (n = 85) and private hospitals’ patients (n = 858). We used structural equation modeling to assess the links between human resource planning and the patients’ satisfaction with the quality of care. In fact, our careful review of the literature provides us with a deep discussion on the practices of human resource planning. The results showed that some human resource planning practices are positively related to the patients’ satisfaction while others are negatively related.

Knowledge and Behaviour of Adult Residents in Benin Metropolis South-South Nigeria about Face Mask Use During the Second Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: Face mask is used globally as a protective device and was recommended to prevent the spread of COVID-19. However, there is a scarcity of information on public’s compliance with mask use in Nigeria. Objectives: To evaluate the knowledge and behaviour by adult residents in Benin metropolis about face mask use during the second phase of COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted, utilising a self-completed questionnaire from January to March 2021. Data collected were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics. Every incorrect and correct response in face mask use behaviour was scored 0 and 1 respectively. Post summation, scores were marked as “satisfactory” or “not satisfactory”. In the event that 6 or more than 6 (out of 10) points were achieved, this was used as an outcome variable for the binary logistic regression analysis. Chi-square test was utilised to compare the “satisfactory” rates between variables and groups. P &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The study shows that gender, marital status, religion, ethnicity, education and occupation (P&lt;0.001) are among the factors influencing face mask use behaviour. About 53% of the population used a cloth facemask citing availability/accessibility as a key reason. Majority 381 (76.2%) of the respondents had good knowledge of the use of face mask as a preventive strategy during the pandemic. Only 179 (35.8%) respondents showed satisfactory mask use behaviour. Conclusion: The study revealed that respondents had good knowledge of the use of face mask but unsatisfactory mask-wearing behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Acute kidney injury: A potential mortality indicator in the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic in India

Acute kidney injury: A potential mortality indicator in the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic in India

Mathematical modeling of SARS-nCoV-2 virus in Tamil Nadu, South India.

The purpose of this paper is to build a mathematical model for the study of the roles of lock-down, social distancing, vaccination, detection efficiency, and health care capacity planning of the COVID-19 pandemic taking into account the demographic topology of the State of Tamil Nadu, India. Two mathematical models are proposed for the evolution of the first and second wave of COVID-19 pandemic. The model for the first wave considers lock-down orders, social distancing measures, and detection efficiency. The model for the second wave considers more sub-populations and incorporates two more elements, vaccination and health care capacity. Daily reported data on the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic are used to determine the parameter values. The dynamics produced by the mathematical model closely follow the evolution of COVID-19 in the State of Tamil Nadu. Numerical simulation shows that the lock-down effect is limited. Social distancing implementation and detection of positive cases are relatively ineffective compared with other big cities. Shortage of health care resources is one of the factors responsible for rapidly spreading in the second wave in Tamil Nadu.

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MATERNAL AND NEONATAL OUTCOME OF COVID POSITIVE PREGNANT WOMEN IN FIRST AND SECOND WAVE

Introduction: Corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19), produced by severe acute respiratory syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV2), has become a global pandemic, giving rise to a serious health threat globally. In India we have seen a two wave pattern of reported cases with peak of rst wave in September 2020 and peak of second wave in May 2021.Women undergoing pregnancy and those at the time of child birth and puerperium constitute potentially vulnerable populations for covid-19. Aims And Objectives: To evaluate differences in clinical presentation, co-morbidities, pregnancy complications and outcomes in women with covid-19 during rst wave and second wave of covid-19 pandemic. Materials And Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study of all hospitalized pregnant and postpartum woman with SARS-CoV2 infection in Government General Hospital, Kurnool. All the patients admitted from 1st May to 31st October 2020 were considered to be in the rst wave and those admitted from 1st April to 31st June were considered to be in second wave. Results: Incidence of cases has increased from 14.18 to 16.8%.There was two fold increase in the symptomatic cases from 4.2 to 8%patients in the second wave were younger in the age group of 16-25yrs.The number of pregnant women delivered by Caesarean section have increased from 57.5 %to 61.1 %.ICU admissions have signicantly increased from 2.7% to 3.1% Case fatality rate has increased from 0.4%-1.1%. As observed from the above results there is higher frequency of severe Covid 19,increased ICU ad Conclusion: missions and maternal deaths in second wave of Covid 19 pandemic as compared to the rst wave .Although the exact causes of increase in severity and mortality are unknown ,but probably due to emergence of most pathological strains of SARS-Co2.

AACE2021-A-1089: Comparison of Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes Among the Patients with and Without Type 2 Diabetes, Infected with Sars-Cov-2, Hospitalized During the Second Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic in India

AACE2021-A-1089: Comparison of Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes Among the Patients with and Without Type 2 Diabetes, Infected with Sars-Cov-2, Hospitalized During the Second Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic in India

Experience of women who gave birth during the Second Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic in Mansoura city

Experience of women who gave birth during the Second Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic in Mansoura city

Impact of second wave of COVID-19 pandemic on the hesitancy and refusal of COVID-19 vaccination in Puducherry, India: a longitudinal study

ABSTRACT The second wave of COVID-19 pandemic has spread rampantly throughout India between April and May 2021, leading to high mortality rates. Identifying any change in the rate of vaccine hesitancy or refusal due to such mass casualty events will provide further insights on developing appropriate risk communication strategy. Hence, this study was undertaken to identify the vaccine hesitancy and refusal before and during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted a longitudinal study among 900 adults to know about their vaccine hesitancy and refusal pattern before (March 2021 – round-1) and during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic (May 2021 – round-2). Telephonic interview was conducted using the pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. There was an increase in the vaccine hesitancy (27.8% in round-1 to 32.7% in round-2) and refusal (25.6% in round-1 to 35.6% in round-2) during the second wave of pandemic in Puducherry. In adjusted analysis, vaccine hesitancy was found to increase by 1.19 times during the round-2 survey compared to round-1 survey (aIRR = 1.19; 95%CI: 1.03–1.37). We also found that the vaccine refusal increased by 1.40 times during the round-2 survey compared to round-1 survey (aIRR = 1.40; 95%CI: 1.22–1.62) after adjusting for age, place of residence, and occupation. We found that the confidence in COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and safety has declined over time leading to increase in the vaccine hesitancy and refusal in our study cohort, with more than one-third refusing to get themselves vaccinated during the second wave of pandemic.

Bilateral maxillectomy via mid-facial degloving approach in an extensive case of post-Coronavirus disease invasive fungal sinusitis

&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;Coronavirus disease associated invasive fungal sinusitis has affected many and several have succumbed to the disease during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic. Mucormycosis is a rare, opportunistic, fulminant, angioinvasive fungal infection caused by Rhizopus species of the order Mucorales. It mainly affects immunocompromised individuals, predisposed by diabetes mellitus, corticosteroids, immunosuppressive therapy, haematological malignancies and organ transplantation. We reported here a case of a 45 years old male with past history of Coronavirus disease, presenting with symptoms of invasive fungal sinusitis. With this case we emphasised on use of an alternate approach for bilateral total maxillectomy via midfacial degloving approach instead of a classical external Weber Ferguesen incision in extensive cases with several associated co-morbidities. Mid facial degloving approach is a combination of intraoral and intranasal incisions made to access the midface without any external incision. This approach is advantageous in comparatively having less complication rate, less morbidity and excellent cosmetic outcome.&lt;/p&gt;

Perceived Usefulness of Telerehabilitation of Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Belgium–France Pilot Study during Second Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: COVID-19 has affected the practice of physiotherapy, and telerehabilitation (TR) may be seen as an alternative model of care if it is accepted by patients and physiotherapists. This study investigates the perceived usefulness of TR and the intention to use it among physiotherapists and patients from Belgium and France concerned with musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) during the pandemic period. Methods: An online questionnaire based on the technology-acceptance model was designed. Sociodemographic data were collected and Likert scales were proposed to assess perceived ease-of-use, perceived usefulness and intention to use TR. Data were collected between 17 January and 17 March 2021; 68 patients and 107 physiotherapists answered. Results: In total, 88% of patients and 76% physiotherapists had not used TR at the time they answered. Only 12% of patients and 1% of physiotherapists are willing to use TR, and 50% of physiotherapists think they will never use TR compared to 25% of patients. A total of 98% of participants agreed that they had a good mastery of the technological tools requested. Conclusions: Physiotherapists are more reluctant to use TR than patients, regardless of convincing EBM results. This is related to their own representation of proper MSD management, which must include the use of hands-on techniques.

Co-infection of mucormycosis and aspergillosis in post COVID-19 patient: A concerning rare case report during second wave of COVID-19 pandemic

COVID-19 manifestations have been evolving and affect different parts of the body every time a new wave comes. Association of mucormycosis in COVID-19, Covid Associated Mucormycosis (CAM) affected patients especially affecting paranasal sinuses must be given serious and timely consideration. Prolonged history of uncontrolled diabetes and over the counter use of steroids and abrupt stoppage of steroids are two main factors aggravating the illness, and both these factors must be critically checked. Clinical condition like Mucormycosis are caused by pathogenic moulds of family Mucorales and Aspergillosis is caused by Aspergillus species and both can cause an invasive disease with high case fatality rate, especially in immunosuppressed patients. In the present study we are discussing a case of co-infection in Post COVID-19 patient affected with mucormycosis and aspergillosis. A 55-year-old male patient with Type 2 diabetes mellitus presented post covid with ptosis and diplopia. Mixed infections of Rhizopus arrhizus and Aspergillus flavus were diagnosed by means of fungal microscopy and culture from biopsy sample. Treatment with Amphotericin B was started, the patient responded clinically within 15 days.

COVID-19 Infection in 8 Big Cities of India: The Dynamics of the Spread and Seropositivity

The seroprevalence in the population of 8 big cities (Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Bangalore, Pune, Coimbatore, Surat, Visakhapatnam, and Nagpur) of India and the dynamics of the COVID-19 spread have been compared. The seropositivity data are of the self-referred residents only. The research is useful to know if the seroprevalence that occurred in the population has decreased the surge in infection in the second wave of the pandemic. The seroprevalence data are for the period July-December 2020 while the monthly new infections have been studied for July 2020-June 2021. For the cities: Visakhapatnam, Nagpur, Surat, Pune, and Coimbatore, the seropositivity of the population reached a plateau and then decreased. A decrease in seroprevalence did not result in higher infection rates. The seropositivity of Jaipur, Ahmedabad, and Bangalore showed a monotonous increase. A relationship between the plateau values of seroprevalence and infection rates could be established. More seroprevalence resulted in lower infection rates in cities (Bangalore, Visakhapatnam, Jaipur) and (Surat, Coimbatore, Pune) in the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic. The investigation of seroprevalence in the population will help in ramping up vaccination to eradicate the pandemic.

Comparison of the influence of the first and the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic on numbers of admitted ischemic stroke patients, on their diagnostics, treatment, and prognosis

Comparison of the influence of the first and the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic on numbers of admitted ischemic stroke patients, on their diagnostics, treatment, and prognosis

Mucormycosis during the second wave of COVID-19 in India

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; The so called “black fungus epidemic” struck India during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic. Large numbers of patients were being reported, posing a challenging situation for clinicians. The treatment options were limited, and rescue surgery was mutilating, anti-fungal medicines became short of supply soon, prognosis remained poor. Objective was to understand a unifying pathophysiological picture with a framework to check this post Covid epidemic, especially in context with South-east-Asia. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods&lt;/strong&gt;: The clinical, radiological, surgical data of patients presented with symptoms of rhino-orbito-cerebral complications, collected and analyzed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;: 80.9% of operated patient had thrombosis of identifiable major vessels. The 76.7% patient had cerebral venous thrombosis. The 30% patient had internal carotid artery narrowing on imaging. Fungal staining was positive in 72% patient. We found level of D dimer was high in 81.3% patients and 83.9% patients had blood sugar level raised at the time of presentation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions&lt;/strong&gt;: Hyper thrombotic state of COVID-19 in diabetes and injudicious use of steroids predisposed susceptible patients to thromboembolic phenomena, leading to necrosis of tissue and secondary fungal infection.&lt;/p&gt;

STEMI patients in the first and second wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia

Abstract Introduction Countries, severly hit by COVID-19 pandemic in spring 2020, reported reduced admissions and increased mortality of STEMI patients. The first wave of COVID-19 pandemic in Slovenia was mild, but in the second wave (October to December 2020) COVID-19 cases and fatalities significantly increased. To overcome the pandemic, restrictions to full lockdown, rapid redeployment and mobilization of healthcare resources, as well as reduction or delayed hospital admissions for acute non-communicable conditions were were undertaken. Purpose To evaluate STEMI admissions, the delay in treatment, complications and mortality of STEMI patients in the first and second wave of COVID-19 pandemic and comparison of data to 3 months (March-May) in 2019. Methods We retrospectively analysed the data of STEMI patients, admitted in March to May 2019 and in the first (March-May) and in the second wave (October-December) of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. We compared STEMI admissions, age, gender, comorbidities, time to primary coronary intervention (PPCI), the rate of PPCI, TIMI III flow after PPCI, prior resuscitations, hospital complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias, bleedings, acute kidney injury and mortality between 2019 and both waves of COVID-19 pandemic. Results Between STEMI patients in 2019 and patients in the first and the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic there were nonsignificant differences in STEMI admissions (90 patients vs 96 patients vs 81 patients), in gender, age, comorbidities, the rate of primary percutaneous intervention (PPCI, 94.4% vs 94.8% vs 91.4%), TIMI III flow after PPCI, anterior STEMI, in prior resuscitations (10% vs 10.4% vs 16%). Compared to 2019, admission acute heart failure was nonsignificantly increased in COVID-19 pandemic (30% vs 34.4% vs 39.5%). Within the first 3 hours of STEMI PPCI was performed nonsignificantly less likely in the first wave and significantly less likely in the second wave (35.5%* vs 30.2% vs 19.8%*, *p=0.037) in comparison to 2019. The incidence of acute kidney injury was similar in the first wave, but nonsignificantly increased in the second wave (6.6% vs 5.2% vs 9.8%), compared to 2019 and hospital infection was nonsignificantly increased in both COVID-19 periods (15.6% vs 20.8% vs 27.2%). In hospital heart failure was nonsignificantly increased in the first wave and significantly increased in the second one (23.3%* vs 27.1% vs 42%*, *p=0.015), as well as mitral regurgitation (10%* vs 18.8% vs 26.9%*, *p=0.008). Hospital mortality was nonsignificantly increased in bothe waves of the pandemic (8.9% vs 9.4% vs 13.6%). Conclusions In paralell to the increased severity of COVID-19 pandemic in the second wave there was less STEMI admissions, significantly less timely performed PPCI with significantly increased hospital heart failure, resulting in nonsignificantly increased hospital mortality. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.

Second wave of COVID-19 pandemic is depressing: is there any hope?

We read the article detailing the impact on the mental health amongst the residents of Assam during COVID-19 lockdown with a lot of anguish and concern. The rise of second wave of COVID-19 pandemic is more unforgiving due to the high infectivity of the double mutant variant. The deadly cost of ignorance has compounded the misery aggravating the mental imbalance.Hope seems elusive during the evolving crisis with highly constrained healthcare infrastructure, resources and high fatality.

Emerging problem to health care workers in form of virus and fungus combo: a tertiary care centre experience

Background: Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis has reached epidemic proportion during second wave of COVID-19 pandemic in India. In this study we aimed to understand the demographics, presentation, temporal sequence, risk factors and outcomes to undertake measures for prevention and treatment and benefit of administering liposomal amphotericin via retrobulbar injection in addition to systemic antifungals in the setting of rhino-orbital-mucormycosis.Methods: Study of patients with COVID-19-associated mucormycosis managed or co-managed by ophthalmologists in our centre from April 2021 to June 2021.Results: Male predominance and more than 75% associated with COVID-19 infection. Common risk factors associated were DM and corticosteroids use. Unilateral involvement was common (82.4%). Most common primary symptom and sign of ROCM is orbital/facial pain (68.4%) and ptosis (84.2 %) respectively. retro bulbar amphotericin B injections had slight improvement in vision (25%), ptosis (37.5%) and extra ocular movement (25%) with few complications. Surgical management were PNS debridement (42.1%), exenteration added in 17.5 % and with above procedure additional maxillectomy needed in 14%. 22.8 % cases were succumbed by disease while 40.1 % of live patients needed orbital exenteration.Conclusions: ROCM has visible signs and symptoms, help us in early diagnosis as compared to mucormycosis at other anatomical sites and should be known to all ophthalmologists. Early diagnosis by involving root level health worker and creation of standard treatment guideline on emerging heath problem is an urgent need.

Stock Price Prediction using Support Vector Machine in the Second Wave of Covid-19 Pandemic

The aim of the research is to predict The Jakarta Composite Index (JKSE) when the second wave of the Covid-19 occurred in Indonesia. The method used in this research is Support Vector Machine (SVM). The data used in this study is JKSE for period April 2021 to August 2021. The data is divided into two parts, the training data and the testing data. The training data starts from April 1st to July 30th 2021. The data used as ground truth is the data from August 2nd to August 31st 2021. To get the best hyperparameter, the research uses Grid Search with RBF kernel. The results show the best hyperparameters using RBF kernel are C=100, =0.01, and = 3. The prediction result obtained tends to be stable and has a slight decrease. This result if we compared with the cumulative cases and the total recovery cases of the Covid-19, the investor has a positive sentiment towards the Indonesian government in solving the Covid-19 pandemic.