Second-degree Burns Research Articles

A five-day-old victim of chemical terrorism was exposed to sulfur mustard

Sulfur mustard (SM) is a blistering chemical warfare agent and it has cytotoxic effects on ocular, respiratory, cutaneous, and hematological systems. We presented acute hematological effects of high-dose SM exposure on a five-day-old victim who was exposed to SM in Syria in 2015, during a chemical attack. Following onset of typical ocular, respiratory, and cutaneous symptoms of SM, the patient was evacuated to Türkiye on 18th hour after the exposure with an initial diagnosis of second-degree chemical burn. The patient died on 14th day after the exposure. Severe thrombocytopenia, reactive leucocytosis followed by mild leukopenia, isolated lymphopenia, and anaemia were observed after SM exposure. Besides symptomatic treatment, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), packed red blood cells transfusions, and platelet transfusions were administered for the treatment of hematological complications. Monitoring hematological indices daily, advanced medical interventions including G-GSF treatment for SM-induced neutropenia, and aggressive resuscitation with multiple blood transfusions could reduce the impact of myelosuppression in victims of SM.

Cubosomes hydrogel containing silver based organometallic compounds for enhanced wound healing of burns: In vitro and in vivo studies

The aim of this study is to investigate the treatment of burn wounds and bacterial infections, specifically focusing on silver(I) N-heterocyclic carbene (Ag-NHC) loaded into cubosomes. Ag-NHC is an organometallic complex of silver (Ag) and can be considered an active pharmaceutical ingredient for the topical treatment of burns. A novel nanoparticle system, cubosome dispersions, was formulated using high pressure homogenization methods with different concentrations of lipid phase glyceryl monooleate (GMO), surfactants such as poloxamer 407 (F-127), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The optimized formulation (U6) was characterized by in vitro drug release profile (90.54 ± 1.17 %), particle size (126.7 ± 0.98 nm), zeta potential (−21.6 ± 6.83 mV), entrapment efficiency (89.30 ± 1.46 %), and morphology as observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The U6 formulation was incorporated into a hydrogel containing Carbopol 940 to form a cubosomal hydrogel (cubogel). The cubogel was characterized by the in vitro release of Ag-NHC (92 %), entrapment efficiency (>90 %), pH (5.3), viscosity (1.2 cP), spreadability, and TEM. From the in vitro drug release pattern, it was concluded that the U6 formulation showed slow and sustained drug release over 24 h, and demonstrated superior burn healing compared to marketed products. The in vivo wound healing study revealed that the cubogel demonstrated a superior burn healing rate compared to commercially available products (Quench® and Clotrimazole®). The in vivo histopathological results showed that the prepared cubogel was effective in treating second-degree burns, with no side effects or skin irritation, compared to commercial products. Additionally, Ag-NHC-loaded cubogel facilitated sustained release for treating burn wounds without any bacterial infections. The current findings provide a strong basis for the initiating phase 0 clinal trials, highlighting significant potential for the further research to benefit the pharmaceutical industry.

Performance prediction of flame-retardant clothing using correlations and artificial neural networks: Optimizing firefighter safety

Flame-Retardant Clothing serves as a protective shield for firefighters that safeguards them from exposure to heat, flames and other thermal hazards. To achieve an optimal design for the clothing, it is essential to simultaneously account for all the factors affecting the performance of the clothing. The present study employs data from a numerical model to explore heat and moisture transport through clothing subjected to flame exposure. Seventeen non-dimensionless parameters associated with the heat and moisture transport in flame-retardant clothing are obtained. A correlation is developed to link the dimensionless second-degree burn time with other non-dimensional parameters. This correlation provides a means to predict the thermal protective performance (TPP) of the clothing. Additionally, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method is employed to determine the TPP of the clothing. Multi-layer feedforward backpropagation networks are utilized to predict the TPP under specified exposure conditions. The findings indicate that both the correlations and the ANN approach adopted in the present study demonstrated promising results. However, the ANN model predictions show better agreement with model data in comparison to the results derived from the developed correlations. The maximum percentage error in the predicted non-dimensional second degree burn time using ANN is limited to 10 %.

Influence of copper ion cross-linked CMC-PVA film on cell viability and cell proliferation study

In this study, films composed of carboxymethyl cellulose and polyvinyl alcohol were fabricated using the solution casting method. Citric acid (4 %) was employed as a cross-linking agent, while glycerol (3 %) as a plasticizer. Cupric chloride (CuCl2·2H2O) was used for cross-linking at concentrations 0.5 %, 1 %, and 3 % over different times. The cross-linking with copper ions led to a noticeable reduction in elasticity, with the breaking strain ranging from 17.9 %–52.9 %. The ion hydration phenomenon increased the contact angle and swelling ratio. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed esterification reactions and copper ion cross-linking with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC). The films showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The ion-released mechanism followed was the non-Fickian super case-II type. The concentration and duration of cross-linking significantly influenced cell viability and proliferation. FE-SEM analysis revealed that effective concentrations of CuCl2.2H2O were 0.5 % and 1 %, and cross-linking times were 5–15 min, facilitating cell attachment and proliferation. Films are non-adhesive with water vapor permeation 800–900 g/m2/day. These results indicate the potential use of the films in treating second-degree burn wounds with low to medium exudate levels. This study provides valuable insights into the development of copper-infused materials for advanced wound healing applications.

Three-dimensional heat and moisture transfer analysis for thermal protection of firefighters’ gloves with phase change materials

Transient three-dimensional (3D) heat and moisture transfer simulations were conducted to analyze the thermal performances of the entire phase change material (PCM) integrated into firefighters’ gloves. PCM was broken down into several segments to cover the back and palm of the hand but to avoid finger joints to keep hand functions. Parametric studies were performed to explore the effects of PCM melting temperatures, PCM locations in the glove and PCM layer thicknesses on the overall thermal performance improvement of firefighters’ gloves. The study found that PCM segments could extend the time for hand skin surfaces (areas covered or not covered by PCM) to reach second-degree burn injury (60 °C) by 1.5–2 times compared to conventional firefighters’ gloves without PCM. Moreover, PCM segments could help mitigate the temperature increase on hand skin and glove surface after fire exposure.

Synthesis and Characterization of Inulin Polymer and Study Its Role on Wound Healing

Inulin is a particularly effective drug delivery vehicle as compared to other biodegradable polysaccharides because of its unique and flexible structure, protective and stabilizing properties, and organ targeting abilities. This strategy may result in targeted, delayed, and regulated release of medications and biomolecules as well as increased bioavailability and improved cellular absorption. In the present study, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H-NMR, and ultraviolet spectroscopy were among the techniques used to further characterize the physicochemical properties of inuline. The inulin-g-[N-sulfamethoxazole maleic amic acid] (INMS) was prepared and used. INMS efficacy against bacterial activity was also examined. In order to examine the activity of INMS in vivo, mice were underwent to second-degree burn. The results showed, after three days, the basic media produced better regulated drug release than the acidic one. This was discovered by contrasting the pace at which the amide drug polymer hydrolyzed in each media. It was discovered that a drug polymer with altered drug release and a prolonged duration of action has as an adhesive probity. The present results found that INMS has a significant antibacterial effect on burned wound isolated bacteria. The in vivo performance using a natural polymer as a drug carrier results a great healing of skin wound of mice. Thus, the present study is aimed to modify the inulin to serve as a scaffold for various drug delivery systems.

Comparative Evaluation of Wound Healing Efficacy of Bombyx mori L. Body Extracts, Gland Extracts, and Cocoon for the Treatment of Second-Degree Burns: A Pilot Study

Background: The silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) and its cocoon are rich in bioactive proteins like sericin and fibroin, as well as enzymes such as serrapeptase, which possess anti-inflammatory and skin-healing properties. This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo effects of various silkworm products, including cocoon patches and extracts from the silkworm body and glands, on the healing of second-degree burns. Methods: Hairless, female SKH-2 mice were used to model second-degree burns. The study tested formulations containing 1%, 10%, or 20% silkworm body or gland extracts, as well as cocoon-derived patches. In addition to histopathological and clinical assessments, the study measured parameters including burn size, hydration, transepidermal water loss and thickness. Results: The results of this study demonstrated that, in terms of primary outcomes (complete healing), both the silkworm cocoon and the 20% body extract significantly promoted wound healing, with similar efficacy. All body extracts showed statistical significance in wound area reduction, while the gland extracts had no significant effect. Histopathological evaluation confirmed the superior healing potential of the body extracts increasing by increased concentration and cocoon. This novel insight into the therapeutic properties of silkworm body extracts opens new opportunities for the development of cost-effective, renewable second-degree burn healing treatments.

Effects of Diallium and Ziziphus honey in Second-Degree Burns on Wistar Rats

Background: Nowadays, the use of honeys in the treatment of burns and wounds has aroused growing interest due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and healing properties. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Diallium and Ziziphus honey in second degree burns on wistar rats. Methodology: A metal cylinder with a diameter of 3 cm was heated for five minutes. In order to cause experimental burns, the rats' shaved skin was lightly pressed with the cylinder for twenty seconds so as to induce second-degree burns. Results: The daily application of honey induces a healing dependent on typology and concentration. The healing rate is higher with DZ, with a score of 1.00 ± 0.63 vs 1.25 ± 0.43 for JUJ which induces almost complete tissue repair after 21 days of treatment. Conclusion: Findings from the research confirm the use of traditional honeys for burns and wound healing.

The Potency of Centella asiatica Leaf Extract on VEGF Expression and Angiogenesis in Second-Degree Burn Wound in Mice

Burn injuries present a significant global health challenge, with the highest incidence rates reported in Southeast Asia, including Indonesia. Healing burn wounds is a complex and dynamic process involving various cellular and molecular mechanisms, prominently featuring the role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in tissue regeneration and wound repair. VEGF is crucial for inducing and regulating angiogenesis and supplying oxygen and nutrients to the healing tissue. This study aims to evaluate the potential of pegagan (Centella asiatica) leaf extract cream 1%, 3%, and 5% daily for 14 days in enhancing VEGF expression and angiogenesis in second-degree burn wounds in mice (Mus musculus). This study investigates the application of C. asiatica extract cream on second-degree burn wounds in mice, comparing its effects on VEGF protein expression and angiogenesis to those of base cream and silver sulfadiazine cream, with outcomes evaluated using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining methods. Our findings suggest that C. asiatica extract cream promotes reduced burn wound size, significant upregulated VEGF expression, and enhanced angiogenesis in treating burn wounds compared to positive control, with a 5% dose having the best result. The study concludes that C. asiatica extract cream may effectively treat burn wound healing through enhancing VEGF expression and angiogenesis.

Using Range of Motion Exercises and Smartphone Thermography to Evaluate Wound Healing in Second-Degree Burns

BackgroundBurn injuries can lead to devastating functional impairments and reduced quality of life. An important component of rehabilitation programs is the range of motion exercises, which can accelerate wound healing and prevent contractures. The present study sought to evaluate the effects of a range of motion exercises validated by thermal imagining on patients with second-degree burns. Patients and methodsThis quasi-experimental study included 47 adult patients diagnosed with second-degree burns. Data was collected using a Structured Interview Questionnaire, modified Abbreviated Burn Severity Index (ABSI), the Bates-Jensen Wound Assessment Tool (BWAT), and mobile thermal imaging to assess wound healing. ResultsThe ABSI levels showed that 46.8% of patients had moderate-severity burns, 38.3% had very low severity, and 14.9% had moderately severe burns. While the BWAT scores were 28.9 ± 4.6SD at baseline, 30.1 ± 4.7SD after one week, 19.2 ± 6.5SD after the 2nd week, and finally 17.1 ± 4.3SD on the 3rd week. The FLIR thermal imaging scores over three weeks were statistically significant (p<0.001, Kruskal-Wallis test). The study revealed high statistically significant differences in range of motion and wound healing mean scores. ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that range of motion exercises improved burn wound healing. Additionally, thermal imaging showed high validity for evaluating wound healing potential and progression. It provides viable triage technology while benefiting clinical assessment. Overall, range of motion and smartphone thermography are two evidence-based modalities that can enhance burn management, decrease healing time, lower costs, and improve outcomes.

A carboxymethyl chitosan and dextran hydrogel with slow and rapid photothermal conversion for sequential promoting burn wound healing and inhibiting scar proliferation

Facilitating swift burn wound healing while effectively preventing scar formation continues to be a considerable challenge in medical practice. In this study, an injectable carboxymethyl chitosan/oxidized dextran/polyvinylpyrrolidone/dopamine (COPD) hydrogel was designed for the effective sequentially promotion of burn wound healing and inhibition of scar formation. The COPD hydrogel precursor solution was injected into the burn wound via a double-barreled syringe and transformed into an adherent hydrogel within 25 s. The inclusion of dopamine imparted good free radical scavenging properties to the hydrogel. In particular, the gradual oxidation of dopamine to polydopamine enabled a unique heat production pattern—initially slow (photothermal conversion efficiency: 30.3 %) and then rapidly temperature increasing (photothermal conversion efficiency: 42.8 %) —under single laser irradiation. The effect of promoting healing at the initial stage of the wound was evaluated by constructing a male C57BL/6 mice model with deep second-degree burns, observation of the wound area, PCR analysis, and immunohistochemical staining. Furthermore, the scar inhibition was confirmed by observing reduced expression levels of α-SMA and COLI, along with a decreased collagen I/III ratio. With tunable mechanical properties (maximum compressive strength of 966.4 ± 51.7 kPa), the COPD hydrogel holds significant promise as an adjunctive photothermal platform for intelligent burn wound management.

Virtual reality based rehabilitation and upper limb dysfunction post burn

Purpose. To evaluate the effectiveness of virtual reality based rehabilitation in improving upper limb functions and ADL of burned patients. Methods. Randomized controlled trial. Overall, 42 patients of both genders with age ranged from 20-45 years with with second-degree burn were selected from outpatient clinic in the faculty of physical therapy, Cairo university and randomly distributed into two equal groups. Their ages ranged from 20 to 45 years. Group A (virtual reality) received virtual reality (VR)-based rehabilitation in addition to conventional rehabilitation: inform of (Stretching exercises, ROM exercises, strength training) for four weeks. Group B (traditional physical therapy) received traditional physiotherapy (Stretching exercises, ROM exercises, strength training) for four weeks. They were assessed with Arabic quick dash, goniometer and hand dynamometer. Results. There was a significant improvement in DASH, hand grip strength and shoulder ROM post-treatment, compared to pre-treatment (P-value ≤ 0.001) in both groups. There was significant difference between groups in the improvement in DASH, hand grip strength and shoulder ROM at post-treatment (P-value &lt; 0.01), in favor of group A. Conclusion. Virtual reality based rehabilitation were proven effective on improving upper limb functions and ADL of burned patients.

The Role of Pectin Hydrogel Systems Plus Iodine and Phyto Extract in Second-Degree Burn in Rats.

Skin injuries, such as burns, can result in an open wound that can lead to the deterioration of the skin, which acts as a protective barrier against external agents, and can cause serious health problems. Pectin, a plant-derived polysaccharide, is a suitable candidate for wound care due to its gel-forming ability and biocompatibility. Pectin absorbs wound exudates to form a soft gel and is known for its strong anti-inflammatory efects. Pectin-based hydrogel systems promote wound healing by promoting fibroblast proliferation and keratinocyte migration. In the study, 60 male Wistar albino rats were used, and 6 diferent treatment groups were formed: Healthy control, burn control, silver sulfadiazine, pectin-based hydrogel system, pectin-based hydrogel system+iodine, pectin-based hydrogel system+plant extract. Rats with burn wounds were treated for 21 days, and the wound healing process was evaluated by macroscopic, biochemical, and histopathological analysis. The results showed that the pectin-based hydrogel system, iodine, and plant extracts promoted healing in burn wounds. Especially in the groups treated with silver sulfadiazine and plant extracts, the development of granulation tissue and regeneration of collagen fibers showed significant improvement. Furthermore, the pectin-based hydrogel system is thought to contribute to wound healing by maintaining skin moisturization. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) levels decreased in the treatment groups compared to the burn group, and it was determined that these factors play an important role in wound healing. This study shows that pectin-based hydrogel systems can be an efective alternative in burn treatment, and their healing efects can be enhanced by the addition of iodine and plant extracts.

Polysaccharide-Based Injectable Hydrogel Loaded with Quercetin Promotes Scarless Healing of Burn Wounds by Reducing Inflammation.

Moisture loss, infection, and severe inflammatory reactions are the primary factors affecting burn wound healing and leading to scar formation. Herein, we developed a quercetin-loaded polysaccharide-based injectable hydrogel (named PECE). The PECE consists of oxidized sodium alginate (OAlg) coupled with chitosan (CS) via Schiff bases and electrostatic interactions, while Que is incorporated via hydrogen bonding. Benefiting from the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, PECE features distinguished moisturizing ability. Additionally, the sustained release of Que imparts remarkable antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Likewise, PECE demonstrates favorable in vitro anti-inflammatory capacity as released Que significantly downregulates pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6 and TNF-α) secreted by RAW 264.7 macrophages. More importantly, in a rat model of deep second-degree burn wounds, PECE effectively inhibits wound infection, reduces inflammation, and promotes angiogenesis and collagen deposition, ultimately minimizing scar formation. Overall, this work presents a promising strategy for scarless healing of burn wounds.

PAM material that instantly gives ordinary fabrics excellent flame retardant and thermal insulation properties for fire rescue

To effectively reduce the damage caused by flame burns or heat transfer to the human body during fire, we used PAM aqueous solution as the matrix, XG as the thickener, HPMC as the water-retaining agent to form the basic material system, and added different functional particles (APP, PTW, HCB) to prepare a fire-proof and heat-insulating PAM flame-retardant material for fire emergency rescue. Ordinary cotton fabrics were impregnated into PAM flame-retardant materials using a simple impregnation process. After the impregnation, the test was performed in a non-dropping state (simulating the thermal protection effect of PAM flame retardant materials directly acting on the outside of the human body at the fire scene). The results show that the PAM flame retardant material prepared by adding 4 wt% HCB has the best comprehensive performance. TPP test shows that spraying PAM flame retardant material on the outside of the fabric can instantly give the fabric a higher thermal protection performance. Under the total heat flux of 84 kW/m2, the thermal performance protection value of the fabric is 2641.8 kW s/m2, and the second-degree burn time can reach 31.45 s. PAM flame retardant material does not damage the fabric. After soaping, the air permeability of the fabric decreases slightly, the moisture permeability and wettability are improved, and the breaking strength is almost unchanged. The CCT test showed that the thermal radiation flux was 50 kW/m2, the PHRR value of PAM flame retardant material was 10.64552 kW/m2, the THR was 6.9 MJ/m2, and the flame retardant performance was excellent. The PAM flame retardant material prepared in this project can be applied to the fire scene and directly sprayed on the outside of the clothing of rescuers and recipients, giving the fabric a better thermal protection effect. It can also be used to extinguish fires in the external environment. This material offers a novel solution for enhancing fire rescuers' and victims' safety protection levels.

Wound Healing Activity of Two Honeys from the Southern Regions of Senegal (Casamance)

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the healing activity of two honeys from Casamance (Senegal) in a second-degree experimental burn model in the Wistar strain rat. Methodology: Experimental burns were induced using a metal cylinder 3 cm in diameter and heated for 5 min. The cylinder was applied for 20 seconds, pressing lightly on the surface of the rats' shaved skin to induce second-degree burns. Results: The daily application of honey induces a healing dependent on concentration and typology. The healing rate is higher with AF, with a score of 0.60 ± 0.48 vs 1.00 ± 0.00 for MZ which induces almost complete tissue repair after 21 days of treatment. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate the use of traditional honey in wound healing and burns.

The impact of an open-label design on human amniotic membranes vs. silver sulfadiazine dressings for second-degree burns: a randomized controlled clinical trial

BackgroundBurn wounds require optimal medical management due to associated psycho-emotional and socioeconomic impacts and severe pain. The use of synthetic and biological dressings improves healing and reduces burn wound complications. The present study aimed to compare the outcomes of using human amniotic membrane (hAM) dressings and conventional silver sulfadiazine (SSDZ) ointment dressings in the management of second-degree burn wounds.MethodsFifty patients who participated in this clinical trial were divided into two groups via simple randomization. All the enrolled patients, who had burnt in the last 24 h, had thermal damage mechanisms and were suffering from less than 20% second-degree heat-burn wounds on the skin surface. The target group (n = 25) was treated with hAM, and the control group (n = 25) was treated with SSDZ ointment. The researcher-designed checklist was used to determine the clinical performance in the follow-up assessments on days 7, 14, and 30.ResultsNo significant differences were detected in terms of sex, age, or percentage of burn wounds (p > 0.05). Wound epithelialization at days 7, 14, and 30, scar formation, wound pigmentation, pain severity, analgesia requirements, and hospital stay length (on day 30) were significantly lower in the target group (treated with hAM) than in the control group (treated with SSDZ ointment) (p < 0.05). However, treatment costs in the target group ($170) were significantly higher than those in the control group ($71) (p < 0.001).ConclusionDespite its higher cost, hAM, as a technology-based therapy dressing, demonstrates superiority over SSDZ ointment in terms of wound healing and pain management.

Silver loaded functionalized calix [4]arene nanofibers and evaluation in burn wound healing

Burn treatments with gene therapy and healing factors requires highly cost techniques. Instead, topical formulations including plant extract or pharmaceuticals are offered for wound-healing effect. However, these have low water solubility and cannot uptake into cells sufficiently. To overcome disadvantages, new effective treatment approaches should have been accessible. This study aimed to develop nanofiber-based wound coverings using four different Ag(I)-calixarene derivatives. Their nanofibers were produced by the electrospin method, and evaluated in vivo in rats with a second-degree burn model. Biochemical analysis has been maintained to exmine the effects of formulations on such as growth factors and some cytokines that are effective in wound healing process. In addition, histopathological analyzes has been performed to evaluate the presence and density of granulation tissue, inflammation, epithelial thickness and fibrosis. All data were compared with a commercial topical, silver sulfadiazine, whose usage is limited due to various disadvantages in the treatment processes of burn wounds. In this study, four different calixarene derivatives were synthesized their nanofibers were produced by the electrospin method, and their effectiveness was evaluated in vivo in rats with a second-degree burn model. Then, various biochemical and histopathological analyses were done to elucidate the possible wound-healing mechanism. When considering both pathological and biochemical data, the nanofibers of CLX-SAMD-Ag (5,11,17,23‐tetra‐tert‐butyl‐25,27‐bis(Sulfadiazine)‐26,28‐propylcalix (Xie and Unser, 2013) [4]arene - Ag) and CLX-MORF- Ag (5,11,17,23‐tetra‐tert‐butyl‐25,27‐bis(3-Morpholinopropil)‐26,28‐dihydroxycalix (Xie and Unser, 2013) [4]arene-Ag) were found to be more effective than silver sulfadiazine -silver content application, also known as traditional burn treatment for wound healing.

Efficacy of Nano-Silver Dressing Combined with Silver Sulfadiazine Cream in the Treatment of Second-Degree Burn Wounds

Efficacy of Nano-Silver Dressing Combined with Silver Sulfadiazine Cream in the Treatment of Second-Degree Burn Wounds

A comparative study of the healing effects of sesame oil and TiO2 nanoparticles gel on second-degree burn

Burns, a severe form of soft tissue injury, can cause significant damage and, in extreme cases, be fatal. They also lead to considerable mental and emotional distress due to excessive scarring and skin contractures. Despite various treatment methods, burn care remains a challenging medical issue. In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), revealing particle sizes ranging from 31.52 to 69.08 nanometers. The impact of biosynthetic nanomaterials and sesame seed oil on burn healing in laboratory rats was investigated. The study compared the effects of a 1% TiO2 solution and 20% sesame oil on burned skin with a control group of rats having natural skin. Fifteen rats were divided into three groups, each receiving daily treatment for 28 days. The results indicated that the TiO2 treatment significantly accelerated healing compared to the sesame seed oil group, which had a slower healing rate of 0.12 points per day. The TiO2 treatment demonstrated a marked improvement in healing speed and effectiveness.