Second Group Of Questions Research Articles

Beliefs, Values, and Practices in Development Studies

This article uses a survey of Development Studies (DS) professors and students in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom to answer three questions about academic DS. DS is defined in part by a commitment to improve the world, and the first questions ask if the respondents believe that DS lives up to this defining criteria. The second group of questions asks about the ethical commitments of DS academics and how these commitments inform our research and teaching. Finally, I explore cross-national variation in how we practice DS. I ask about the methods, training, and disciplinary norms of DS academics across the three countries. In asking about beliefs, values, and practices and in exploring cross-national variation in our answers, I seek to both build self-knowledge about DS academics as a cross-national epistemic community and also to encourage self-reflection about how we can harmonise our empirical beliefs, ethical commitments, and professional practices.

Editorial - From the campus to the classroom: University philosophy outreach programs

University philosophy outreach programs are proliferating. On campuses across the world, students and staff are taking philosophy out to the wider community, and especially to children and young people in schools. Their mission is to engage the public in philosophical discussion and to make a notoriously abstract and arcane subject accessible, meaningful and useful.
 As yet, there is little published research on these programs. They give rise to two clusters of questions deserving of scholarly attention. First, there are questions about the rationale for philosophy outreach. What is the purpose of taking philosophy into the community? What are the intended benefits of these programs, to the children and young people who participate in them, to the students and staff who lead them, to society at large, or to the discipline of philosophy itself? How do these aims inform the selection of philosophical topics, texts, tools and techniques? The second group of questions have to do with the success of philosophy outreach. What attempts have been made to evaluate these programs and their outcomes? Do they, in fact, yield the benefits intended by those who design and deliver them? Are there any drawbacks to participation, or benefits other than the intended ones? What challenges (financial, institutional, pedagogical, psychological) have been encountered by those engaged in philosophy outreach and how have they been overcome?
 These are the questions that animate this double special issue on university philosophy outreach programs. The tremendously positive response we received to our call for papers, from contributors in Europe, North America and Australasia, confirms our impression that these questions are ripe for scholarly attention. Here, in Issue 10(1) we present the first tranche of papers; the next tranche will follow later this year, in Issue 10(2).

Entanglement Dynamics of Coupled Quantum Oscillators in Independent NonMarkovian Baths.

This work strives to better understand how the entanglement in an open quantum system, here represented by two coupled Brownian oscillators, is affected by a nonMarkovian environment (with memories), here represented by two independent baths each oscillator separately interacts with. We consider two settings, a 'symmetric' configuration wherein the parameters of both oscillators and their baths are identical, and an 'asymmetric' configuration wherein they are different, in particular, a 'hybrid' configuration, where one of the two coupled oscillators interacts with a nonMarkovian bath and the other with a Markovian bath. Upon finding the solutions to the Langevin equations governing the system dynamics and the evolution of the covariance matrix elements entering into its entanglement dynamics, we ask two groups of questions: (Q1) Which time regime does the bath's nonMarkovianity benefit the system's entanglement most? The answers we get from detailed numerical studies suggest that (A1) For an initially entangled pair of oscillators, we see that in the intermediate time range, the duration of entanglement is proportional to the memory time, and it lasts a fraction of the relaxation time, but at late times when the dynamics reaches a steady state, the value of the symplectic eigenvalue of the partially transposed covariance matrix barely benefit from the bath nonMarkovianity. For the second group of questions: (Q2) Can the memory of one nonMarkovian bath be passed on to another Markovian bath? And if so, does this memory transfer help to sustain the system's entanglement dynamics? Our results from numerical studies of the asymmetric hybrid configuration indicate that (A2) A system with a short memory time can acquire improvement when it is coupled to another system with a long memory time, but, at a cost of the latter. The sustainability of the bipartite entanglement is determined by the party which breaks off entanglement most easily.

Krivičnopravni instrumenti adekvatnosti zaštite životne sredine - norma i praksa Republike Srpske

The questions that constitute the subject matter of this article are analyzed through three groups of questions and concluding remarks in which the basic findings reached in the professional-critical analysis of these questions are presented in the form of a summary. The first group of questions deals with general remarks about the environment and its adequate protection, specifically from two aspects (international law aspects and normative-practical aspects in Republika Srpska). The basic conclusion of the analysis of this group of questions is the necessity of ensuring (normative and practical) preconditions for the most adequate protection of the environment possible, and the instruments of criminal law (criminal legislature and its application) are among the crucial ones. The second group of questions is dedicated to the assumptions about the desired degree of adequacy of environmental protection (their notion and types). The basic conclusion of the analysis of this group of questions is that there are numerous assumptions about the desired degree of ensuring the adequacy of state reaction to ecological and other types of crime, whereby those that have the characteristics of criminal law deserve a special status. Bearing in mind precisely this significance of the norms of criminal law as instruments of environmental protection, the third group of questions is dedicated to the analysis (normative and practical) of the preconditions which determine the degree of adequacy of the instruments of criminal law for the protection of the environment. Viewed in isolation, these are the norm of criminal law; the adequacy of the application of the norms of criminal law; the efficiency of the procedure for discovering and demonstrating that ecological crimes were committed (the efficiency of the criminal procedure); efficient forfeiture of assets obtained through criminal activities belonging to this group of crimes. The basic conclusion of the analysis of this class of questions is that despite their diversity, these assumptions must be viewed through their shared properties. Only in cases when they are met simultaneously, both from the normative and from the practical aspect, is it possible to say that they are a function of the desired degree of adequacy of environmental protection, which is not yet the case with Republika Srpska, especially when it comes to their practical aspects.

Probing depth and patient satisfaction with mandibular overdentures retained by four versus two mini-implants: randomized controlled clinical study

Background Nowadays mandibular overdentures retained by mini-implants are used on a wide scale as a substitute for the conventional dental implant supported overdenture thus further studies are required to verify this replacement. Methodology Fourteen patients were randomly categorized into two equal groups. In the first group (Group I) patients received mandibular overdentures retained by four mini dental implants, while in the second group (Group II) patients received mandibular overdentures retained by two mini dental implants. All patients were scheduled for recall visits and probing depth was recorded at time of loading, six months and twelve months. Patient satisfaction was evaluated after six months of complete prostheses installation. For parametric data, Independent sample t-test was used to compare between two groups in non-related samples. Paired sample t-test was used to compare between two groups in related samples. For non-parametric data, Mann Whitney test was used to compare between two groups in non-related samples. Wilcoxon test was used to compare between two groups in related samples. Results Regarding probing depth: (Group I) was significantly lower than (Group II) after 6 and 12 months, while in patient satisfaction there was non-significant difference between the two groups in the first group of questions related to ( general satisfaction, phonetics and aesthetics while there was significant difference in the second group of questions related to (prosthesis stability and comfort)between the two groups.

Ethical Issues in Care and Treatment of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCL)–A Personal View

The management of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (NCL), a group of genetic neurodegenerative disorders mainly affecting brain and retinas, raises difficult questions for physicians and other professionals in research, pharmaceutical industry, and public health. Ethical problems in medicine cannot be solved by rational deliberation or by following formal rules. Two topics of ethical issues in the field of NCL are presented here. One group relates to the care of individual patients and centers on a life with dementia at a young age. Advanced care planning for the end of life and the use of life-prolonging measures require challenging assumptions in the best interest of a patient. A second group of questions relates to new treatments. Impressive novel putative causal therapies, such as enzyme replacement for CLN2 disease, may be only disease-modifying and carry the risk of changing a deadly disease of short duration into one with prolonged survival and poor quality of life. The wish for better therapeutic interventions in life-limiting diseases has to take such risks, but more experience is needed before definite conclusions can be drawn. The appropriateness of presymptomatic screening for a severe disease, e.g., must be carefully evaluated to avoid the disastrous experience made with the rash start of newborn screening for Krabbe disease. The ethical issues described and commented in the article reflect the personal experience of a pediatrician who has studied clinical and research questions in NCL for four decades. They should alert various professionals to the necessity of taking their own decisions in situations that are caused by rare progressive brain diseases of young persons, as typified by the NCL.

Assessment of user satisfaction in an intelligent office building in Istanbul

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to evaluate an intelligent office building based on the post occupation evaluation (POE) criteria in relation to physical and psychosocial user needs.Design/methodology/approachData were collected using a questionnaire. The first group of questions was to determine demographic information; the second group of questions includes questions, which aim to measure the comfort level of the building users. The questionnaire also includes open-ended questions on other comments and suggestions. The data of the research were evaluated with the SPSS program and frequency and percentage distributions were determined. A total of 110 employees participated in the survey.FindingsThe results showed that the participants were generally satisfied with the design quality, indoor air quality and building support services quality of the building, while there were also participants who report dissatisfaction about the floor covering materials and ventilation of the spaces. At the end of the study, attention was drawn to the importance of POE in connection with user requirements.Originality/valueIt is considered that this study will shed light on future works by developing a perspective on intelligent office buildings in terms of user requirements and research process with the results obtained.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ПАТРІОТИЗМУ В СТУДЕНТСЬКОЇ МОЛОДІ

The article examines the students’ patriotism at the university. Thus for this purpose, an adapted version of the “Patriot” questionnaire is used, the question of which can be divided into two groups. The first provided for an understanding of students’ understanding of the concept “patriotism”, its characteristics, individual psychological characteristics and life values of man-patriot, and others like that. It is revealed that the overwhelming majority of students understand the concept “patriotism” and the quality that a citizen-patriot of Ukraine should possess. Among the dominant individual-psychological characteristics and life values of man are selected: “love (spiritual and physical)”, “education (good manners)”, “freedom (autonomy, independence in judgments and actions)”, “honesty (truthfulness, sincerity)”, “cleanliness” and “beauty of nature and art”. At the same time, the students’ answers to the questions allowed us to reveal the non-established final citizenship and life position of student youth.After all, they received a low rating of such individual psychological characteristics and vital values of a person as: “irreconcilability to the shortcomings of himself and others”, “public recognition”, “material maintenance of life”, “active-active” life. The second group of questions was aimed at revealing the respondents’ activity in extracurricular work and the forms and methods of educational work in the aspect of patriotism formation. It was established that students are active participants in the activities of civil-patriotic education and the wishes of further educational work in this aspect, in particular, the student youth expressed desire to take part in lectures and practical classes devoted to the country’s sharp political issues; patriotic conversations; conferences; embroidery days; Ukrainian song concerts; volunteers Key actions; meetings with active military personnel, visiting exhibitions, museums and so on. Especially students emphasize the use of educational activities in the educational direction educational activities.

Megszabva. Városi kormányzás másutt és itthon

A helyi önkormányzatokat szokásos megközelítés szerint az állami területbeosztáshoz kötik. A feladatok ellátása ugyanakkor a városiasság különböző fokait feltételezi, tekintet nélkül adott település és környezete közigazgatási besorolásának milyenségére. Az állami területbeosztáshoz nem kötött városi kormányzás kötetlen formái mindig is „körbelengik” a merevebb hivatalszervezési struktúrákat. A jelenség ebben az értelemben manapság reneszánszát éli Európában és a fejlett világ többi részén. A hálózatos formák tapinthatóak az urbanizált helyek között és közösségeikben, de ezek mindig együtt élnek merevebb struktúrákkal is. Ilyen a hierarchikus állami szerepek érvényesülése, ami egyben veszélyeket hordoz a hálózatosságra. De mind az államigazgatás szokásos struktúrája, mind a hálózati rendszer potenciálisan kikezdi magát a helyi demokráciát is. A probléma feltárása érdekében a tanulmány analitikus és empirikus módszert alkalmaz, az utóbbit összehasonlító kérdőíves felmérések adatainak elemzése útján.

Pensadores y pobreza El rol del conocimiento especializado en las políticas de lucha contra la pobreza en Uruguay

This article analyzes the dynamics through which specialized knowledge is involved in the design and implementation of public policy. It aims contributing to the debate about the processes by which “common sense” is built in the political space, and the role of research in this process. These issues are raised analyzing two of the fundamental plans launched by the government of the Frente Amplio in Uruguay: the Social Emergency Plan and the Equity Plan. Two sets of questions are put forth regarding the relationship between social research and public policy design. The first one deals with those knowledge promoting institutions involved in the process to develop the national plans under exam. Which is their extent and type of participation? What makes these institutions take part of the policy making process? The second group of questions delves around issues such as: is the influence of research similar for both cases? Do both processes arouse the same advantages and disadvantages regarding those elements that promote the intersection between policy makers and social research?

Public roads in the opening of forests in forest management units of Sarajevo canton

The primary network of forest roads consists of public and forest truck roads. Public roads in one forest area have been mainly built due to needs of local communities, access to rural areas, the development of tourism, recreation and so on. Forest truck roads have been built and maintained by those who manage forests (the forest management), while public roads have been managed by the Directorate for Roads of the Federation of B&H and cantonal and local governments. In the last twenty years, the sector for wood assortments transport in the Federation of B&H is in charge of the private transport operators which use vehicles of large capacities and high axle loads for the purpose of transport of as large as possible quantities of wooden mass per time unit. Due to this fact, the roads have deteriorated faster. The accelerated deterioration of the roads used for the transport of wooden assortments imposes the need for the allocation of larger funds for their maintenance. Due to the increasing damages on the roads the prohibitions of use of some public roads for wooden assortments transport occur more frequently. The aim of the research is to determine the total length of public roads which open Forest Management Units of Sarajevo Canton (FMU of SC) and to investigate the possibility of using these categories of roads for forestry. For examination and analysis possibilities of using public roads for wooden assortments transport qualitative research - polls methods have been applied within the framework of the key representatives of the target groups such as forestry and the local community. In the questionnaire, two sets of questions were specified, the first one which is designed to determine the possible existence of problems of using public roads for transport of wooden assortments and possible causes of occurrence of the problems. The second group of questions gives some of the possible solutions for solving the problems of using public roads for the purpose of transport of wood assortments. The results of the survey show that the share of public roads for opening forest truck roads of Canton Sarajevo amounts 44.94%. The given results illustrate that the cases of prohibition of use of public roads for wood assortments transport are rare. The largest proportion of respondents (65%) pleaded that there are no problems (conditions) for using public roads within their territory. A share of 32% of respondents said that there are some requirements for the use of public roads for the transport of wood assortments in their territory and those are mostly demands that FMU covers the costs of maintenance of these roads. A share of 58% of respondents gave the answer that those requirements originate from self-organized groups of citizens. A share of 42% of respondents gave the answer that these requirements originate from the local community (municipalities and lower levels). In the second group of questions, where the proposal for resolving the problems of wood assortments transport in case of inability of use the existing public roads have been given the majority of respondents consider that the solution of problem is making agreement on the mode of usage and application of more control of axle loads of truck which transport wood assortments by public roads. The general conclusion of the research is that the undisturbed use of public roads for forestry needs is possible only with more consideration of the legal guidelines and with continuous agreements of all stakeholders accompanied by constant control.

Segmentation and profiling consumers in a multi-channel environment using a combination of self-organizing maps (SOM) method, and logistic regression

Market segmentation plays essential role on understanding the behavior of people’s interests in purchasing various products and services through various channels. This paper presents an empirical investigation to shed light on consumer’s purchasing attitude as well as gathering information in multi-channel environment. The proposed study of this paper designed a questionnaire and distributed it among 800 people who were at least 18 years of age and had some experiences on purchasing goods and services on internet, catalog or regular shopping centers. Self-organizing map, SOM, clustering technique was performed based on consumer’s interest in gathering information as well as purchasing products through internet, catalog and shopping centers and determined four segments. There were two types of questions for the proposed study of this paper. The first group considered participants’ personal characteristics such as age, gender, income, etc. The second group of questions was associated with participants’ psychographic characteristics including price consciousness, quality consciousness, time pressure, etc. Using multinominal logistic regression technique, the study determines consumers’ behaviors in each four segments.

Stanje oralne higijene među školskom decom vojnih osiguranika nakon obuke o oralnoj higijeni i motivacije

The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and behavior of children towards oral health oral hygiene after training, as well as to assess the factors that determine these changes. Materials and methods. Cross sectional study included 100 children, aged 7-15 years, and 100 of their parents were included in the study. All children were clinically examined and determined by the index of oral hygiene Greene Vermilionu. All parents completed the questionnaire had two sets of questions. The first group of questions related to the knowledge and attitudes of parents, and the second group of questions related to the habits of their children about hygiene and nutrition. All patients were trained technique brushing by 'Gottlieb-Orban-delivery', and everyone is checking a schedule set for 4-6 weeks. Results. The results of this study show that the level of oral hygiene in children is not satisfactory and that the role of parents is limited. The habit of brushing your teeth should be improved. The results of this study indicate that children's opinions and attitudes of their parents need to be improved. Twice daily brushing her teeth 88 % of parents and 82 % of children. Auxiliaries hygiene regularly uses 17 % of parents and only 10 % of surveyed children. The most common intervention is stopping teeth 39% represented with 39 % of parents and children to the dental treatment 52 %. Established a significant correlation between oral health and oral hygiene of the child of parents, as well as the habits that control the child in maintaining hygiene. Conclusion. It is a constant motivation and training remotivation oral hygiene in children. This is confirmed by our study, which demonstrated a well known index improving oral hygiene after motivation and training. It is necessary to include in the training and the parents of school children, as their knowledge and attitudes predictors of oral health of their children.

Philanthropic behaviour and motives

Even though philanthropy tends to be considered a sociological theme rather than an economic one, it poses a number of questions that challenge economists as well. We chose to address the following: How can economists contribute to the theories related to philanthropy? We examine some terms that are used in public economics theory and use them to explore the issues of philanthropy like Samaritan’s Dilemma, the Prisoner’s Dilemma, and the Free-Rider Problem, which we consider to be interesting and inspiring (Stone, 2008). We have to find and identify the social values of donors and volunteers rather than their economic values, because economists are not fully able to explain empathy, altruism, and helpful behaviour using traditional economic principles (Rutherford, 2008). The theoretical frame is supported by relevant empirical data. Before starting a large-scale survey, we decided to conduct smaller pre-research probes into people’s attitudes towards altruism, philanthropy, and giving. Even though our sample was not fully representative, the responses that we collected generated interesting findings about people’s views and attitudes. The first wave of data was collected between February and April 2009; the second wave between February and April 2010.Because of this pilot research mission and because of the budget restriction too, the non-representative sample of 823 respondents has been used; students of our Public Economics study programme were used as interviewers. They have also obtained a proper training of the professional sociologist. Students utilized the face to face interviewing method; non-standardized questions were immediately recorded into the reply form. Questions were divided into three groups with typical characteristics. The first one focuses on personal (individual) motives for financial donating (only financial gifts for non-profit organizations). Second part examines the attitudes of individual towards the non-profit sector and its transparency, while the third part analyses the profile of particular groups of donors, which are stratified according to selected characteristics as age, field of activity, income level, etc.This paper deals with the second group of questions. Because of the limited representativeness of the sample, the data are not linked to other observed socio-demographic characteristics and indicators (although we have collected them).Currently we are working on similar, but fundamentally extended and representative survey. In this paper presented preliminary research should serve basically as a reference for identifying dominant donor strategies, motives and attitudes.

Flavouring Group Evaluation 15, Revision 1 (FGE.15Rev1) - Aryl-substituted saturated and unsaturated primary alcohol/aldehyde/acid/ester derivatives from chemical group 22 - Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC).

Flavouring Group Evaluation 15, Revision 1 (FGE.15Rev1) - Aryl-substituted saturated and unsaturated primary alcohol/aldehyde/acid/ester derivatives from chemical group 22 - Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with Food (AFC).

Flavouring Group Evaluation 5, Revision 1 (FGE.05Rev1):Esters of branched‐ and straight‐chain aliphatic saturated primary alcohols and of one secondary alcohol, and branched‐ and straight‐chain unsaturated carboxylic acids from chemical groups 1, 2, and 5 (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000) ‐ Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with

Flavouring Group Evaluation 5, Revision 1 (FGE.05Rev1):Esters of branched‐ and straight‐chain aliphatic saturated primary alcohols and of one secondary alcohol, and branched‐ and straight‐chain unsaturated carboxylic acids from chemical groups 1, 2, and 5 (Commission Regulation (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000) ‐ Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in contact with

Introduction: Technoscientific Productivity

The title of this and the following special issues of Perspectives on Science, “Technoscientiac Productivity,” refers to two closely related social activities and institutions: arst, the alliance of modern science, technology and industry; and, secondly, the technical shaping and production of scientiac objects within the experimental sciences. Most historians, philosophers and sociologists of science and technology agree that in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries a close interdependence, if not convergence, of science, technology and industry, including agriculture and the military, emerged. Research on atomic energy, gene technology, biomedicine and nano technology are manifestations of increasingly powerful, stable technological-scientiac complexes that now shape industrial societies. The term “technoscience” has become a shorthand to denote that constellation and to focus research on it. Less agreement exists, however, when it comes to the question of the historical emergence and development of technoscience. Is technoscience—in the sense of an interdependence and local convergence of science, technology and industry—a comparatively late product of historical developments, restricted to the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, or did forms of that interdependence exist and evolve earlier? What kind of social, economic and political conditions promoted the development of technoscience, or of various forms of it? These kinds of questions are tackled in nearly all of the papers assembled in the two special issues. A second group of questions relates to technoscientiac productivity within the experimental sciences. In the history of experimentation, experimenters often have questioned

Views on Authorship: Survey Among Academic Staffs of the Korean Radiologists

Purpose: The purpose of my survey is to assess the knowledge and views of the academic staff on authorship criteria. Materials and Methods: 363 academic staff were invited to fill out the survey via e-mail and the responses were collected for two weeks. A one-page questionnaire was prepared and it included 19 questions with three major groups. The first group of questions was demographic information including the responder's age, sex and academic position. The second group of questions was focused on the individual perception and personal experience for authorship on their publications. The last group of questions included awareness and views of authorship criteria established by International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). The responders were grouped according to age, sex and grade. To examine the difference of responses among each group, a Chi square test for categorical variables was performed. Results: The overall response rate to the survey was 39.2% (113/288) and 20.7% (75/363) of e-mail address were undeliverable. The grade of respondents is relatively evenly distributed from fellowship (20%) to professor (22%). Most of the respondents (90.6%) had experienced difficulties with authorship. Although 72.2% of respondents had no awareness of ICMJE's criteria, they agreed with criteria fully (56.1%) and partially (42.4%). 42% of respondents expected that more than 50% of the authors per paper didn’t fulfill the authorship criteria. Less than 5 authors per paper were adequate (96%). Most of respondents thought that the introduction of a contribution listing to the Journal of the Korean radiological society is necessary (93.5%) but it is not urgently needed (59.0%). Conclusion: I can see that there are authorship problems among the academic members of Korean radiological society. It is necessary to educate the members and to have them justify the validity of their authorship claims.

Research issues in sustainable consumption: toward an analytical framework for materials and the environment.

We define key research questions as a stimulus to research in the area of industrial ecology. The first group of questions addresses analytical support for green engineering and environmental policy. They relate to (i) tools for green engineering, (ii) improvements in life cycle assessment, (iii) aggregation of environmental impacts, and (iv) effectiveness of a range of innovative policy approaches. The second group of questions addresses the dynamics of technology, economics, and environmental impacts. They relate to (v) the environmental impacts of material and energy consumption, (vi) the potential for material efficiency, (vii) the relation of technological and economic development to changes in consumption patterns, and (viii) the potential for technology to overcome environmental impacts and constraints. Altogether, the questions create an intellectual agenda for industrial ecology and integrate the technological and social aspects of sustainability.

Cleavage Structures and Party Systems in Latin America

In a seminal article in 1967 Seymour Martin Lipset and Stein Rokkan posed a series of central questions for the comparative study of party systems. The first set of questions concerned the genesis of the system of cleavages within the national community, including the timing of their appearance and their relative salience and durability. A second group of questions focused on the translation of cleavages into stable party systems, including the question of why conflicting interests and ideologies in some cases favored the emergence of broad aggregative coalitions, and in others fragmentation. The final set of questions bore on the behavior of voters within the various party systems. What were the characteristics of those voters mobilized by the several parties, and how did economic and social change translate into changes in the strengths and strategies of the parties? The authors stressed that all these and related questions were to be addressed diachronically, that is, in historical perspective.' While Lipset and Rokkan, as well as most of the many others who have asked similar comparative questions, have focused almost exclusively on the competitive party systems of Europe and the Anglo-Saxon diaspora (the United States, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand), it seems high time that questions like those raised for industrialized countries now also be posed for Latin America, particularly since Latin America constitutes the area of the world that most closely approximates the developed West in culture, levels of economic and social development,2 and experience with competitive party systems. Only by examining such questions outside the regions of the ancestral homes of political parties and party systems can we expand our generalizations about the historical development of political parties beyond the evidence of a particular time and place. It is also at least highly plausible that Latin America's experience with the construction of systems of competitive party politics will prove more relevant to the future trajectory of such politics in other parts of the so-called Third World than will that of the developed West. This article is an attempt to begin the systematic analysis of that experience.3 Among the questions we pose will be the following. Has the development of western party systems proven to be the prototype for the evolution of competitive party systems in Latin America? What are the kinds of parties and the patterns of competition among parties in Latin America, and how have they emerged over time? Have the West's past experiences with the onset of mass politics and the politics of industrialization been more or less replicated in contemporary Latin America? How might one account for any differences? What follows is therefore meant essentially as an exploratory exercise in delineating some broad patterns of similarity and difference between the party systems of Latin America and the developed West.