Second Half Of 20th Century Research Articles

Evolution of conception of cell electrogenesis and excitability and electrophysiological school of P.G. Kostuk

The formation and evolution of cell physiology in USSR was associated with the academician Platon Kostuk, an outstanding world-renowned scientist. His scientific activity occurred in the second half of 20th century, the period of burst-like progress in electrophysiology that provided a number of remarkable results rewarded with three Novel prizes. In biology of that time, electrophysiology was the only field, wherein methods and approaches were developed for the on-line analysis of physiological processes in cells and tissues. The goal of the given essay is to highlight retrospective aspects of the bioelectricity concept and to characterize the related contribution of the electrophysiological school of P.G. Kostuk to the field.

르네상스기 프랑스의 아시아 인물 전기: 앙드레 테베의 『명사초상록』 제8부를 중심으로

In Italy and France in the mid-16th century, a novel trend arose to collect “portraits” of famous people and write elogies and biographies based on them, with authors such as Paolo Giovio and Giorgio Vasari in Italy and André Thevet in France as prime examples. The portraits of this period broke away from medieval stereotypes and sought to depict individuals realistically while revealing their inner characteristics through their outward appearance. In the second half of 16th century, French readers were interested not only in the experiences of overseas colonization but also in politics and the military matters, due to the religious conflicts and political turmoil during the French Wars of Religion. The biography written by André Thevet, Les Vrais Pourtraicts et vies des hommes illustres, grecs, latins et payens, published in 1584 reflects the historical context of this period. In particular, Book VIII of Thevet’s work is devoted to biographies of pagan celebrities from Asia, Africa, the Americas, as wells Europe. Among them, Tamerlane (Amir Timur), is the unique historical figure from the Tatars. His portrait and biographical text reveal the complex ambivalence of fear and reverence that Renaissance Europeans held toward him. Additionally, Tamerlane’s biography exemplifies Renaissance Orientalism and humanistic interests in exotic ethnicities, geography and language.

Terminology of the growing bone: A historical study.

Division of the growing long bone into individual basic parts, that is, diaphysis, metaphysis, physes and epiphyses, has become generally accepted and used. However, the origin of these terms is almost unknown. Therefore, we have analyzed the literature in order to identify their sources. The terms epiphysis and apophysis have been used since the time of Hippokrates, although with different meanings. During the time of Galen, the term apophysis was used to describe all types of bone processes, and epiphyses denoted articular ends. The term diaphysis denoting the middle cylindrical part of the long bone was used for the first time by Heister in 1717. The first to use the term metaphysis was Theodor Kocher in his books on gunshot wounds and on bone inflammation of 1895. On the basis of Kocher's study, Lexer published a radiological study of the vascular supply to bones in which he defined metaphyseal blood vessels as a separate group supplying a particular part of the long bone. The epiphyseal growth plate had no particular name from the time of its first description in 1836. During the second half of 19th century, this structure acquired different names. The term "physis" was therefore introduced in 1964 by the American radiologist Rubin in order to label the growth structure between metaphysis and epiphysis clearly. One year later, the term physis also appeared in the radiological literature, and during the following decades it spread in the orthopedic literature.

Myrmecofauna (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Gökçeada Island, Türkiye

Türkiye is a very important country for faunal and floral studies due to its geographical location, the zoogeographic importance of its location and the biological richness it brings. This important area has been the subject of research on ants since second half of 19th century. However, studies on the ant fauna of the islands of Türkiye are very old and insufficient. For this reason, the ant fauna of Gökçeada, the largest island of Türkiye, was investigated by direct collecting and litter sifting methods in 2017-2018. 72 species belonging to 4 subfamilies and 23 genera were identified from 1105 ant samples obtained from 73 different localities and 16 different habitats. Among these species, Messor maculifrons Santschi, 1927 and Tetramorium sahlbergi Finzi, 1936 are new records for the ant fauna of Türkiye. In addition, the ergatoid queen of Hypoponera eduardi (Forel, 1894) was recorded for the first time outside the Afrotropical region.

Aleksandry Czechówny dwie wyprawy „do wód” – do Iwonicza (1875 r.) i Szczawnicy (1880 r.). Wybór z „Dziennika”

Aleksandra Czechówna’s two trips “To the waters”– to Iwonicz (1875) and Szczawnica (1880) (Selected Works) Aleksandra Apolonia Czechówna (1839–1923) was the daughter of Tomasz Czech and Aleksandra nee Zielińska. The journal she was writing for her entire life – almost un interruptedly for 68 years (1856–1923) is kept in the National Archive in Krakow under file no. 29/1582/1–29/1582/44 (former file no. IT 428/1–428/44). It is a great source pre senting cultural and social life of Krakow during the second half of 19th century and first two decades of the 20th century. During hot summer months people were willing to leave the city. They would often go to the countryside but also the “the waters” – spa towns, which offered not only a ther apeutic activity but also leisure and entertainment. Numerous doctors were more and more often promoting spa treatment. Aleksandra Czechówna, living in Krakow, was also trying to spend the dog days of summer away from the city. She would often visit her family in the countryside or go for trips around Krakow. But to help her health or just accompanying her parents, several times she had also a chance to visit spa towns, mostly Polish ones but also abroad. The presented two accounts from Aleksandra Czechówna’s trips to “the baths” – to Iwonicz in 1875 and to Szczawnica 1880, create an interesting contributory studies of the daily life of that times when the habit of holiday trips and spa treatment was emerging and developing dynamically. The text comes from two volumes of Aleksandra Czechówna’s “Journal”: vol. 14 file no. 29/1582/14 (former file no. IT 428/14) and vol. 18, file no. 29/1582/18 (former file no. IT 428/18).

When the specialization is a curse: distribution of Lolium remotum Schrank in Slovakia

Distribution of Lolium remotum in Slovakia, a typical linicolous weed, is presented in this paper. The species was recorded in 30 quadrants of the Central European mapping grid; the most of localities were found in the Carpathians which is related to the areas of flax cultivation for the linen industry. While in the 19th century it was relatively common in flax fields, after the First World War it began to decline (flax sown areas decreased by three quarters in former Czechoslovakia during the world economic crisis of 1929-1933). In the second half of 20th century, the synergistic effect of several agrotechnical measures (precise cleaning of the seed, simplification of crop rotation, deep autumn plowing and application of herbicides) manifested; only single locality was documented. At present, it belongs to the extinct species of Slovak flora (RE), it has not been detected for over 60 years.

Russian Tea Trade in Hankou during Second Half of 19th Century: Production of Brick Tea

This article addresses the issue of producing the socalled “brick tea” in China at Russian factories during the second half of the 19th century. Compressed teas constituted the second largest group after looseleaf teas highlighted in prerevolutionary Russian literature, sources, and statistics among Chinese teas exported to the Russian market. The study explores aspects of brick tea production that have been least covered in previous historiography. These include issues related to the procurement of raw materials for further pressing at Russian factories, pricing strategies for this product, and the accompanying competition. The experience of utilizing hydraulic presses for more efficient tea production, as well as the dynamics and volumes of brick tea production, are examined. The research revealed that in the latter half of the 19th century, Russian entrepreneurs in Hankou successfully organized the process of fabricating pressed teas, thereby contributing to the strengthening and further development of Russo-Chinese relations. Documents from central Russian archives were utilized in this study, enabling the unveiling of many previously unexplored aspects of the history of Russo-Chinese trade.

Troubled Minds, or Psychiatry in Vilnius in the Second Half of the 19th Century

This article presents an overview of the development of psychiatric centres in Vilnius in the second half of the long 19th century. The author analyses how, having undergone a whole range of infrastructural and conceptual changes, this branch of medicine was transformed from being a series of Medieval practices based on the forced isolation of patients to a science acknowledging modern methods of treatment. The most changes could be seen in the period from 1903 to 1905, when the Vilnius District Hospital, the largest psychiatric asylum in the Russian Empire, was established. This period coincided with the leadership of the new institution’s first director Nikolai Krainskii. It was then that the principles of non-restraint and the ideas of cultivating a patient’s work activities and social skills, which had been formulated in Western Europe at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, were implemented. On the other hand, the author also tries to show how, under the effects of degeneration theory, psychiatry in the Russian Empire adopted a conservative political bias, which seemed to be effective in constructing discriminatory models of interethnic relations. The conclusion arising from this research is that in Vilnius, much like in other multiethnic Imperial border cities, psychiatric asylums served not only as medical institutions but also as statistical centres. Data about patients collected each year by the clinics and then passed on to the Medical Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was a potentially useful tool for the stigmatisation of entire local ethnic communities.

Letters of Johann Jacob Ferber Geological descriptions of Slovenia from second half of 18th century

The two translations of letters by Johann Jacob Ferber (1743–1790), a Swedish geologist and mineralogist, who travelled through Slovenia in September 1771, are discussed. The first letter addressed to Ignaz von Born was published in the book »Briefe aus Wälschland über natürliche Merkwürdigkeiten dieses Landes an den Herausgeber derselben Ignatz Edlen von Born« published in Prague in 1773, and the second letter to Giovanni Arduino was published in the book »Raccolta di memorie chimico-mineralogiche, metallurgiche, e orittografiche« published in Venice in 1775. Both letters represent an Enlightenment scientific description of the geology of part of what is now Slovenia, based on the geological theories valid at the time. In the article, we provide brief biographies of the actors, translations of the two letters, their commentary and interpretation.

Resettlement of Foreign Subjects to North-Western Caucasus in Second Half of 19th Century

The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the process of resettling foreign subjects to the North-Western Caucasus in the latter half of the 19th century. The study is based on a wide range of issues, from the reasons for this process, its legal framework, identification of major migration flows, to the course of resettlement and analysis of its results. The author concludes that the resettlement of foreign subjects was initiated by the Russian authorities as part of solving large-scale state tasks of settling a vast territory. It is noted that this territory was cleared of mountain people to be settled by populations loyal to Russian statehood and to develop the region's economy. It is shown that on the part of the Russian authorities, this process was ensured by corresponding legislative acts and measures of material support for migrants. It is claimed that the resettlement of foreign subjects to the North-Western Caucasus had a significant impact on the economic development of the region. The author pays special attention to the issue of adaptation of resettlers in their new place of residence. The conclusion is drawn that their natural-productive adaptation occurred more intensively than their socioethnic adaptation.

Изображения рыб на поливной византийской керамике XII–XIII веков. Стилистические группы

Introduction. The study of zoomorphic ornamental motifs on specific types of glazed ceramics is an important direction of Byzantine archeology. In this case, we will be interested in the images of fish that are found on some types of Byzantine glazed ceramics of the second half of 12th – second half of 13th century. Since the ceramic production of this group of vessels was a separate area, both the material and spiritual culture of the Byzantines, especially in the specified chronological period, it was chosen as the subject of research. The source base of the work is made up of all published and available materials of archaeological research, both Constantinople and the cities of the Byzantine provinces. Particular attention is paid to the correspondence of each of the highlighted images on a specific type of glazed ware to finds on the territory of medieval Taurica. Despite the publication of the material used, including the Crimean, these findings were not analyzed in the complex. Methods and materials. Standard methods of comparative stylistic analysis were used. Analysis. The use of a large number of sources allows for the first time to raise the question of the existence of several stylistic groups of fish within the same craft workshops. Results. The findings make it possible to distinguish five stylistic image groups and match them with two large groups of Byzantine glazed ceramics of Middle Byzantine Production, primarily Fine Sgraffito Ware and Incised Sgraffito or Aegean Ware. Images of fish on Cypriot ceramics are also briefly analyzed. The image of fish on the vessels of Italian workshops is a separate area of research and is not considered in the work.

How Neutrality Lost its Appeal as a Political Strategy: Sweden and Finland’s Accesion to NATO

NATO is about to embrace two Scandinavian countries as new members, even though Sweden and Finland opted for neutrality during the Cold War. In the political turmoil of the second half of 20th century, those two countries preferred to stay on the sidelines. The struggle between two poles of global politics raged on, yet even after more than three decades since the collapse of Soviet Union, they choose not to commit to the Western alliance. After a period during which existence of NATO was questioned, it is imperative to explain how once again the alliance attracts newer members to its fold. Evidently, Russia-Ukraine war was the trigger behind the change in strategies but the question how this conflict is different than has other Cold War engagement remains. This paper investigates how NATO membership became the optimal strategy for previously non-aligned countries in Europe even after a bipolar world order faded away. A game theory approach outlining the choices and payoffs for Russia versus Sweden and Finland will be used to understand the changing strategies for all actors.

The World of the French Bookselling at the End of the Old Regime

The critical review of the recently published in Russia translated monography by the well known American historian of book Robert Darnton “Literary Tour de France: The World of Books on the Eve of the French Revolution” is presented. On the base of archive of the Typographic Society of Newshatel this author and researcher reconstructed the functional system of the French book market in the second half of 18th century. He observed the participation in bringing books to reader of publishers, trade representatives, transport carriers, smugglers, booksellers. Book trade documents allowed him to present the list of booksellers — the most popular books among the readers — during the period preceding the Great French Revolution. The importance of source study techniques and methodological approaches used by Robert Darnton for research in the sphere of book history of different countries and historical periods is noted.

“Discovery of Hinduism” in Religious Thought of the Bengal Renaissance

The aim of the article is to represent “Discovery of Hinduism” as a specific phenomenon of religious thought in the Bengal Renaissance of modern India. The phenomenon is a part of “Discovery of India” (Jawaharlal Nehru’s term) by Indian intellectuals, who thought on their country, society, civilization, history, and its future. The term “Hinduism” borrowed from the British missionaries and orientalists became convenient for the Bengal Renaissance intellectuals to think and comprehend their own native religious tradition. Based on the works by the Bengal Renaissance thinkers, the paper presents their role in creating the notion “Hinduism” as the term for all group of Indian religions, as well as in interpretation of it as one whole religion. The “discovery of Hinduism” began from the works by Rammohun Roy, who presented its image—tracing its origins back to monotheistic ideal of the Vedas. The “discovery of Hinduism” process can be divided into two phases: (a) invention of “monotheistic” image by the Brahmo Samaj, 1815–1857; (b) the perception and understanding of Hinduism at the second half of 19th century as “unity in diversity” and constructing of its concept by Neo-Hindu thinkers (Bankimchandra Chattopaddhyay, Swami Vivekananda, etc.). They created an image of Hinduism as a system of universal meanings and values and the core of social life and culture as well as the foundation cultural and political identity. The “discovery of Hinduism” by all Bengal intellectuals had many important consequences, one of which is positive and humanistic concept of Hinduism not only for their co-religionists and compatriots, but also for the outer world, primarily for the West. “Discovery of Hinduism” is an integral part of the history of thought, the kind of attempt “to gather India” in religious, social, and cultural spheres for public consciousness and mind.

ОБЩИЕ КАТЕГОРИИ СТЫДА: ОНТОГЕНЕЗ, РАННИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ, ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯ

article presents an overview of theoretical and empirical concepts of shame that exist in science and psychological practice. The material includes references to key domestic researches of the second half of 20th century, researches of psychophysiology and social psychology. Biological perspectives on shame, starting with the paper of Ch. Darwin, as well as a phylogenetic response of shame in the infant are reviewed. Psychoanalytic views are the most widely covered. Shame is first used in a title of a publication in 1942 and thereafter appears there only 17 times until 1971. Then the paper on the distinction between shame and guilt emerges. The author provides a vignette depicting their differences. According to the sources on general psychology, psychoanalysis and dictionaries, a set of criteria defining shame is collected and analyzed. An ontogenetic sequence of shame appearance in the individual's life in the theories of S. Freud and E. Erikson is demonstrated. Localization of shame in the structural model is expanded, a number of authors place it between Ego and Ego-Ideal. Also the analysis of the Greek myth is presented as an illustration. Having explored the shame characteristics in different theories, an attempt is made to group shame by attributes including stimulus of occurrence; duration of influence; period of manifestation in ontogenesis; degree of personality coverage on depth and breadth. The following general categories are allocated as a result of the analysis: External–Internal; State–Chronic (trait); Primary–Secondary; Intensity–Extensiveness. They imply complementary ‘and/or’ characteristics in order to create a volumetric portrait of shame and personality.

Socio-Economic Policy of Russia on Black Sea Coast of Caucasus in Second Half of 19th Century

The problematic issues of the socio-economic policy of Russia in the development of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus in the second half of the 19th century is analyzed in the article. The relevance of scientific research is explained not only by the growing public interest in the processes of regional history, but also by the need for scientific understanding and study of the development of the strategically important South Russian region. The localization of creative research was carried out, first of all, on insufficiently covered issues in the scientific literature, and often on historical subjects that were practically not considered by researchers. Particular attention in the study is paid to the description of the migration movement to the eastern Black Sea region and the formation of settlements. The projects of scientists, officials of various departments to improve economic development were considered. The features of land use and land management of coastal settlements are revealed. The role of the state in the development and expansion of the settlement network is characterized. It has been established that the construction of sustainable communications (highways, railways, sea routes) contributed to the consolidation of Russian influence on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. It is shown that communications, habitation of the lands of the coastal strip provided the resort development of the Eastern Black Sea region from the end of the 19th century. The author comes to the conclusion that the uncertainty of land use boundaries, as well as the attraction to the region of the population unfamiliar with local natural and climatic conditions, the lack of communications in every possible way slowed down the development of the region.

Charity’s Role in the Development of Russian and French Medicine in the Second Half of 19th Century

This article deals with different aspects of the link between charity’s development and development of Russian and French medicine in the second half of 19th century. The present study gives much attention to this topic while analyzing the history of pediatrics, dermatology, psychiatry, immunology, microbiology, struggle against infectious diseases. This article’s authors cite the examples demonstrating the construction of new hospitals and of new scientific institutes that took place in the second half of the 19th century. The present article characterizes the contribution to science made by I. P. Pavlov, S. N. Vinogradsky, N. F. Filatov, K. A. Rauсhfuss, V. F. Snegirev, A. M. Makeev and by group of other eminent scientists who witnessed the second half of the 19th century. Simultaneously the relationship between charity and emergence of new scientific directions in Russian medicine was explored. The present article denotes that this process took place while the specialization of medical knowledge was growing rapidly.

Moldavia and Poland in the second half of 15th century. Shortcut from a political vassal to the enemy

Moldavia and Poland in the second half of 15th century. Shortcut from a political vassal to the enemy

Eastern and Western Influence in Wall Paintings of Abuna Yemata Guh Church (Ethiopia)

The rock-hewn church Abuna Yemata Guh, situated in the Gheralta Mountains of the Ethiopian Tigray region, houses one of the best preserved and least studied wall paintings of medieval Ethiopia. The pictorial program is dated to the second half of 15th century, by stylistic and iconographic characteristics. In fact, no well-proved date has been suggested so far. This research seeks to bridge the existing scholarly gap by conducting a comprehensive analysis of the iconographic and stylistic attributes of the paintings. It also considers the historical backdrop of the church, identifying key conduits of cultural influence. Furthermore, the study incorporates a scientific examination of the pigments employed in the paintings of Abuna Yemata Guh, comparing them with those found in other Ethiopian churches. The artistic motifs found within the paintings of Abuna Yemata Guh indicate an amalgamation of influences, notably drawing from Osman and Goan Christian art traditions. Additionally, traces of the iconographic style seen in the Roman icon Salus populi romani are evident, with a copy of this icon only arriving in Ethiopia after the 1570s. Consequently, the most plausible timeframe for the execution of the wall paintings falls within the latter part of the 16th c.

Roots of Ecosystem Services from Economics

The consequence of human action on environmental resources was noticed by ancient thinkers like Plato. Modern concern for natural resources started with the publication of Marsh’s book Man and Nature in 1864 where he pointed out that natural resources are not infinite. Nature always remained at a core position in economic analysis. During pre-classical period, physiocrats believed that nature was the primary source of value. Classical economists like Ricardo, Malthus, Mill, put nature as an important determinant in their theories. But classical economists concentrated only to the use values, neglecting their exchange values. The writings of Marx are also rich in ecological hints. Rise of neoclassical economists brought about a change in economic analysis. Emphasis was shifted from use value to exchange value. By 1930s scope of economic analysis was restricted to the factors that command price. Gradually, natural resources completely disappeared from economic production function. Economists started to believe that natural resources can substituted for manufactured capital. During that period, non-marketed ecosystem services were kept outside the scope of economic analysis. The advent of environmentalists during the second half of 20th century opened the door for non-marketed services to be incorporated in economic analysis. For this purpose, they devised various tools like market value approaches, revealed preference approaches and stated preference approaches. Present paper will give an account of the trend of environmental concern in economic analysis.