Types Of Seaweed Research Articles

Ulva Seaweed-Derived Ulvan: A Promising Marine Polysaccharide as a Sustainable Resource for Biomaterial Design

Green seaweed is currently underused compared with other major seaweed types. Many scientists have reported applications of the green seaweed Ulva in various fields in recent years, which makes it a candidate for biomass production in industrial biorefineries. Ulva contains a unique polysaccharide called ulvan, which is being considered for medicinal and pharmacological applications. Ulvan is a sulfated polysaccharide including rhamnose and glucuronic acid residues, which has a range of bioactivities, including immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and anticoagulant properties. The biocompatibility of ulvan makes it a versatile candidate for biomaterial design. This review presents an in-depth analysis of the potential applications of ulvan, starting with extraction methods and structural/biological characterization and moving on to biomaterial design. We also highlight the advantages of ulvan over traditional seaweed polysaccharides such as agar, carrageenan, and alginate.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GREEN SEAWEED (Ulva reticulate) ANTIBACTERIAL COMPOUND EXTRACT ON THE BACTERIA Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Green seaweed (Ulva reticulata) is found in many parts of Indonesia. The potential of green seaweed is not widely known to the public, even though it is considered a parasite on other types of seaweed. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial compounds contained in green seaweed and their effectiveness against Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteria. Green seaweed was extracted by maceration method and then qualitative and quantitative tests were carried out. After that, the minimum inhibitory concentration test was carried out and continued with the minimum bactericidal concentration test and the inhibition test with 5 treatments and 3 replications. The data from the qualitative and quantitative test of seaweed, the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal were analyzed descriptively, while the data from the inhibition zone test was analyzed statistically by ANOVA. The results of qualitative and quantitative tests showed that green seaweed contained flavonoids (6.4909 mg/g), tannins (70.7500 mg/g) and saponins (443.7286 mg/g). The results of the minimum inhibitory concentration test showed that the concentration of 3.125% was the minimum concentration to inhibit bacterial growth. In the inhibition test, it can be seen that P4 (6%) is the best treatment. The results of statistical analysis show that the treatments given are significantly different, except that P4 (6%) and P5 (7,5%) are not significantly different. From this study it can be concluded that green seaweed extract is effective in inhibiting the growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteria.

STUDY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES BIOACCUMULATION IN CULTURED RED AND GREEN SEAWEED

The bioaccumulation of polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated silver nanoparticles (PVP-AgNPs) in Palmaria palmata and Ulva sp. seaweed was investigated by ICP-MS and SP-ICP-MS (determination of nanoparticles and size distribution after an enzymatic extraction). Seaweeds were exposed to 0.1 and 1.0 mg L-1 of PVP-AgNPs of small particle size (15 nm) for 28 days. They were cultured in 40-L seawater tanks and nanoparticles were mixed with growing media and the phytoplankton used for feeding. Bioaccumulation changed with the type of seaweed and was not proportional to the concentration. Palmaria palmata and Ulva sp. reached the maximum total Ag concentration at 14 and 21 days of exposure to 1.0 mg L-1, respectively. The Ag concentrations measured (until 0.79 ± 0.06 μg g-1 w.w.) were much smaller than those found in previous studies after short-term exposure (up to 48 h) under laboratory conditions, probably due to the presence of organic matter in the growing media. The maximum concentrations of AgNPs were achieved at 14 and 28 days for Palmaria palmata and Ulva sp., respectively, with most frequent sizes of approximately 20 nm. The size values measured by SP-ICP-MS agreed with TEM sizes in the enzymatic extracts. No changes were observed in the concentrations of most metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Rb and V) in exposed seaweed; only a decrease of Cd and Pb at the dose of 1 mg L-1 in Palmaria was observed. Studies simulating the real marine environment are important to estimate bioaccumulation and safety, which change depending on the type of seaweed and nanoparticle.

The Impact of Carrageenan on Pharmascience

Abstract: Carrageenan (CG) a sulfated polysaccharide (SP) is produced using a variety of seaweeds from the Rhodophyceae family. This type of seaweed is available in areas, like the Atlantic Ocean close to Great Britain, Europe, and North America. Carrageenan has been permitted for the use as food items with the European additive E-number E407. Carrageenan is a widely used polysaccharide derived from red seaweed and is known for its various applications in the chemical, biological, and pharmaceutical fields. It delves into its versatile applications across various sub areas, spanning from the food to the pharmaceutical industry. A significant emphasis is placed on the intricate roles of carrageenan in pharmaceutical science, where it serves as both a drug carrier agent and an active ingredient, owing to its noteworthy biological activity. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of carrageenan's versatile applications, with a focus on its chemical properties, biological activities, and pharmaceutical uses. The pharmaceutical applications of carrageenan are further categorized into various subparts, including its role in treating diseases and its use in drug delivery systems, such as topical, oral, nasal, and unconventional routes. The review also incorporates the most recent developments in clinical trials involving carrageenan and its updated applications, drawing from authoritative sources. This comprehensive analysis aims to offer readers a clear understanding of carrageenan's multifaceted nature and its evolving significance in diverse industries.

Pengembangan Ekonomi Lokal melalui Budidaya Rumput Laut dalam Meningkatkan Perekonomian Masyarakat Pesisir

Pontap Village in Palopo City is one of the seaweed cultivation locations. The focus of developing this cultivation is to overcome the unemployment rate and increase community income. This study aims to provide an overview of the development of seaweed cultivation in improving the economy of coastal communities, especially around Pontap Village, Palopo City. The technical aspects of seaweed cultivation businesses make seaweed cultivation activities very popular with coastal communities, which are relatively easy with a short maintenance time. In contrast, from an economic aspect, this business is not just profitable but highly lucrative because the investment and production costs are relatively cheap. The type of seaweed that has economic value that is developed in Palopo City is the Gracilaria sp. type. So it can be concluded from the results of this study that seaweed cultivation efforts positively impact local communities' welfare. However, challenges related to the management of natural resources and environmental impacts need to be considered to maintain the sustainability of seaweed cultivation. This can be seen from the community's behavior in managing seaweed, which still ignores environmental factors. This certainly contradicts the concept of integrated coastal area conservation. These findings provide important insights for local stakeholders, government, and development practitioners.

Growth Response of Kappaphycus Alvarezii at Different Depth in the Waters of Batu Bao, East Nusa Tenggara

ABSTRACT Seaweed is one of the important fisheries commodities with significant economic value. Kappaphycus alvarezii, commonly known as Eucheuma cottoni in the market, is a type of seaweed that produces kappa carrageenan. This research aims to determine the effective planting depth for the growth, morphological and histological changes, and the environmental parameters influencing the growth of K. alvarezii. The cultivation method used in this research is the longline method, and it employs a Completely Randomized Design consisting of four treatments: 15cm, 30cm, 45cm, and 60cm, with each treatment replicated five times. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance, and if significant differences were found, Duncan's post hoc test was conducted. The research results indicate that an increase in planting depth has a significant impact on specific growth rate (SGR) and average growth rate (AGR). Deeper planting depths result in slower growth. The best depth for the growth, morphology, and histology of K. alvarezii during the study was observed at a depth of 15 cm. Environmental parameters such as temperature, salinity, water flow rate, water clarity, and pH have a positive influence on the growth of K. alvarezii.

Development of a novel renewable energy-based integrated system coupling biomass and H2S sources for clean hydrogen production

The present work aims to develop a novel integrated energy system to produce clean hydrogen, power, and biochar. The Palmaria palmata, a type of seaweed, and hydrogen sulfide from the industrial gaseous waste streams are taken as potential feedstock. A combined thermochemical approach is employed for the processing of both feedstocks. For clean hydrogen production, the zinc sulfide thermochemical cycle is employed. Both stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric equilibrium-based models of the proposed plant design are developed in the Aspen Plus software, and a comprehensive thermodynamic analysis of the system is also performed by evaluating energy and exergy efficiencies. The study further explores and covers the modeling, simulation, and parametric analyses of various subsections to enhance the hydrogen and biochar production rate. The parametric analyses show that the first step of the thermochemical cycle (desulfurization reaction) follows a stoichiometric pathway and the optimal conversion is achieved at a ZnO/H2S ratio equal to 1. On the other hand, the second step of the thermochemical cycle (regeneration reaction) does not follow a stoichiometric pathway, and ZnS conversion of 12.87 % is achieved at a high temperature of 1400 °C. It is found that a hydrogen production rate of 0.71 mol/s is achieved with the introduction of 0.27 mol/s of H2S. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the zinc sulfide thermochemical cycle are found to be 65.23 % and 35.58 % respectively. A biochar production rate of 0.024 kg/s is obtained with the Palmaria palmata feed rate of 0.097 kg/s. The Palmaria to biochar energy and exergy efficiencies are found to be 55.43 % and 45.91 % respectively. The overall energy and exergy efficiencies of the proposed plant are determined to be 72.88 % and 50.03 % respectively.

Exploring Seaweed Extracts: Novel Benefits for Fruit Crops Growth

Seaweeds are macroalgae growing under marine ecosystems and it plays diversified roles in human life. Different types of seaweeds are available and among them, the widely used ones for extraction are brown seaweeds. One of the significant plants bio-stimulants with a wide range of applications in horticulture and agriculture is seaweed extract (SE). Various methods are employed for their extraction process. The bioactive composition of SE varies according to the type or species of seaweeds and methods of extraction. It has got almost similar effects as that of phytohormones. Seaweed extract application alone or in combination with other bio-stimulants or nutrients during different crop stages are being practised in a broad group of fruit crops (temperate, sub-tropical and tropical fruit crops). An array of research studies has also revealed that the usage of seaweed extracts is more environmentally friendly owing to their organic nature and cost-effectiveness. It has proven significant improvements on growth, yield, quality, storage and stress tolerance. Hence, the use of seaweed extract at the appropriate time and right concentration to a variety of fruit crops can support the industry's overall growth.

Systematic Review of Green Seaweed Caulerpa racemosa as an Anti-Inflammatory Agent: Current Insights and Future Perspectives

Background: Seaweed is a marine biota with many benefits, one of which is C. racemosa. It is one type of seaweed that is quite widely found in Indonesia. Objective This study investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of C. racemosa using various in vitro and in vivo approaches. Methods: A literature review was conducted by searching for research data on C. racemosa. The literature was obtained from PUBMED, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar using the keywords C. racemosa, sea grapes, in vivo, in vitro, and anti-inflammatory. The search identified 1313 articles with 100 articles in Scopus, 100 articles in ScienceDirect, 0 articles in PubMed, 3 articles in SpringerLink, and 1,110 articles in Google Scholar. Results: The study showed 12 articles found C. racemosa has the ability as an anti-inflammatory both with in vitro and in vivo study approaches and supported by data on proximate composition which is quite high and substance consisting of various bioactive constituents including flavonoids, phenolics, phytosterols, terpenoids, saponins and alkaloids where the anti-inflammatory active isolate caulerpin was successfully isolated. C. racemosa is able to reduce the inflammatory response by inhibiting NO production and the release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators such as AMPK, mTOR, TNF-α and IL4. Conclusion: C. racemosa indicated that this species is a rich source of phytochemicals with many pharmacological activities, one of which is anti-inflammatory. Further research is required to explore the relationship between secondary metabolites and their activities.

Seaweed Diversity at Batu Lawang Beach, Sengkol Village, Pujut District, Central Lombok Regency

Seaweed is a marine and fisheries resource that is currently widely utilized by aquaculture communities and coastal fishermen, because in addition to being easy to maintain, it also provides economic benefits. Batu Lawang beach has the potential for natural grass resources that can be developed. This can be seen from the condition of the water quality in the waters. Some types of seaweed that are cultivated are Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma spinosum. Batu Lawang beach is an area that has a variety of macroalgae, as well as a fairly large coral reef area. Therefore, this research was carried out to find out the types of macroalgae in the Batu Lawang Beach area. The research was conducted in May-June 2024. This research location is located at Batu Lawang Beach, Gerupuk, Sengkol Village, Pujut District, Central Lombok Regency. This research used purposive sampling method. The results of this study, seaweed that grow naturally are Acanthophora spicifera, Gracilaria verrucosa, Sargassum cristaefolium, Gracilaria coronopifolia, Valoniopsis pachynema, Ulva, K. alvarezii, Halimeda opuntia, Eucheuma spinosum, Dictyopteris dichotoma, Laurencia papillosa, Codium fragile, Padina sp., Turbinaria decurrens, Halimeda tuna, Gracilaria sp. The conclusion is the is 16 types of seaweed that grow wild, with each type containing different antioxidants and chlorophyll-a.

Antioxidant activity of Eucheuma cottonii Seaweed Extracts from Central Mawasangka Waters

Eucheuma cottonii is one type of seaweed that has the potential to be an antioxidant. This seaweed grows and is distributed in various waters of Indonesia, especially in Southeast Sulawesi. However, information regarding the antioxidant activity and the compound content of E. cottonii in this area is still limited. Therefore, this research aims to determine the compound and antioxidant activity profile in E. cottonii. The study used laboratory experimental methods. The research stages were preparation (seaweed sampling), extraction, qualitative phytochemical screening, and antioxidant assay. The initial identification of compounds using qualitative phytochemical screening methods with three extraction solvents: ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane. Meanwhile, the antioxidant test employed the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. The results of qualitative phytochemical screening revealed that the seaweed extract of E. cottonii contains saponins, tannins, and terpenoids. The antioxidant assay using the DPPH method indicated that among the three extraction solvents used, ethanol extract exhibited a very strong antioxidant activity (with an IC50 of 30,036 ppm), compared to ethyl acetate extract (IC50 of 182,179 ppm) and n-hexane extract (IC50 of 641,454 ppm). This study concluded that E. cottonii seaweed has the potential to be developed as a source of natural antioxidants or raw material for the discovery of antioxidant medicines in the future.

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Residue from Bioethanol Production Using Seaweed Biomass.

This study explores the potential of producing bioethanol from seaweed biomass and reusing the residues as antioxidant compounds. Various types of seaweed, including red (Gelidium amansii, Gloiopeltis furcata, Pyropia tenera), brown (Saccharina japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Ascophyllum nodosum), and green species (Ulva intestinalis, Ulva prolifera, Codium fragile), were pretreated with dilute acid and enzymes and subsequently processed to produce bioethanol with Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741. Ethanol production followed the utilization of sugars, resulting in the highest yields from red algae > brown algae > green algae due to their high carbohydrate content. The residual biomass was extracted with water, ethanol, or methanol to evaluate its antioxidant activity. Among the nine seaweeds, the A. nodosum bioethanol residue extract (BRE) showed the highest antioxidant activity regarding the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibition of H2O2-treated RAW 264.7 cells. These by-products can be valorized, contributing to a more sustainable and economically viable biorefinery process. This dual approach not only enhances the utilization of marine resources but also supports the development of high-value bioproducts.

Growth Analysis of Caulerpa lentillifera Cultivated at Laboratory Scale with Different Light Intensities

In Indonesia, Caulerpa sp. is often utilized as an edible food ingredient by eating it raw as a vegetable salad or as a vegetable. Different light intensities greatly affect the growth of sea grapes (Caulerpa lentillifera). However, this type of seaweed is still few who can cultivate it. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to analyze the growth performance of Caulerpa lentillifera seedlings at the cultivation stage in the laboratory with different light intensities. The research was conducted using the RAL method with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Light intensity (1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, 5,000 Lux) was applied during cultivation. The specific growth rate ranged from 0.0065%/day - 0.0061%/day. The number of ramuli of Caulerpa lentillifera ranged from 651 grains - 723 grains. The number of tallus Caulerpa lentillifera during 45 days of maintenance with various treatments ranged from 28 branches - 32 branches. The conclusion of this research is that light intensity significantly affects the growth of Caulerpa lentillifera.

Seaweed Proteins: A Step towards Sustainability?

This review delves into the burgeoning field of seaweed proteins as promising alternative sources of protein. With global demand escalating and concerns over traditional protein sources' sustainability and ethics, seaweed emerges as a viable solution, offering a high protein content and minimal environmental impacts. Exploring the nutritional composition, extraction methods, functional properties, and potential health benefits of seaweed proteins, this review provides a comprehensive understanding. Seaweed contains essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Its protein content ranges from 11% to 32% of dry weight, making it valuable for diverse dietary preferences, including vegetarian and vegan diets. Furthermore, this review underscores the sustainability and environmental advantages of seaweed protein production compared to traditional sources. Seaweed cultivation requires minimal resources, mitigating environmental issues like ocean acidification. As the review delves into specific seaweed types, extraction methodologies, and functional properties, it highlights the versatility of seaweed proteins in various food products, including plant-based meats, dairy alternatives, and nutritional supplements. Additionally, it discusses the potential health benefits associated with seaweed proteins, such as their unique amino acid profile and bioactive compounds. Overall, this review aims to provide insights into seaweed proteins' potential applications and their role in addressing global protein needs sustainably.

Seaweed Diversity in Ekas Bay, East Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara

Seaweed is a fishery resource that has important economic value and is also an export commodity. Seaweed can be used as food directly. It is also used as raw material for medicine, cosmetics, bioethanol and bioenergy. Seaweed used as food, medicine and cosmetics has been cultivated. The types of seaweed that have been cultivated are still limited to three types, namely Kappaphycus alvarezii, Eucheuma spinosum and Gracilaria sp. Other species that live wild in marine waters have the potential to be utilized and developed through cultivation activities. Ekas Bay is a water body that has seaweed potential and is a location for seaweed cultivation. The purpose of this study was to analyze the types of seaweed that live in Ekas Bay, its antioxidant and chlorophyl. The research method used was purposive sampling method and experiment in the laboratory. The results of this study are the types of seaweed in Ekas Bay found in this study are Boergesenia sp., Turbinaria sp., Glacilaria sp., Hypnea sp., and Halymenea sp. The content of antioxidant and chlorophyl Borgesenia are 5,10% & 5,28 mg/L, Turbinaria sp. 25,94% & 14,42 mg/L, Gracilaria 1,99% & 4,3 mg/L, Hypnea sp 11,24% & 0,44 mg/L. Halymenia 1,79% & 8,83 mg/L and Sargassum 29,61% & 8,10 mg/L.

Design, deployment, and operation of an experimental offshore seaweed cultivation structure

Seaweed cultivation systems suitable for offshore and exposed locations have the potential to enable expansion of global seaweed production to levels capable of substantially supplementing or offsetting terrestrial agriculture. A demonstration scale, experimental seaweed cultivation system (farm) intended to withstand exposed ocean environments was designed, deployed, planted with kelp (a type of seaweed), monitored and decommissioned. Objectives for the field program included: [1] observation of the farm’s behavior and survivability in exposed ocean conditions, [2] demonstration of novel farm system design features and component technologies, and [3] evaluation of farm operability. Novel design features included a lattice mooring system geometry, multi-shaft helical anchors, and the use of fiberglass rod as a replacement for rope anchor lines and kelp growth substrate in order to mitigate the risk of marine animal entanglement. New hardware was developed for transmitting tension loads to and from fiberglass rods, enabling their use in the farm. A numerical model was used in the design stage to simulate the farm in ocean conditions. Analysis results were used to specify farm components, evaluate sensitivities to installation precision, identify potential issues with component interaction, consider operational constraints and investigate the implications of single point failures. The farm was installed at a Gulf of Maine, USA site and planted with Saccharina latissima (sugar kelp) in November 2021 through January 2022 and monitored for one growth season. Kelp was sampled 3 times and met-ocean conditions were measured throughout the season. Kelp was harvested in May 2022 and the structure was removed June 2022. Recovered components were inspected for wear. The farm survived a series of storm events with significant wave heights greater than 2 m and at least one storm with a maximum wave height of 5.9 m. The farm system experienced only minor corrosion, wear and damage. Farm operations revealed the need for improved accessibility, tension control and anchor placement accuracy. Observations and tests revealed relatively poor kelp holdfast attachment to the fiberglass rope replacement. Nonetheless, demonstration results suggest that the experimental farming system design was suitable for use in exposed settings.

Variation in heavy metals concentrations among seaweed species from Mkwiro seaweed farm, Kwale County, Kenya

This study, conducted at the Mkwiro seaweed farm in Kwale County, Kenya, aimed to assess the concentrations of heavy metals (Cd and Pb) and essential elements (Na, Fe, Ca, and K) in selected edible seaweed species. The study used a cross-sectional, descriptive research design and probability sampling method to collect data. Seaweed samples of three selected species, Cottonii (Kappaphycus alvarezii), Sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca), and Bubble-green seaweed (Boergesenia forbesii) were collected in quadrants and subjected to chemical analysis. Statistical analyses were conducted using R Studio version 4.3.2, with a significance level set at α=0.05. The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant differences in lead concentrations among seaweed types (χ² (2) = 7.01, p = 0.03). Cadmium concentrations did not show significant differences (χ² (2) = 3.88, p = 0.14). For calcium concentrations, ANOVA indicated no significant effect of seaweed type (F (2,33) = 0.6381, p = 0.5347). Iron concentrations differed significantly among seaweed types (χ² (2) = 23.35, p = 0.00000849), with B. forbesii having the highest median concentration. Potassium and sodium concentrations did not significantly vary among seaweed types (p > 0.05). The study uncovers elevated cadmium levels in seaweed, indicating potential contamination risks. However, concentrations of essential elements were lower. To address these findings, it is recommended to initiate regular monitoring and pollution control measures in seaweed farms. Additionally, diversifying cultivation with low-metal species can enhance product safety and quality.

Income Analysis of Lawi-Lawi (Coulerpa sp) in Laikang Village,Mangarabombang Sub-District, Takalar District

Seaweed has become a prima donna commodity for coastal communities, considering its positive contribution to the workforce and increasing income. Types of seaweed that have potential but have not been widely cultivated are Caulerpa sp. with the local names 'lawi-lawi' (Sulawesi) and 'Latoh' (Java). Lawi-lawi is widely known by the coastal community because several types of seaweed are used as daily natural food ingredients in South Sulawesi and are used for medical purposes because they contain antioxidants. Takalar Regency is the center of Lawi-lawi seaweed incubator, where development clusters are spread throughout the sub-district. One of the sub-districts that is the center for the development of Lawi-lawi seaweed is Mangarabombang District. some people in Laikang Village make a living as cultivators of lawi-lawi. Lawi-lawi cultivation activities in this village have been going on since 2011 and continue to grow until now. The purpose of this study was to determine the investment and income of lawi-lawi cultivators. The results showed that the average cost of cultivation of lawi-lawi (Caulerpa Sp) in Laikang Village, Mangarabombang District, Takalar Regency was IDR 8.397.500, the total annual income was IDR 8 .397.500 IDR. 147.600.000, total monthly income of IDR. 16.132.427.

Insights into immunoregulatory effects of bioactive polysaccharides derived from seaweeds through gut microbiota

Seaweeds polysaccharides possess diverse structures and functions, extending beyond culinary uses to potentially offer health benefits. Notable among seaweed polysaccharides are fucoidans, carrageenans, galactans, agars, alginates, and laminarin etc. These bioactive compounds exhibit a range of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immunomodulatory effects. Seaweed polysaccharides, characterized by their unique structural complexity, present themselves as promising candidates for immunomodulation. This review provides an overview of the intricate connections between gut microbiota, immune system dynamics, and the prebiotic potential of seaweed polysaccharides. The review highlights the prebiotic effects of seaweed polysaccharides, examining their fermentation in the colon, promotion of beneficial bacteria, and inhibition of pathogens. This section presents the significant discoveries from the review, categorizing them based on the types of seaweeds studied which are brown, red, and green. It highlights the distinct prebiotic effects associated with the polysaccharide. The conclusion summarizes the key insights derived from the dynamic interplay of gut microbiota, seaweed polysaccharides, and their prebiotic effects.

Cost of Sales of Seaweed Cracker (Case Study in Benteng Village, Palopo City)

The development of the business world is growing and the type of business is growing because most individuals choose to open their own businesses, especially in the field of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) because they do not require large capital. Benteng Village is one of the areas where there are product processing business activities by utilizing seaweed fishery resources (E.Cattoni/K.Alvareii) as one of the raw materials. Seaweed E. Cattoni is one type of seaweed that can be used in various food and beverage products because it has properties that do not reduce the delicacy of food, in addition, E. cottoni seaweed is known as a source of fiber so that it can be used in making crackers. . Crackers are one of the snacks that are consumed as a snack or as a complementary food to regular meals. The purpose of this study is to determine the cost of goods sold in seaweed cracker business X. To achieve this goal, the survey method is used, where survey research is research that takes samples from a population in the field by conducting direct observations at the research site, through interviews and interviews. observation of respondents and using questionnaires as a data collection tool that had been prepared in advance by the researcher. The results of this study indicate that the calculation of the cost of goods sold in the seaweed cracker business X obtained results of Rp. 10,000/product and the cost of production of Rp. 4,171/product so that the profit per product is Rp. 5,829.