Second Half Of 20th Century Research Articles

Aguas da morte: la contaminación de las aguas en las cuencas mineras de la península ibérica

Iberian mining basins have a long history of water pollution problems. This paper analyzes the most serious mining pollution cases in Spain and Portugal in the period spanning from the second half of 19th century to the 1960s. The first part centers on the technological consequences of these problems, with a particular stress on the role and strategies of mining companies. The second part is an analysis of the institutional framework in Portugal and Spain, which emphasizes the early character of the legal solutions implemented as well as their originality and diversity. Finally, the complex relations between technological innovation, institutional framework and water pollution are discussed.

ЧИННИКИ ВАРІАНТНОСТІ ГРАМАТИЧНОЇ СИСТЕМИ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МОВИ XVII СТОЛІТТЯ

The article examines species of variance in the graphic, phonetic-phonological and grammatical systems, which should be taken into account in the preparation of the historical grammar dictionary, grammar annotation of historical texts. The author defines the dynamic processes which make it dependent on the example of theoretical guide treatise by I. Galyatovskyi “Order or method of compiling a sermon” (second half of 17th century). The author points to the various graphical representations of phonemes, formation of new paradigms and interference processes. Phonetic variability correlated to loss of reduced phonemes and formation of a new phoneme /i/. Grammatical variation appears due to the influence Old Church Slavonic language or borrowing new terms from Latin. Coexistence grammatical forms old and new types of inflection manifested primarily in conjugation. She also gives an example of a variative paradigm of the noun.

The Astronomical Navigation in Portugal in the Age of Discoveries

This paper is about the evolution of astronomical navigation in Portugal, in the Age of Discoveries. We will focus our attention on the contributions, by the Portuguese mariners, to the determination of latitude at sea, using Polaris or the Sun. Besides the longitude issue has a solution only in the second half of 18th century, the Portuguese sailors intended a method to obtain this geographical coordinate, appealing to the conjunctions and oppositions of the Moon. This method was used in Magellan’s voyage (1519-1522). In this paper, we will try to present these efforts made by the Portuguese, that allowed them to face the vast oceanic waves with some degree of confidence.

And now when the trees became big… (about restoration of the open spaces with historical value in the center of Petersburg)

Open public spaces, to an extent no less than the city’s architectural developments, shape its appearance. The system of open spaces in the center of St. Petersburg reached its ultimate level of development during the first third of the 19th century. The article highlights the key role of the squares which had been formed by that time around the Admiralty. The article emphasizes that they, as a transitional link from “the main street of the city— the Neva” to the public spaces of the avenues and streets, served as “visual bridges” between the landmark buildings of the Admiralty side and Vasilievsky Island, and then of the Petrograd side. It shows large arrays of flourishing soft-scapes that arose in the area in the second half of 19th century and at the beginning of 20th century, and their impact on visual perception of the long-standing architectural ensembles. It also proved that the above strongly contributed to the disintegration of the unique system of open spaces in the center of St. Petersburg. Proposals are made for the gradual transformation of the “transparency” of the panoramic views of the city through conversion of the existing softscapes by means of landscape architecture.

Thermotronics: Towards Nanocircuits to Manage Radiative Heat Flux

Abstract The control of electric currents in solids is at the origin of the modern electronics revolution that has driven our daily life since the second half of 20th century. Surprisingly, to date, there is no thermal analogue for a control of heat flux. Here, we summarise the very last developments carried out in this direction to control heat exchanges by radiation both in near and far-field in complex architecture networks.

RELIKT SĄDOWNICTWA ŚREDNIOWIECZNEGO – O JURYSDYKCJI WOJEWODY PŁOCKIEGO NAD SZLACHTĄ W POŁOWIE XVII W.

A RELIC OF THE MEDIEVAL COURT SYSTEM: A JURISDICTION OF PLOCK VOIVOD OVER THE LOCAL NOBILITY IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 17TH CENTURY Summary This article concerns organisation and functioning of Plock voivod’s court and its jurisdiction over the nobility in the middle of the 17th century. Generally, this type of jurisdiction declined in the late Medieval period and Plock voivodship was the exception. The petty nobility without a privilege of ius non responsivum to monarch’s officials was submitted to this court. Analysis of three, previously unknown, voivod’s court records from period 1645 – 1650 enabled to show some details of this jurisdiction. Basically, its organisation was parallel to Plock land court in terms of division into two separate courts for each land of the voivodship and system of three sessions a year in every county (powiat). Material jurisdiction, which contained civil cases in old-Polish law sense, was likewise similar. Voivod’s court was a lower instance and the parties could appeal to the Crown Tribunal. Jurisdiction was exercised by a voivod’s judge, an official nominated by the voivod. Apart from deciding matters of contestation, voivod’s court had also competences in non-litigious cases, i.e. accepting entries to the records of various legal actions. As far as the latter is concerned, the court was used not only by the gentry submitted to its jurisdiction, but the rest of the local gentry as well. A firm position of the Plock voivod’s court in the local administration of justice system by 1650 proves that it fell in decline not before the second half of 17th century or even later.

Od mistrza cechowego do partacza. Życie i twórczość artystyczna toruńskiego malarza Heinricha Christiana Sernera

The article is devoted to the presentation of life and output of a Torun painter Heinrich Christian Serner (died 1729). He became a master in the local guild in 1673. After converting to Catholicism in 1714 he quit being a member of the organization and moved to suburban areas belonging to Benedictine nuns. During that time he completed a number of works in the Torun church of St. Jacob, which too remained under the nuns’ supervision. He was bestowed with the gilding of a few altarpieces, sources also confirm his authorship of three reredos paintings. Two of them, depicting St. Michael Archangel and Guardian Angel have been preserved until today. On the basis of stylistic-comparative analysis other paintings can be attributed to Serner as well. Some of them, namely: God’s Transfiguration and St. Onofre Communion have so far been mistakenly linked to Johann Georg Petri, who worked in Torun in the second half of 18th century.

Anthropogenically induced environmental changes in the northeastern Adriatic Sea in the last 500 years (Panzano Bay, Gulf of Trieste)

Abstract. Shallow and sheltered marine embayments in urbanized areas are prone to the accumulation of pollutants, but little is known about the historical baselines of such marine ecosystems. Here we study foraminiferal assemblages, geochemical proxies and sedimentological data from 1.6 m long sediment cores to uncover ∼ 500 years of anthropogenic pressure from mining, port and industrial activities in the Gulf of Trieste, Italy. From 1600 to 1900 AD, normalized element concentrations and foraminiferal assemblages point to negligible effects of agricultural activities. The only significant anthropogenic activity during this period was mercury mining in the hinterlands of the gulf, releasing high amounts of mercury into the bay and significantly exceeding the standards on the effects of trace elements on benthic organisms. Nonetheless, the fluctuations in the concentrations of mercury do not correlate with changes in the composition and diversity of foraminiferal assemblages due to its non-bioavailability. Intensified agricultural and maricultural activities in the first half of the 20th century caused slight nutrient enrichment and a minor increase in foraminiferal diversity. Intensified port and industrial activities in the second half of 20th century increased the normalized trace element concentrations and persistent organic pollutants (PAH, PCB) in the topmost part of the core. This increase caused only minor changes in the foraminiferal community because foraminifera in Panzano Bay have a long history of adaptation to elevated trace element concentrations. Our study underlines the importance of using an integrated, multidisciplinary approach in reconstructing the history of environmental and anthropogenic changes in marine systems. Given the prolonged human impacts in coastal areas like the Gulf of Trieste, such long-term baseline data are crucial for interpreting the present state of marine ecosystems.

Wilanowska kolekcja rysunków rodziny Potockich w Bibliotece Narodowej – organizacja, budowa technologiczna albumów i stan zachowania

Among the graphic collection of the Polish National Library's in Warsaw stands out “Wilanow Collection”, a part of Wilanow Library holdings, which were given to the National Library in 1932. It is noteworthy because of the substantive content, as well as a distinctive mounting manner. Collection was founded in the second half of 18th century by Stanislaw Kostka Potocki (1755–1821). It consists of drawings and prints. The core of drawings collection is connected with Stanislaw Kostka Potocki himself, and contains many architectural drawings – by S.K. Potocki and architects as Vinceno Brenna, Chrystian Piotr Aigner and Szymon Bogumil Zug. There are also works by artists contemporary with Potocki, for example Jacob Philipp Hackert, Carl Labruzzi, Jean Pierre Norblin and Zygmunt Vogel. The group called Rastrelli assemblage is connected with brother of S.K. Potocki – Ignatius, and contained architectural plans of this architect. Some but not many other drawings were assembled by Stanislaw Potocki son Aleksander. Prints and drawings are grouped within albums of paper covers, with embossed edges, and handwritten titles on paper labels. The mounting in albums was ordered by Stanislaw’s son Alexander in first half of 19th century. A collection survived to our time in relatively good condition. The present study will be concerned on organisation of the collection, construction of the albums and condition assessment of the collection as a whole.

História, ciência e política no alvorecer da Modernidade: algumas reflexões sobre Maquiavel

This paper aims to discuss particular features of the culture and epistemology of history during the dawn of modern times, specifically studying The Prince and The Discourses by Niccolo Machiavelli. The hypothesis is that since the crisis of some ancient-medieval epistemological and cultural frameworks, possibilities were opened for the rise of a new concept of world and reality, which, progressively rationalized, begun to occupy some of the roles of religion as well as of classic political life, giving origin to the reign of science and also of history understood as a scientific discipline, from the second half of 18th century onwards. Regarding this process, we suggest some ideas on whether and how at the referred period the political thought could be thought of as a special form of technology of human action. Keywords: Machiavelli, history, science.

DISTRIBUTION OF JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE (Helianthus tuberosus L.) IN THE CANTON SARAJEVO AREA

UDK 631.4:633.88(497.6)
 Invasive plant species which also include Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.), are plants which come from other floral-geographical areas and in process of competition they suppress autochthonous gene by conquering available ecological systems. The spread of foreign species is becoming serious threat to the conservation of natural and semi-natural biotopes. Jerusalem artichoke belongs to the family Asteraceae and it originates from America. İt is perennial plant with highly developed root in form of irregular tubers from which emerges each year more perennial stalks. İt grows up to 3 m height. İn our conditions it does not produce seed, it is reproducing vegetative by tubers. İt is used for production of alcohol, in the pharmaceutical and food industry, as fodder and medicinal plant for more than 100 years. İn the second half of 20th century it has become serious invasive species in all parts of Europe. On the EPPO list Jerusalem artichoke belongs to 34 dangerous invasive species. İt is considered as weed of natural areas but it can occur on the agricultural soils and ruderal lands. The aim of this paper is to examine the prevalence of Jerusalem artichoke in the area of Sarajevo Canton. The obtained data can be used for its adequate and more successful suppression.

Por y para niños: los impresores del Tecpan de Santiago y la elaboración de El Correo de los Niños (1872)

During the second half of 19th century, the institution known as Tecpan de Santiago worked as a charity, dedicated to the protection, education and detention of juvenile delinquents, vagrants and orphans. It was intended to train them as productive citizens, offering industrial education through several workshops, including a printing and lithographic press and a bindery. In 1872 this printing took over the development of El Correo de los Ninos , one of the most important children’s periodicals published in Mexico at the time. This article explores the work of the workshop along different stages of development of such institution, culminating in the publishing of the famous periodical. At the same time, it discusses some of the discourses used in the press of the time to justify this form of unpaid labor.

Forbidden Beauty: Performance Practice of un-notated arpeggio in fortepiano music in late 19th Century

Name: Mariko Goto Main Subject: Fortepiano Research Supervisor: Bert Mooiman Title of Research: Forbidden Beauty: Performance Practice of un-notated arpeggio in fortepiano music in late 19th Century Research Question: Is it appropriate to arpeggiate a chord when it is not notated, especially in romantic repertory in second half of 19th century? If we can do it, where and how can we add arpeggio? Summary of Results: Modern pianism is quite skeptical to the addition of an arpeggio that is not written in the score. Pianists in the same generation as I am also may have had such the experience of hearing that their teacher say, “Don’t play arpeggio when the composer doesn’t indicate it” or “Don’t break your right and left hand”. Such a strict attitude to the un-notated arpeggio originates from the tendency that the musicology (and musicians) in the late 20th century considered the intentions of composers as the most important thing, and they attributed it to the authentic score like manuscripts, or a first edition. In such a mood, it was not “authentic” to add un-notated arpeggios. Playing un-notated arpeggios was a symbol of over romanticism, and sloppy playing. But there is much evidence that composers themselves added arpeggios, even if they show a strict attitude to the un-notated arpeggio in their remarks. If we look at the treaties, we can see that the un-notated arpeggio has a long tradition from the Baroque and Classical period. It is not a symbol of over-romanticism in the late 19th century, but a tactical tool to express character and affect of pieces. From the remarks of treaties, and early recordings of first half of 20th century, we can see that the character and affect of a piece is a very important element to decide, whether we can use arpeggio or not. Especially in the slow, expressive pieces or sections of a pieces we have many opportunities to add arpeggio. If we consider the tradition and usefulness of un-notated arpeggio, we should feel free to use it, especially on historical keyboard instruments. Biography: Born in Tokyo, Mariko Goto started her modern piano studies in her earliest childhood. She encountered early music, namely fortepiano and cembalo, at Tokyo University of the Arts. After completing her Master degree of Musicology at said university for her musical rhetoric studies about improvisation in Haydn’s works, she devoted herself to the performance of these instruments. Since 2014, she has been pursuing a master’s degree in fortepiano at the Royal Conservatoire of the The Hague under Bart van Oort.

New Philanthropy and Social Justice: Debating the Conceptual and Policy Discourse

Philanthropy and Social Justice: Debating Conceptual and Policy Discourse. Edited by Behrooz Morvaridi. Bristol, UK: Policy Press at University of Bristol / Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015, 176 pp. ISBN: 1447316983Behrooz Morvaridi's edited volume, Philanthropy and Social Justice: Debating Conceptual and Policy Discourse, is a valuable addition to Policy Press' book series Contemporary Issues in Social Policy: Challenges for Change. By addressing issues associated with social justice and today's philanthropy-the increasing involvement in of corporations and foundations started by wealthy individuals- Morvaridi's edited volume provides invaluable critical and philosophical grounding to debates on philanthropy, contributing meaningful dialogue regarding challenges and potential of for social transformation. The book is a critical look at new as part of neoliberal strategy to fill in for state responsibility as social expenditure wanes, critiquing notion that capitalists are better than traditional actors at doing work. The essential argument of essays that make up book is that migration of business principles into non-profit sector, via claims that what works for market will work for social justice, is fundamentally flawed and inimical to goals of meaningful social change.Consisting of eleven essays, Morvaridi's volume is divided into three thematic sections. Part One, New Philanthropy and Social Transformation, includes four essays that set up historical and philosophical framework for debate. Hugh Cunningham's piece argues that the welfare states of Europe in second half of 20th Century were price capitalism paid for political survival and that philanthropy is price that now needs to be paid to justify neoliberalism (p. 38). This provides an illuminating perspective as it highlights paradox of as a necessary by-product of neoliberalism, casting capitalism as both cause and cure. The results of this paradox, as Michael Edward writes in book's second essay, is that philanthropy is losing whatever transformational potential it possessed (p. 33) as its definitions of public good are appropriated by private interests (p. 39). Philanthropy conducted via mechanisms of capitalism, these introductory essays collectively argue, are wrong tools to address social injustices, which are their by-product. Indeed, as Tom Parr emphasizes in Part One's final essay, our moral obligation to injustice is only to mitigate its harmful effects, but to tackle its underlying causes (p. 68).Part Two, Philanthrocapitalism and Process of Commodification, consists of two chapters and takes a practical view of market mechanisms' impact on specific issues. For example, George Holmes strongly questions place of markets in providing or managing public goods. In particular, he questions whether or not some things, like biodiversity, should ever be commodified, while pointing out that others, like social justice issues, simply are not commodifiable, making them incompatible with a capitalist system based on commodities. The inseparability of so-called philanthropic 'giving' and capitalistic accumulations that is associated with philanthrocapitalism has, Sally Brooks argues, detrimentally steered debate away from socioeconomic concerns and towards technical ones, while recasting aid recipient as a consumer (p. 102). The long-term outcome of this paradigm shift towards philanthrocapitalism, Brooks argues, is, in end, unlikely to be win-win. This section of volume provides keen insights into practical incompatibilities of capitalism with and is extremely valuable to debate. The section, however, would have been strengthened by addition of another article to further develop implications for today. …

Evidence of paraglacial and paraperiglacial crisis in Alpine sediment transfer since the last glaciation (Ticino, Switzerland)

The “paraglacial” and “paraperiglacial” concepts were introduced in the second half of 20th Century for describe processes, landforms and deposits directly conditioned by deglaciation (paraglacial), respectively by permafrost degradation (paraperiglacial). They represents theoretical models describing the transition from glacial to periglacial, or more generally non glacial conditions (paraglacial model), and from periglacial to temperate conditions (paraperiglacial model). Evidences of sediment transfer conditioned by these processes were described in particular in the Arctic and Subarctic domains. These evidences are less generalised in the Alps and they consider rarely both concepts, integrating periglacial landforms and deposits in source to sink sediment transfer in a single catchment. Here we present evidences of para(peri)glacial sedimentary crises by quantifying sediment transfer from the periglacial zone to the delta in Lake Maggiore for the Ticino River catchment (southern Swiss Alps). Compilation and revision of chronological data, the assessment of sedimentation rates in the Ticino Valley, of progradation rates of the Ticino River delta and of rockwall erosion rates in the periglacial zone, allowed empirical models of sediment transfer to be produced. These models highlights significant high sedimentation rates in the valley floor during the beginning of the deglaciation, and significant rates of rockwall erosion during periods of intense temperature warming and intense permafrost degradation (such as at the beginning of Bølling and during the Preboreal), showing a very good correspondence with paraglacial and paraperiglacial theoretical models. Sediment transfer evolution during the entire Lateglacial and the first half of Holocene in the southern Swiss Alps may then be explained by a combination of a paraglacial erosion phase related to the deglaciation and of two paraperiglacial erosion phases related with significant periods of temperature warming during the Bølling/Allerød and the first part of the Holocene.

The situation of the Greek Catholic Church in Slovakia in the second half of 20th century

The past 20th century has many attributes and names. It can be said that it was century of martyrs, but it is also century of the victories of God. In connection with this, ecumenical memory of 20th century martyrs took place on 7th May 2000 in Colosseum in Roma, where Holy Father also said: „At the places, where it seemed that hatred will diminish the whole life and it will be impossible to run from it, witnesses of God showed that love is stronger than death. In terrible systems of tyranny which outraged a man at the places of pain, in hunger and various torments, they showed that they belong to Christ, crucified and resurrected Lord… Let the memory of our brothers and sisters­‑martyrs be still alive in following century and millennium. Let it be passed from generation to generation to make deep Christian recovery flow from it. Let guard the memory of martyrs as the jewel of incredible price for the Christians of the new millennium.” These words also fully refer to the Greek Catholic Churuch in Czechoslovakia, which in its history and in the mentioned century underwent hard tests, but it has persevered in faith and loyalty to God. The Greek Catholic Church suffered from pressure of the totalitarian regime the most, it even made its martyrs. While the other Churches were disturbed and weaken, the Greek Catholic Church was directly administratively liquidated.

Япония и Россия в объятиях пространства и времени

A Japanologist with encyclopedic worldview reflects on a monograph ‘Russia-Japan Relations. Parallel History’ summarizing the results of three-year project carried out by an international team headed by Anatoly Torkunov and Makoto Iokibe on parallel history of Russia and Japan. The study showed that Russian-Japanese relations were the product of general historical development trajectory. At the beginning of the modernization process (second half of 19th century), both countries belonged to the group of countries with “catching-up” modernization pattern. In the course of modernization, in both countries, the political landscape of the world has been radically revised. This is evident from totally transformed concept of chronotope. In Japan, the beginning of the revision process dates back to the Meiji period, in Russia, the most noticeable changes occur as the result of the second revolution of 1917: the “pre-revolution” period was declared defective, “post-revolutionary” period was acknowledged to become the “beginning of a new era.” However, in spite of the change of the ruling elite, notions of public space have not undergone radical changes. After searching of the first post-revolutionary years, concern about the “gathering lands” and expansion (both in the form of a direct connection, or in the form of the creation of buffer zones) again became one of the main priorities of the Soviet state. As for Japan, the reforms there were interpreted as a return to the ideal standards of antiquity. The spatial concept has been revised: instead of the previous closed public space appeared the idea of expanding space. As in Japan, and the Soviet leadership put utopian goal, which led to the dominance of force in politics, the primacy of metaphoric (poetic) language description, pragmatic deficit, lowering the competence and efficiency of decisions. Both countries have positioned themselves as the bearers of “light,” which should be translated to the external world using coercive methods. In this regard, the metaphor of the “struggle” belonged to a prominent place in the linguistic picture of the world. A characteristic feature of the political culture of the two countries was the anthropomorphism of the state. In Japan, it took the form of kokutai (“state body”). In the USSR, the state inevitably was displayed by Stalin’s figure. In both countries, the State appealed to human emotions. One of the key emotions was a sort of “being insulted” by the outer world.

The little words”: The Close Reading of Really Small Things

As rake-hero Robert Lovelace says in Richardson's Clarissa (1747-48): have often thought, that little words in republic of letters, like little folks in a nation, are most (Richardson 4:206). small to which my title refers are little, nameless, unremembered acts of prepositions and punctuation in works of Samuel Richardson, Ann Radcliffe, and Jane Austen.1 18th century witnessed significant changes in and typography, and it is worth paying as close attention to early novelists' use of really small things as one does to poets'. Up through 18th century, prepositions were sometimes treated as subclasses of particles, sometimes as their own part of speech, sometimes as cases, and for one 17th century grammarian, as a kind of noun.2 In general preposition was overlooked, hustled around, dismissed, and generally belittled or ignored. author of Compleat Guide to English Tongue (1708) says of adverbs, conjunctions, and prepositions: shall speak of three Parts of Speech under one Head, because I han't [sic] much to say of any of (77). seventh edition of Chambers's Cyclopoedia (1751) notes loftily: F. Buffier does not allow preposition to be a part of speech (Chambers 2:416). As Ian Michael explains in English Grammatical Categories and Tradition to 1800, The function of preposition was traditionally 'to be set before' another word; grammarian's eye was fastened not on preposition itself but on word it governed (454). But in second half of 18th century, so-called lesser parts of speech--along with various typographical forms--began to earn a wider respect for their agility in forming new combinations of rhetorical and visual patterns. Ian Michael analyzes rise of English grammar from 16th through 18th centuries, counting thirty-two in 17th century, and 231 in 18th--most of which appeared in second half of century. In 1765, James Elphinston referred to numberless elegancies of which every particular preposition must in its various senses and substitutions be susceptible (qtd. in Lundskaer-Nielsen 225). In 1795, Anne Fisher (the first woman to publish an English grammar) pointed out that composite prepositions give a peculiar Beauty, Fluency, and Elegance to our Language, by Help of which we do all that Greeks and Latins did (95n). But real powers of preposition were most beautifully articulated by William Chauncey Fowler in his 1850 English Grammar: Prepositions, although a secondary and less important part of speech, deserve more attention than is usually paid to them in our common grammars. They exhibit in a striking manner analogy of external or sensible world with internal or intellectual. [... They] express not substance, but form of our ideas [... As] mind supposes a close resemblance between physical and intellectual worlds, so prepositions denoting external relations are also employed to express internal. [...] These relations arrange themselves in antitheses, forming a beautiful system; as, In and out, only absolute relation of space. (Fowler 323) In all language grammars, nouns are defined first because A Noun absolute is name of a thing (Butler 33). Begin with 1708 Compleat Guide to English Tongue intones rather biblically (29). It concludes with the Use of PREPOSITIONS (80). 1740 edition of Thomas Dyche's New General English Dictionary reduces usual eight parts of to four, and calls these four Parts by received Names of a Noun Substantive, a Noun Adjective, a Verb, and an Article (A4v). This recalls School of Languages in Swift's Gulliver's Travels (1726), working busily to shorten Discourse by cutting Polysyllables into one, and leaving out Verbs and Participles; because in reality all things imaginable are but Nouns (157). …

Neznámé kapitoly z dějin pivovarství v Benešově a na Konopišti v druhé polovině 19. století

Neznámé kapitoly z dějin pivovarství v Benešově a na Konopišti v druhé polovině 19. století

Análisis de redes de parentesco y alianza entre caciques mapuches y tehuelches. Patagonia septentrional, siglo XIX

Se revisita la historia política de uno los linajes de caciques más relevantes del norte de la Patagonia durante la expansión del estado nacional argentino de la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Se vuelve sobre la heterogeneidad de fuentes (cartas de caciques, informes de autoridades y viajeros, listados de tropa indígena, etc.) que ya había sido tratada con un método histórico narrativo. En esta ocasión se coteja este corpus con el Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS), y los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG), a los fines de interpretar los cambios de la topología relacional indígena y criolla en el contexto de emergencia del estado. Este objetivo se resuelve mediante la elaboración de grafos que representan la evolución de las redes parentales, y la estructura de poder indígena, ante una serie de eventos críticos entre 1856 y 1883. La hipótesis principal es que los linajes mapuches y tehuelches dieron el formato para la construcción de alianzas y filiaciones, las que tuvieron un carácter principalmente político por sobre los factores étnicos o de sangre. La experimentación destaca la importancia de combinar el análisis morfológico y estructural que permite el análisis de redes con la singularidad del comportamiento histórico de los actores.