Second Line Of Defense Research Articles

Issues in Energy Policy

least to some extent, particularly in the consumer sector, thus reducing the effectiveness of the budget tax cuts. The last problem to which this note is addressed is whether the budget's proposed tax cuts are the most efficient way to foster the desired economic growth and promote price stability. There are alternative measures that could have been undertaken by the government especially with their enormous surplus of funds after the all-too-successful Canada Savings Bond campaign. One programme that might have been undertaken would have been a major incursion into the housing field to produce a significant number of new housing units in the year 1975. Such a programme would be planned to alleviate the pressures that are building up in the housing sector as the number of completions declines substantially in a market that is virtually devoid of vacant units, for rent or sale. The housing sector has peculiarities that are ideal for stabilization policies because almost all of the component materials are domestically produced and not imported and the employment effects are high and range through unskilled and skilled labour. Expanding housing supplies this year would also have the effect of restraining upward price pressures in the housing sector. This would have been a more appropriate place for introducing a stabilization measure than would the tax cut, which might only have a marginal effect on consumer spending and, because of a substantial import content, only a slight impact on employment. It is possible that, even now, substantial measures are being planned by the federal government to encourage housing in 1975 and this would be treated as a second line of defence for Canada against the effects of the deepening recession in the United States. More appropriate would have been measures to stimulate housing in the November budget. As for timing, it would have been more appropriate if the additional 3 per cent personal tax cut had been held in abeyance until after the large 1974 tax refunds had been received by taxpayers in the spring.

The Geotechnical Design of the Townline Road–Rail Tunnel: Discussion

Conlon et al. ( 197 1 ) are to be congratulated for their concise presentationof t he geotechnical aspects of a major engineering project that will be of interest to both engineers and engineering geologists. A cursory examination of the physiography and surface geology of the tunnel site prior to geotechnical exploration and construction would have given little indication of the diversity and mag&ude of the geotechnical problems to be faced in the design and construction of the tunnel. Some indication of the geotechnical problems to come, however, was given by the previous occurrence of landslides along the existing canal and by the presence of the Salina formation. Throughout the Niagara peninsula the Salina formation is known for its content of soluble evaporite deposits. Further, in parts of upper New York state, the Camillus shale, a stratigraphic equivalent of the Salina formation, has caused foundation difficulties because of its solubility. Geotechnical considerations are seldom the sole criteria for site selection. Such was the case with the Townline road-rail tunnel where optimization of relocation of transportation systems was of primary importance. As a consequence, geographic restraints were imposed on the location of the tunnel. Since relocation of the tunnel to an area of more favorable geological conditions was not possible, there was no alternative to a thorough geotechnical evaluation of the site. The geotechnical investigations presented by the authors serve as an excellent example of a multifaceted approach to geotechnical engineering that required consideration of an area far greater than the site itself. In dealing with the problems of the stability of slopes the authors have recognized the significance of soil stratigraphy and structure to the strength characteristics of the unconsolidated sediments. Much of the geotechnical exploration and laboratory testing was directed therefore, toward identification of the relatively weak zones within the soil mass and to the determination of the degree of shear strength anisotropy. It is evident that a variety of sampling techniques, including 2, 3, and 5 in. (5.1, 7.6, and 12.7 cm) diameter thin-wall sampling tubes and hand-excavated block samples, were used to obtain samples with minimum disturbance that would permit laboratory strength tests to be made at various orientations. It is apparent from the data presented by Conlon and Isaacs (1970) that, in a general way, sample disturbance is inversely proportional to the size lor diameter) of the undisturbed sample obtained. However, a comment by the authors on optimum sampling techniques in consideration of cost and reliability of test results would be of interest as a guide to future geotechnical exploration in the Welland area. Considerable emphasis is placed by the authors on the lower stratified clav zone as J being of particular significance as the potential locus for the horizontal portion of a wedgetype failure. This emphasis is well justified, particularly for the deeper portions of the approach cuts where this zone will be closer to the bottom of the cuts. However, the upper stratified zone also possesses shear strengths not significantly different from those of the lower stratified zone and variations in shear strength occur in both zones. It is therefore assumed that the stability analyses and overall design of the approach cuts were such as to accommodate the low shear strengths of both the lower and upper stratified zones as well as the variations in shear strength within the zones. The author's comments on the magnitude of shear strength variations and the influence these variations had in the selection of design shear strengths would be of interest. The incorporation of sheet piling in the portal dikes as a second line of defence against cracking is a rather unusual design feature. The sheet piling itself, of course, cannot prevent differential settlement of the dike material and the possible consequent development of a ten-

Influence of cold exposure on catecholamine depleting actions of hydroxylase inhibitors

The importance of catecholamine secretion in the cold was studied by treating rats placed at 27°C or 4°C with alpha-methyl- p-tyrosine, a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, H 22 54 , a tyrosine and phenylalanine hydroxylase inhibitor, or trimethyldopa, a phenylalanine hydroxylase inhibitor. Alpha-methyl- p-tyrosine produced the largest fall in tissue noradrenaline. H 22 54 and trimethyldopa, although causing a moderate fall in noradrenaline stores at 27°, were more effective in the cold room. Alpha-methyl- p-tyrosine and trimethyldopa depressed noradrenaline excretion and increased adrenaline release in the cold. The adrenaline served as a “second line of defense” evoked by the noradrenaline decrease. Adrenodemedullated rats given alpha-methyl- p-tyrosine or trimethyldopa at 4° showed a high rate of mortality. H 22 54 lowered tissue and urinary levels of noradrenaline in the cold but failed to produce hypothermia and death in intact or adrenodemedullated rats. It is suggested that other actions of H 22 54 , such as an inhibition of catechol- o-methyl transferase, may have contributed to the maintenance of normothermia.

Cross‐Connection Hazards and Controls

This article begins by providing an example of a cross connection incident in 1923 at Fort Wayne, Indiana, that was responsible for that state being one of the first to regulate cross connections. In 1925, at the AWWA Annual Conference in Louisville, Kentucky, the Fire Protection Division of AWWA passed the first resolution against any physical connection between a public water supply and any other supply. Subsequent revisions to this resolution are discussed, along with cross connection incidents that have occurred in Indiana since 1945. Protective devices and their effectiveness are discussed, including the reduced‐pressure backflow preventer that offered more protection than the double check. The AWWA Joint Committee on Backflow Preventers published a report in December of 1958 that indicates the “reduced‐pressure backflow preventer can be accepted as a second line of defense, but it does not provide the complete protection needed.”

Heavy‐duty Tank Linings

Whilst tank linings of the membrane type are widely used in chemical engineering, the scope of this article has been limited to heavy‐duty linings, constructed in acid‐resisting bricks or tiles. Reference is made to membranes only in connection with their use as a ‘second line of defence’ when used as a backing to brickwork.

A SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

Australian Veterinary JournalVolume 19, Issue 1 p. 2-2 Free Access A SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE First published: February 1943 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1943.tb01491.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume19, Issue1February 1943Pages 2-2 RelatedInformation

Radio Communication for the Colonies

ACCORDING to a statement in The Times of November 30, the chairman and managing director of Messrs. Cable and Wireless, Ltd., has made an offer to the Government to create a system of wireless telegraphic and telephonic communication throughout the Colonial Empire without cost to the administrations or the peoples concerned. The scheme provides for the installation of radio equipment at each of the cable stations where no commercial wireless service is already in operation. The Company will bear the cost of installation and any experiments necessary ; and while the new facilities will be complementary to the existing cable services, their commercial use will bring additional revenue to the Company. The scheme is of great significance from strategic and economic points of view ; the wireless stations will ensure a second line of defence for inter-Colonial communication, and provide the Colonies with a means for their keeping in touch with aircraft and ships in home waters ; in addition, Imperial development and unity will be promoted through an extension and cheapening of communications. The establishment of the service would also enable a great deal of valuable technical research to be carried out in connexion with the propagation of waves to various parts of the world. In view of the advantages accruing to the Colonies under the proposals, the offer has been made on the assumption that the Company would be given a non-restrictive licence on broad lines.

The German Bank Act of 1934: A Correction

I should like to correct an error which slipped into my article, German Bank Act of 1934, in Vol. II, No. 3, of this Review, p. 217. The phrase, This ratio also implies a limit, but in contrast to the cash ratio, it is a maximum limit should read: This ratio is imposed by the law as a minimum, as in the case of the cash ratio; but in reality it will figure as a maximum as long as the cash ratio is. far from being reached, and the assets forming this second line of defence will be the only means to fill up the first. The remainder of the paragraph shows the reasons for this assumption.

Radium Treatment of Epithelioma of the Penis

In the radium treatment of epithelioma of the penis, surface applications have been found to be the most successful. A detailed description is given of a technique applicable to all cases. Some early results are tabulated. Radium therapy is advocated as the treatment of choice in this lesion, leaving surgery as a second line of defence.