Second Trimester In Pregnant Women Research Articles

The Effectiveness of Dates and Beets on Hemoglobin Levels in Trimester II Pregnant Women at BPM Titin Sumarni

Backgrounds : Low hemoglobin levels often occur in pregnant women, low hemoglobin levels are a serious problem for pregnant women because the lack of hemoglobin levels will have a negative impact during the delivery process. Research Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of dates and beets on Hemoglobin levels in second trimester pregnant women at TPMB Titin Sumarni, Babelan Village, Babelan District, Bekasi Regency. Research Methods : This study used a quasi-experimental with purposive sampling with a sample of 32 people. Data techniques included in uivariate analysis using frequency distribution and bivariate analysis using statistical calculations The results of the study : Respondents in the control group and the intervention group mostly worked as housewives, in the intervention group there was an increase in hemoglobin levels in the second trimester of pregnant women, thus proving the effectiveness of giving beets and dates to increase hemoglobin levels in the second trimester pregnant women. Conclusions and suggestions : Conclusions From the results of this study it was found that there was effectiveness in giving beets and dates to increase hemoglobin levels in the second trimester of pregnant women at BPM Titin Sumarni. Suggestions for providing information about good nutrition for pregnant women by providing health promotion and education to visiting pregnant women to reduce mortality and morbidity due to anemia.

Clinical analysis of pregnancy termination in 167 pregnant women with cardiovascular disease during the first and second trimester

Objective: To study the risk assessment, method selection and clinical management of pregnancy termination during the first and second trimester of pregnant women with cardiovascular disease. Methods: This study focused on pregnant women with cardiovascular diseases who were admitted to Beijing Anzhen Hospital during the first and second trimester of pregnancy from January 2016 to September 2019, to summarize their clinical characteristics, reasons and methods of pregnancy termination, management and outcomes. Results: Among 167 pregnant women, 119 cases (71.3%, 119/167) were in early pregnancy and 48 cases (28.7%, 48/167) were in middle pregnancy. The reasons for termination of pregnancy were cardiovascular disease (109 cases; 65.3%, 109/167), unwanted pregnancy (54 cases; 32.3%, 54/167) and other reasons (4 cases). Vacuum aspiration was performed in 98 cases and forceps curettage was performed in 19 cases, medical abortion was performed in 2 cases in early pregnancy. There was no change in cardiac function after pregnancy termination and all survived in early pregnancy. In the second trimester, 16 cases were induced by intraamniotic injection of ethacridine, 2 cases by water balloon, 1 case by oxytocin intravenous drip, and 29 cases by hysterotomy delivery. The ratio of patients with hysterotomy delivery with cardiac function grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ was significantly higher than that in the patients with vaginal labor induction in the second trimester [79% (23/29) vs 4/19; P<0.01]; the ratio of pregnancy risk grade Ⅳ-Ⅴ was also significantly higher [100% (29/29) vs 14/19; P=0.007]. The mean length of hospital stay of patients with hysterotomy delivery was significantly longer than that in the patients with vaginal labor induction [(7.1±3.4) vs (2.4±1.8) days; P<0.01]. Cardiac function was improved in 4 patients induced by ethacridine and rapid recovery without serious complications. Cardiac function decreased in 5 cases and 1 case died on the first day after hysterotomy delivery. Conclusions: Pregnancy risk assessment should be conducted as early as possible in patients with cardiovascular disease. If it is not suitable to continue the pregnancy, terminate pregnancy as early as possible to reduce the risk. Pregnancy termination methods and analgesic methods should be selected according to different gestational age and complications. The indications for hysterotomy delivery should not be relaxed at will, so as to minimize trauma and hemodynamic changes. After the termination of pregnancy, contraceptive measures should be implemented and the next treatment plan should be guided.

A longitudinal analysis of arterial stiffness and wave reflection in preeclampsia: Identification of changepoints

PurposePreeclampsia (PrE) is a leading complication of pregnancy characterized by vascular dysfunction. Characterizing the longitudinal changes in vascular function prior to PrE onset is critical to the identification of optimal timepoints for vascular assessment and the development of effective early screening strategies. MethodsIn this prospective longitudinal study of women with singleton high-risk pregnancies, arterial stiffness and wave reflection parameters were assessed using applanation tonometry at 10–13 weeks' gestation and repeated every 4 weeks throughout pregnancy. Changepoints in carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), carotid-radial PWV (crPWV), augmentation index (AIx), time to wave reflection (T1R), pulse pressure amplification (PPA), and subendocardial viability ratio (SEVR) were compared between women who did and did not subsequently develop PrE. ResultsA changepoint in cfPWV and crPWV was detected at 14–17 weeks' gestation. cfPWV then increased in women who went on to develop PrE but decreased in women who did not; a 1.2 m/s difference in cfPWV between the groups was observed at 22–25 weeks' gestation. Conversely, crPWV converged in the two groups from a baseline difference of 1.05 m/s (95% credible interval: 0.37, 1.72). Women who subsequently developed PrE demonstrated an increase in AIx at 18–21 weeks' gestation that was not seen in women who did not develop PrE until 30–33 weeks. No differences in T1R, PPA, or SEVR were observed between the groups. ConclusionsAltered vascular adaptations were detected using measures of arterial stiffness and wave reflection in the early second trimester of pregnant women who developed PrE compared to those who did not. These findings demonstrate the potential clinical utility of arterial stiffness and wave reflection parameters as an early screening tool for PrE, which can be used to inform clinical management of high-risk pregnancies.

A novel classification of glucose profile in pregnancy based on continuous glucose monitoring data.

To investigate the glucose profile of women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) by simultaneously analyzing several factors of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data. CGM was conducted for 2 weeks in the second trimester of pregnant women whose random blood glucose level was ≥100 mg/dl. A 75-g oral glucose tolerance test was performed around day 7, and the index of hyperglycemia, relative hypoglycemia, and indices of glucose variability were extracted from CGM data. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering was performed to categorize glucose profiles of the participants. CGM data were obtained from 29 women. Glucose profiles were categorized into three clusters: low glucose levels with less glucose variability group (L group, n = 7); moderate glucose levels with moderate-to-high glucose variability group (M group, n = 18); and high glucose levels with high glucose variability group (H group, n = 4). The waveforms of the glucose profiles were very different among the three groups. Women with GDM tended to be more frequent in the H group than in the M and L groups (75.0%, 16.7%, and 14.3%, respectively; p = 0.053). Maternal age was significantly higher and the proportion of multiparous women was significantly larger in the H group compared to L group (p = 0.002 and 0.015, respectively). A comprehensive analysis of CGM data could help us extract a subgroup of women with characteristics of GDM.

New cut-off values for screening of trisomy 21, 18 and open neural tube defects (ONTD) during the second trimester in pregnant women with advanced maternal age

BackgroundTo determine whether advanced maternal age (AMA) causes changes in the maternal serum markers of Trisomy 21, 18 and open neural tube defects (ONTD) during the second trimester of pregnancy. Our research aims to develop new cut-off values for AMA in order to reduce the need for further invasive testing.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study involved 12,739 pregnant women with AMA and 197,101 pregnant women with non-AMA. We then compared the two groups with respect to the positive rate and positive predictive value (PPV) of Trisomy 21, 18 and ONTD. Pregnant women with Trisomy 21, 18 and ONTD were diagnosed by karyotyping the amniotic fluid and by ultrasound diagnosis.ResultsCompared to the non-AMA group, the multiple of the median (MOM) of free beta- human chorionic gonadotropin (free β-hCG), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and the risk value forTrisomy 21, were significantly higher in the AMA group (all P < 0.001). The positive rates of Trisomy 21, 18, and ONTD in the AMA group were significantly higher than those in the control group (all P < 0.001). In the AMA group, the PPVs for Trisomy 21 and other deformities were significantly higher (all P < 0.001), although the PPVs for Trisomy 18 and ONTD were similar to those of the non-AMA group. The area under the curve (AUC) values for the AMA group were higher than the non-AMA group, based on free β-hCG MoM, AFP MoM, and the risk value of Trisomy 21. The cut-off value for the risk value of Trisomy 21 was 1/172 for the AMA, group and 1/780 for the non-AMA group.ConclusionsThe positive rates for Trisomy 21, 18 and ONTD, and the PPV for Trisomy 21 and other deformities were significantly higher in the AMA group. It is essential for pregnant women with AMA to be tested using appropriate cut-off values of serum markers screening for Trisomy 21 during the second trimester of pregnancy to improve the efficacy of prenatal screening and reduce the need for further invasive testing.

Urinary iodine in second trimester of pregnancy: A cross sectional study in tertiary care hospital of Belagavi

Background: Iodine is a nutritionally important trace element and its deficiency is a common health problem affecting a huge population, particularly pregnant women and children. The physiological role of iodine in the human body is synthesis of thyroid hormones. Thyroxine is approximately 60% iodine by weight. If iodine intake falls below approximately 100μg/day, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) secretion is augmented, which increases plasma inorganic iodide clearance.&#x0D; Aims and Objective: To correlate urinary iodine with serum TSH in the second trimester of pregnant women.&#x0D; Material and Methods: One hundred five subjects were included in the study from tertiary care hospital. A random urine sample was collected. Iodine was estimated by ammonium persulfate method and TSH values were collected from the OBG department of the subjects enrolled. Statistics: Pearson correlation coefficient was done.&#x0D; Results: Median UI 138.50 (29.80-350.51) μg/L, median TSH 1.90(0.17-7.46) mIU/L. There was no significant correlation between UI and serum TSH with r = (0.0873, (p = 0.3756).&#x0D; Conclusion: Urinary iodine is a marker for population iodine status. A preferable biomarker is necessary to know the iodine status of individual which include not only nutritional biomarker and also required to organise reference range for TSH.

Maternal Nutritional Status and Preterm Birth

An optimal diet before and during pregnancy cannot guarantee a successful outcome of pregnancy; it can improve the chance of a healthy newborn baby, a healthy mom, and a healthy future for both. A woman who is well nourished and within her healthy weight range prior to conception provides an environment conducive to normal fetal growth and development during the critical first trimester of pregnancy. Study design and population. This study used data from the mothers and child care unit in health centers, a prospective cohort study in central Al.Hillah designed to investigate the maternal dietary patterns during the second trimester and risk factors for preterm birth. second trimester of pregnant women were recruited at 24–29 wk of gestation from prenatal clinics at the MCH Services Department. Stratified and randomly selected out-patient clinics between Jan 2016 and April 2017. All participants gave written informed consent at the time of recruitment. Data were collected via interviews and self-administered questionnaires, including an MNA to collect dietary information. Socio-demographic information and health behaviors were collected via interviews. during the first 6 mo of pregnancy was collected from self administered questionnaires. pregnancy BMI was based on height measured at the first prenatal clinic visit and self-reported pregnancy weight. Missing pregnancy weight was imputed on the basis of the first prenatal care visit (19). Total of (50) pregnant women were enrolled into the PIN study. Only pregnancies with complete dietary information were included in this study (n = 50). Data analyses the related data by using SPSS 23.0 software program. A level of P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically signifificant. Characteristics of the intervention group and comparison group were compared using t-tests for continuous variables and ?2-tests for categorical variables. Most of the sample (44.9%) had (21-26) years aged,(36.7%) with (56-66 kg ) body weight and (42.9% ) had 140-150 cm ) body height

Distribution of uterocervical angles in the second trimester of pregnant women at low risk for preterm delivery

The uterocervical angle (UCA) has recently been studied as a parameter to identify women at risk for spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). This study aimed to investigate the distribution of UCA values by transvaginal sonography (TVS) in the second trimester of women at low risk for sPTB. TVS was performed in 450 low-risk pregnant women at gestational age (GA) 160/7–240/7 weeks. The UCA distribution by GA was visualised using a scatter plot. The range of UCA values and their relationship with GA were assessed using quantile regression analysis. p < .05 was considered statistically significant. A total of 242 participants with anteflexed uterus, no history of caesarean section and term delivery were analysed. The normal range of UCA (5th and 95th percentiles) was from 63.0 degrees (95% CI, 53.1–72.9) to 148.8 degrees (95% CI, 139.5–158.0) with no significant changes during this GA period (–0.3 degrees per week, p = .757). Impact statement What is already known on this subject? Spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) is a major problem in obstetrics. A screening strategy using history of sPTB and cervical length (CL) measurement is the current standard to identify women at risk for sPTB and provide adequate prevention. However, a third of women who are identified as low risk go on to have sPTB, so a better means needs to be found to more reliably identify women at risk. Various studies have found that a wide uterocervical angle (UCA) was associated with sPTB, and thus the UCA has been proposed as a potential sPTB screening parameter. However, to date there is a lack of prospective studies evaluating this proposal, and no consensus about the proper gestational age to perform UCA measurements to identify women at risk of sPTB. What do the results of this study add? This study reports the distribution of UCA at the GA of 160/7–240/7 weeks of low-risk singleton pregnancy women who delivered at term. The mid-90% values ranged from 63.0 degrees to 148.8 degrees with no significant differences in this GA period. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Because of the wide range of UCA values at GA 160/7–240/7 weeks, more studies regarding UCA values in various gestational ages are required to fully understand the trend of UCA values along pregnancy and confirm whether or not the UCA would be a useful parameter for sPTB prediction and if so at what gestational age it would have to be assessed.

Kualitas hidup (yang berhubungan dengan kesehatan mulut) dan stress pada ibu hamil trimester II dengan perkembangan janin: studi korelasi

Physiological changes in the body occur during pregnancy, sometimes followed by changes in attitude, state of the soul and behavior. To find out a person's healthy condition, it is necessary to measure the quality of life and stress. This study is to determine the relationship between quality of life related to oral health (OHRQoL) and stress with fetal development in second trimester of pregnant women. This research usedcross sectional approach; populations were pregnant women in second trimester who examined the womb at BPM Endang Purwaningsih Pleret Bantul Yogyakarta there were 56 people in November 2018, using total sampling. The research instrument was the OHIP-14, SRQ-20, and fetal development guidelines. Processing data in this study was using IBM SPSS 20 and Microsoft Excel. The statistical test which is used chi square test. There were 3 respondents with life quality that related to oral health (OHRQoL) in middle category and 53 respondents (94.64%) in the good category quality of life related to oral health (OHRQoL). 41 respondents (73.21%) who were not experiencing stress. There was one respondent with inappropriate fetal development. Chi square test showed that there was no correlation between quality of life related to oral health (0,810 &gt; 0,05) and stress (0,095 &gt; 0,05) with fetal development in second trimester of pregnant women in the BPM Endang Purwaningsih Pleret Bantul Yogyakarta. Quality of life related to oral health (OHRQoL) and stress does not affect fetal development in second trimester pregnant women at BPM Endang Purwaningsih Bantul Pleret Yogyakarta.

The Relationship between Social Economic Levels and Anemia Events in Pregnant Women in Glugur Darat Health Center

Background : Anemia is a condition where the hemoglobin level in the blood was lower than normal. Anemia diagnosed when the hemoglobin level was <11 gr / dl in the first and third trimesters or <10.5 gr% in the second trimester in pregnant women. WHO stated in 2010 that 40% of the causes of maternal mortality in developing countries were associated with ane­mia in pregnancy. Based on the Riskesdas (Basic Health Research) in 2013, the prevalence of ane­mia in pregnant women in Indonesia was 37.1%. One of the factors that influenced the inciden­ce of anemia in pregnant women was the socio-economic level. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between socio-economic level and the incidence of anemia in preg­nant women at the Glugur Darat Health Center. Subjects and Method: This was an analytical study with a cross sectional approach, conducted at Glugur Darat health center, Medan in 2018. Total 65 pregnant women were selected by consecutive sampling. The independent were the education level, job status, income level. The dependent variable was the incidence of anemia in pregnant women. Data obtained by a set of questionnaire. The data analysis was conducted using Chi Square test . Results: As many as 40 pregnant women (61.5%) had anemia and 25 (38.5%) who were not anemic. 34 people (85.0%) among pregnant women with anemia was in the non-risk group, and 22 people in the Multi-gravida group (55.0%), 16 (40.0%) people in the Primipara group, 27 people (67.5%) in Trimester gestational age III. As many as 28 people (70.0%) had secondary education. Based on occupational 31 people (77.5%) was not working, 19 people (47.5%) had medium income. Conclusion: There was no significant relationship between the level of education, occupational status, and income level with the incidence of anemia in pregnant women. Keywords: Education, Employment, Income, Anemia, Pregnant Women. Correspondence: Berliana Noviyanti. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Methodist Indonesia, Medan, Sumatra Utara. Email: berliana.noviyanti55@gmail.com. Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2019), 4(6): 48-56 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.06.05

FEATURES OF VASCULAR- THROMBOCYTE HEMOSTASIS LINK IN HIV-INFECTED PREGNANT WOMEN

Changes in the hemostatic system observed in pregnant women with HIV lead to thrombohemorrhagic complications for the mother and fetus, which are manifested by obstetric and perinatal complications.The purpose of the study: To investigate the vascular-thrombocyte hemostasis link changes in HIV-infected pregnant women depending on the clinical stage and the HAART start.Materials and methods. The state of the vascular-platelet hemostasis system and the blood loss volume have been studied in 150 HIV-infected pregnant women.Results. In the second trimester in pregnant women with ІІ and III HIV clinical stages a marked increase in the vascular-platelet hemostasis system activity was determined due to platelet aggregation function and the Vilebrand factor level evaluation. In the third trimester these patients showed an increase in vascular-platelet link activity and a decrease in thrombocyte and thrombocrit levels with an increase of MPV and PDW in women with a III stage of HIV infection. In women with III clinical stage of HIV infection there is a platelets decreasing and thrombocytopathy (inhibition of platelet aggregation function when induced by ADP, collagen and ristomycin and increased platelet aggregation by adrenaline). In pregnant that started HAART during this pregnancy there is a significant platelets and thrombocytopoiesis rate decreasing. The level of the Vilebrand factor was significantly higher in women of the 2nd and 3rd groups and tended to increase in the IA group.Conclusions. During pregnancy in women with II and III HIV clinical stages the increased activity of the vascular-platelet hemostasis system is noted. In HIV-infected pregnant patients with the III clinical stage and women who started HAART during this pregnancy, there is a tendency to haemorrages.

Assessment of Placental Stiffness Using Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Elastography in Pregnant Women with Fetal Anomalies.

ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate placental stiffness measured by acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography in pregnant women in the second trimester with a normal fetus versus those with structural anomalies and non-structural findings.Materials and MethodsForty pregnant women carrying a fetus with structural anomalies diagnosed sonographically at 18–28 weeks of gestation comprised the study group. The control group consisted of 34 healthy pregnant women with a sonographically normal fetus at a similar gestational age. Placental shear wave velocity (SWV) was measured by ARFI elastography and compared between the two groups. Structural anomalies and non-structural findings were scored based on sonographic markers. Placental stiffness measurements were compared among fetus anomaly categories. Doppler parameters of umbilical and uterine arteries were compared with placental SWV measurements.ResultsAll placental SWV measurements, including minimum SWV, maximum SWV, and mean SWV were significantly higher in the study group than the control group ([0.86 ± 0.2, 0.74 ± 0.1; p < 0.001], [1.89 ± 0.7, 1.59 ± 0.5; p = 0.04], and [1.26 ± 0.4, 1.09 ± 0.2; p = 0.01]), respectively.ConclusionPlacental stiffness evaluated by ARFI elastography during the second trimester in pregnant women with fetuses with congenital structural anomalies is higher than that of pregnant women with normal fetuses.

Serum Follistatin-like-3 was elevated in second trimester of pregnant women who subsequently developed preeclampsia

Objective: To determine whether serum Follistatin-like-3 was enhanced in second trimester of pregnant women who subsequently developed preeclampsia. Methods: Thirty-nine pregnant women subsequently developed preeclampsia and 73 normal pregnancy women were included. Serum samples taken in 24–28 weeks gestation were used for assay of Follistatin-like-3. Results: Follistatin-like-3 was significantly elevated in preeclampsia group compared with control. However, there was no significant difference of Follistatin-like-3 in women with mild or severe preeclampsia. Conclusion: The elevation of Follistatin-like-3 was demonstrated in late second trimester of pregnancy destined to developing preeclampsia, suggesting its causal role in the pathogenesis and prediction of preeclampsia.

Role of peripheral blood mononuclear cell transportation from mother to baby in HBV intrauterine infection

We aimed to investigate the role of peripheral blood mononuclear cell transportation from mother to baby in hepatitis B virus (HBV) intrauterine infection. Thirty HBsAg-positive pregnant women in the second trimester and their aborted fetuses were included in this study. Enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay was utilized to detect HBsAg in the peripheral blood of pregnant women and the femoral vein blood of their aborted fetuses. HBV-DNA in serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and GSTM1 alleles of pregnant women and their aborted fetuses were detected by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and seminested PCR, respectively. We also examined the location of placenta HBsAg and HBcAb using immunohistochemical staining. The expression of placenta HBV-DNA was detected by in situ hybridization. For the 30 aborted fetuses, the HBV intrauterine infection rate was 43.33%. The HBV-positive rates of HBsAg in peripheral blood, serum, and PBMC were 10% (3/30), 23.33% (7/30), and 33.33% (10/30), respectively. Maternal-fetal PBMC transport was significantly positively correlated with fetal PBMC HBV-DNA (P = 0.004). Meanwhile, the rates of HBV infection gradually decreased from the maternal side to the fetus side of placenta (decidual cells > trophoblastic cells > villous mesenchymal cells > villous capillary endothelial cells). However, no significant correlation between placenta HBV infection and HBV intrauterine infection was observed (P = 0.410). HBV intrauterine infection was primarily due to peripheral blood mononuclear cell maternal-fetal transportation in the second trimester in pregnant women.

A direct competitive inhibition time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for the detection of unconjugated estriol in serum of pregnant women

Unconjugated estriol (uE3) is one of the most important serum markers for prenatal screening. The abnormally low content of uE3 is used as an indicator of fetal DS (Down syndrome) during the second trimester in pregnant women. In the present study, we developed a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay to detect uE3 by employing microtiter plates with pre-captured primary antibodies. E3-3-CME-BSA (estriol-3-carboxymethyl ether-bovine serum albumin) conjugates served as labels and Eu3+ (europium) as the probe for signal detection. The detection limit of this assay was 0.35 nmol L−1. The within-run and between-run imprecision values for serum control detection were less than 5.0% and 6.0% respectively. The mean recovery was 102.6%. The long-term stability (2–8 °C, 15 months) and thermostability (37 °C, 10 days) were excellent. The uE3 concentrations measured by the present assay in 1168 Chinese maternal serum samples correlated well with those obtained by the chemiluminescence immunoassay assay (r = 0.948). The reference range in normal singleton pregnancies in Southern China was established which provided reference data to adjust the uE3 medians for biochemical screening.

The effectiveness of prenatal serum biomarker screening for neural tube defects in second trimester pregnant women: a meta‐analysis

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are common and serious birth defects all over the world. Prenatal screening for NTDs using maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) during the second trimester of pregnancy has been widely used, but its effectiveness remains unclear. We evaluated the studies published in the English and Chinese on MSAFP screening for NTDs. The homogeneity of the studies was evaluated by the forest graph. Meta-analysis was applied to calculate the combined effect values and their 95% confidence intervals. As many as 22 articles were selected according to the criteria and were included in the meta-analysis, for a total of 684,140 pregnant women screened during the second trimester. All the studies selected were homogenous according to the forest graph (chi(2) = 25.17, P > 0.10). The combined relative risk estimate was 0.25 and its 95% confidence interval was 0.21 to 0.29. The combined protective rate was 75%. The sensitivity and specificity of MSAFP screening were 75.1 and 97.7%, respectively. Use of MSAFP during the second trimester in pregnant women is an effective measure for the screening of NTDs.

Increased inositol phosphoglycan P-type in the second trimester in pregnant women with type 2 and gestational diabetes mellitus

A progressive insulin resistant state develops throughout human pregnancy. Inositol phosphoglycan P-type (P-IPG), a second messenger of insulin, was reported to negatively correlate with the degree of insulin resistance in non-pregnant diabetic subjects. Urinary levels of P-IPG were assessed in insulin resistant states during pregnancy such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM, n=44) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM, n=25) and in 69 normal pregnant women. Urinary levels of P-IPG were higher in GDM than controls with a positive trend of release throughout normal pregnancy (P<0.01). P-IPG excretion was higher in diabetic (GDM and type 2 DM) than in healthy women in the second trimester (P<0.05). A higher P-IPG urinary excretion occurs during the second trimester in pregnant women with clinically evident insulin resistance with a positive association with poor glycemic control.

Changes of Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide in Arterial Blood (PaCO2) and Respiratory Rate (RR) in Pregnant Women

In the present study the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaC0:1 and respiratory rate (RR) were studied in pregnant and non-pregnant women in Dhaka city. Far this purpose a total 32 women for PaCO)and 100 women for RR with age ranging front 25 ...ears le 35 years without any recent history of respiratory diseases were selected. Normal pregnant women were taken as e.yperimental group and healthy nor-pregnant ...omen as return!. Data was collected during first trimester. second trimester and third trimester in pregnant women and also nompregnant women. The PaCOrwas determined by using 'EASY BLOOD GAS .0TO INALMER" and RR was recorded. The PaCO, and RR during different trimesters of pregnant .rumen were compared with that of non-pregnant 11.1101. Statistical analysis was drum with .tudents '1' rest. The PeCOr was significantly lower in first trimester, second trimester and third (rimester of pregnant women than that of non-pregnant women. Similarly, RR was significantly higher in first trimester. second trimester and third trimester of pregnant women than that of nonpregnant women. Again RR was significantly higher in third trimester than in first trimester and second trimester of pregnant women. There were no statistically significant difference of PaCO, among first trimester. second trimester and third trimester of pregnant women. Similarly, there were no statistically significant difference of RR between first trimester and second trimester of pregnant women. It may be concluded from the study that the progressively decreased PaCO• and increased RR throughout Me pregnancy were most likely MP be related to the effect of progesterone-induced hyperventilation. Hypermfilation in pregnancy is due to hypersensitivity of respiratory centre. Due to hyperventilation there is expel out of CO, miming decrease in PaC0r and increase in RR during pregnancy.