Seaweed Farming Activities Research Articles

PLANNING SEAWEED FARMING BASED ECOTOURISM: A TOURISM SPECTRUM APPROACH IN BANTAENG REGENCY, INDONESIA

Ecotourism allows tourism policymakers and the community to manage nature-based tourism. However, although ecotourism is a promising idea or concept, this opportunity is only partially a reality. It requires a particular study relative to the current conditions of the destination and other aspects that can support the implementation of ecotourism. The objectives of this study are to 1) examine the opportunities for implementing ecotourism in a coastal area, Bantaeng regency of Indonesia; 2) analyse the environmental impacts resulting from seaweed-farming activities and their relation to tourism. This research, conducted in June 2020, applies a qualitative method. Data-collection methods included interviews with seaweed farmers, field notes (observation) and a review of published information online. This study utilises the tourism opportunity spectrum (TOS) in analysing the current conditions in the research location. The results showed that floods caused crop failure, prompting the need for alternative income for the community to survive. Ecotourism can represent an opportunity for seaweed-farming communities if on-site management factors and goals are applied with the principle of sustainability. This study found that TOS helps understand the impact resulting from the activities of the seaweed-farming community in Bantaeng regency—the use of massive numbers of plastic bottles as floats conflicts with the principle of ecotourism. The TOS approach views ecotourism planners, including the government and the tourism industry, as being able to open educational opportunities for the community and visitors.

The impact of the covid-19 pandemic on seaweed farming (case study of seaweed farming in Bone district)

This study aims to examine the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on seaweed farming in Bone District. The source of data used in this study was primary data obtained from questionnaires given to farmers who were respondents as many as 45 people. Farmer analysis was used to see the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on seaweed farming and a comparative test (t-test) to see a comparison of seaweed farmers’ income before and after the covid-19 pandemic. Research shows that the covid-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on seaweed farming activities by decreasing the income obtained by farmers. The t-test results showed a difference in seaweed farming income before and after the covid-19 pandemic, which was IDR 22,186,309. Before the covid-19 pandemic, farmers were able to earn an income of IDR 92,217,465, but after the covid-19 pandemic farmers’ income decreased and they were only able to earn an income of IDR 70,031,156. One of the factors that caused this was the high price of inputs after the covid-19 pandemic.

Optimization of Seaweed Farming Areas in Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara Province

Seaweed is the main commodity of East Nusa Tenggara Province and is the belle of marine aquaculture in coastal communities. In the last decade, seaweed farming has been an economic activity that is of great interest to the people of the coast of Sumba Island. The dominant types of seaweed farming there are Kapppahycus alvarezii and Kappahycus striatum. Sumba Island has the potential for seaweed farming of 17,752 Ha and only 42.86% has been utilized, with a production of 5,433,440.90 wet tons. Seaweed farming activities were chosen because of their advantages: a relatively short harvest period of 45 days, easy access to farming equipment, easy farming at low cost, and the availability of a market. Besides being easy to farm, the selling price is very good. These conditions have resulted in a large number of farming activities and their spread is poorly controlled and has even penetrated into conservation areas. This study aimed to examine the suitability of areas and the carrying capacity of waters in efforts to manage sustainable seaweed farming on the island of Sumba. Data collection methods used in this research were surveys and observation methods. The results showed that the suitability of seaweed farming areas in Sumba Island was categorized as Suitable and Very Suitable with a value range of 205 – 295, except for Pero Konda Waters which was categorized as Not Suitable so that it was not recommended for seaweed farming. The development of seaweed farming areas is still possible by taking into account the carrying capacity, with a maximum tolerance limit of 75% of the total area of suitable waters.

OPTIMIZATION OF SEAWEED FARMING AREAS IN SUMBA ISLAND, EAST NUSA TENGGARA PROVINCE

Seaweed is the main commodity of East Nusa Tenggara Province and is the belle of marine aquaculture in coastal communities. In the last decade, seaweed farming has been an economic activity that is of great interest to the people of the coast of Sumba Island. The dominant types of seaweed farming there are Kapppahycus alvarezii and Kappahycus striatum. Sumba Island has the potential for seaweed farming of 17,752 ha and only 42.86% has been utilized, with a production of 5,433,440.90 wet tons. Seaweed farming activities were chosen because of their advantages: a relatively short harvest period of 45 days, easy access to farming equipment, easy farming at low cost, and the availability of a market. Besides being easy to farm, the selling price is very good. These conditions have resulted in a large number of farming activities and their spread is poorly controlled and has even penetrated into conservation areas. This study aimed to examine the suitability of areas and the carrying capacity of waters in efforts to manage sustainable seaweed farming on the island of Sumba. Data collection methods used in this research were surveys and observation methods. The results showed that the suitability of seaweed farming areas in Sumba Island was categorized as Suitable and Very Suitable with a value range of 205 – 295, except for Pero Konda Waters which was categorized as Not Suitable so that it was not recommended for seaweed farming. The development of seaweed farming areas is still possible by taking into account the carrying capacity, with a maximum tolerance limit of 75% of the total area of suitable waters.

Fisheries Extension Workers’ Competence, Challenges and Fisherfolk’s Farming Technology Practices in Zamboanga City: Basis for Intervention

The study is an investigation of the level of competence and challenges of Fisheries Extension Workers and its relationship to the fisherfolks?s farming technology practices in Zamboanga City. The study secured the responses of 12 Fisheries Extension Workers (FEWs) from the Office of the City Agriculturist and 145 fisherfolk from Tumaga, Ayala and Culianan Agricultural Districts. The study employed a descriptive-correlational-quantitative research design. The results of the study revealed that FEWs are highly competent in seaweed production and are challenged in the implementation of fisheries extension programs. Furthermore, the fisherfolk highly practiced the farming technologies imparted to them by the FEWs. However, the competence of FEWs has no significant relationship to the farming technology practices of fisherfolk. Likewise, there is no significant difference in the competence of FEWs when data are categorized to profile. The study recommends continuous trainings and retooling of FEWs to further improve the level of competency. It also encourages the validation of the challenges encountered to improve the fisheries extension programs in the ground. Finally, it calls for the conduct of Technology Demonstration Projects in major seaweed-producing barangays for the fisherfolk to develop and apply the right farming technologies wherein actual seaweed farming activities can be applied, tested, modified and improved.

Penerapan Empat Fungsi Manajemen Pada Pengelolaan Pariwisata Bahari Berkelanjutan di Desa Jungutbatu, Kecamatan Nusa Penida

Tourism activities in Nusa Penida have experienced a very rapid increase in recent years, mainly in Jungutbatu Village, which is the village where Nusa Penida tourism began around 1970. After the transition from the seaweed farming activities in recent years, now the community relies on the tourism sector. The rapid development of marine tourism and the importance of this to the economy of the community of Jungutbatu Village, requires its management be carried out properly and sustainably. The purposes of this study were to determine the management of marine tourism in Jungutbatu Village through the application of four management functions (Planning, Organizing, Actuating, and Controlling), and to analyze tourist perceptions on the application of sustainable tourism management in Jungutbatu Village. The research approach was descriptive qualitative and data collection methods were observation, interviews, questionnaires and literature study. The results of this study indicated that the management of marine tourism in the Jungutbatu Village was carried out by involving various parties such as the community, entrepreneurs, non-governmental organizations, and the government. The planning, organizing and actuating processes that involved and accommodated the interests of various parties built a sense of responsibility and awareness to participate in the controlling process. Good management led to a good perception of tourists who came to visit, which in turn affected satisfaction and then influenced loyalty to revisit or recommend the marine tourism area of Jungutbatu Village to others.
 Keywords: management, perception, sustainable tourism, marine protected areas

Penerapan Empat Fungsi Manajemen pada Pengelolaan Pariwisata Bahari Berkelanjutan di Desa Jungutbatu, Kecamatan Nusa Penida

Tourism activities in Nusa Penida have experienced a very rapid increase in recent years, mainly in Jungutbatu Village, which is the village where Nusa Penida tourism began around 1970. After the transition from the seaweed farming activities in recent years, now the community relies on the tourism sector. The rapid development of marine tourism and the importance of this to the economy of the community of Jungutbatu Village, requires its management be carried out properly and sustainably. The purposes of this study were to determine the management of marine tourism in Jungutbatu Village through the application of four management functions (Planning, Organizing, Actuating, and Controlling), and to analyze tourist perceptions on the application of sustainable tourism management in Jungutbatu Village. The research approach was descriptive qualitative and data collection methods were observation, interviews, questionnaires and literature study. The results of this study indicated that the management of marine tourism in the Jungutbatu Village was carried out by involving various parties such as the community, entrepreneurs, non-governmental organizations, and the government. The planning, organizing and actuating processes that involved and accommodated the interests of various parties built a sense of responsibility and awareness to participate in the controlling process. Good management led to a good perception of tourists who came to visit, which in turn affected satisfaction and then influenced loyalty to revisit or recommend the marine tourism area of Jungutbatu Village to others.
 Keywords: management, perception, sustainable tourism, marine protected areas

Seaweed farming pressure affects seagrass and benthic macroalgae dynamics in Chwaka Bay (Zanzibar, Tanzania)

Farming of Eucheuma denticulatum is a major activity in Zanzibar affecting seagrass ecosystems primarily through shading and trampling. The aim of this study was to test the impacts of shading and trampling during seaweed farming on seagrass meadows composed by Halophila stipulacea and Thalassia hemprichii and their associated benthic macroalgae. Areas covered by these species were selected for the building of seaweed farms in three treatments: seaweed farm plots (with shading and trampling effects), trampling plots (with trampling effects only), and control plots (with no shading or trampling effects). Reduction of light within the plots was recorded over 9 weeks. Percentage cover of seagrasses and macroalgae and shoot density of seagrasses were measured over 12 weeks to assess the impact of shading and trampling by seaweed farming activities. Light was significantly reduced in the seaweed farm plots by 75 to 90% by the end of a seaweed growth cycle. H. stipulacea, despite its capacity for rapid growth, was significantly affected by the combination of shading and trampling under the seaweed farm treatment, while the climax seagrass species T. hemprichii was unaffected. Due to the decline in H. stipulacea, benthic macroalgae cover increased in the seaweed farm treatment, suggesting a change in seagrass community dynamics. In contrast, trampling had a negative effect on the benthic macroalgae as an isolated disturbance, which suggests that seagrasses are more resistant to trampling than macroalgae and would likely dominate the benthic macrophyte community under these conditions.

Evaluation of land suitability of Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivation in the dry and rainy season

Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed is one of the important economically valuable commodities. Kappaphycus alvarezii is one of the macro algae species that has many benefits. Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed cultivation is the dominant mariculture activity on Panggang Island, DKI Jakarta. The condition of the quality of the aquatic environment greatly affects the production of Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed. This study aims to analyze the suitability level of Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed cultivation in the dry season and rainy season. This research was carried out in Panggang Island, DKI Jakarta during the dry and rainy seasons. The observed environmental quality parameters include the physical physics parameters, namely temperature, current speed, brightness, and depth observed in situ. Aquatic chemical parameters namely salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen observed in situ and nitrates and phosphate observed in ex-situ. In order to get a classification of the suitability level, the suitability of the marine matrix is made through scoring and weighting on the parameters limiting seaweed farming activities. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the suitability of the waters on Panggang Island, DKI Jakarta is very suitable (Sl) for Kappaphycus alvarezii cultivation both during the planting period in the dry season or the rainy season.

First record of Acanthosiphonia echinata (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) in the Mediterranean Sea, molecular and morphological characterization

AbstractIn this study we report the first finding of the red algaAcanthosiphonia echinatain the Mediterranean Sea. Specimens were identified using the DNA barcoding method and, in particular, the plastidialrbcL and the mitochondrial COI-5P markers. This species has been considered to be restricted to the western Atlantic and was reported in blooms from North Carolina to South Carolina. In 2015 the introduction of this species in Southeast Asia (Indonesia) was reported. Probably this taxon was introduced in the Mediterranean Sea from Indonesian populations associated with seaweed farming activities or hull fouling, via the western Atlantic-Mediterranean-Indonesia ship route.

Development of seaweed cultivation in Latin America: current trends and future prospects

ABSTRACTSeaweed farming has now expanded across several continents from South East Asia to South America, Northern Europe, Canada and East Africa, contributing to global food security, supporting rural livelihoods, alleviating poverty and improving the health of oceans. Latin America (LA) covers a vast geographical area, which includes four different oceanic domains (Temperate Northern Pacific, Tropical Eastern Pacific, Temperate South America and Tropical Atlantic) and encompasses many types of coastal ecosystems with a wide range of seaweed species. LA has major potential for the development of seaweed farming activities; however, almost all the production is based on the harvesting of natural beds. This review describes the development of and prospects for the aquaculture seaweed industry in LA. The status of the seaweed aquaculture sector for green, brown and red seaweed and the main industry challenges are addressed. Regulation in the primary countries is also discussed. The expansion of the aquaculture industry in this region can be improved with new strains and farming methodologies, diversification of species, market expansion and an increase in domestic demand.

Perception of Farmers in Seaweed Farming Business in Seriwe Village, East Lombok Regency

Most of the coastal communities at Seriwe Village, East Lombok Regency have livelihoods as seaweed cultivators. The government has launched various programs to improve the productivity and economy of the community through seaweed farming. The objectives of the study are: 1) to know the characteristics of seaweed farming in East Lombok, 2) to analyze the perception of cultivators on the development of seaweed cultivation, and 3) to analyze the perception of farmers on stakeholder participation in the development of seaweed cultivation. This research was conducted in Seriwe Village, Jero Waru District in 2018 using survey methods. The type of data collected is primary data and secondary data. Data analysis uses descriptive methods and simple statistical analysis. In general, seaweed cultivation by farmers is good. The results showed that people's perceptions of all seaweed farming activities were in a good category.

Livelihood aspects of seaweed farming in Rote Island, Indonesia

Indonesia is the main tropical seaweed producer in the world with approximately 70,000 families depending on this activity. The red macroalgae Kappaphycus spp. and Eucheuma denticulatum are the most common species cultivated and used for carrageenan in the processed foods industry. Seaweed farming is an accessible form of mariculture requiring low capital investment and enabling improved living standards in different regions. Nevertheless, farmers suffer from boom and bust cycles due to seaweed price volatility and algal diseases. Limited research has been done on Rote Island, East Nusa Tenggara province, which is among one of the poorest regions in Indonesia where culturing seaweed has become popular. This study assesses seaweed farming practices and their impact on household economy by looking at the overall income generating activities of households involved in seaweed farming. The information was collected using structured interviews with questions related to socio-demographic characteristics, household income, farming practices and challenges. Findings of this study highlight farmers' dependence on seaweed farming activities in southwest Rote, where 50% of the households rely on the income through this activity as their only cash source. During the time of the study, two-thirds of the families were living under the poverty line. Seasonality played a crucial role in seaweed production with negative impacts during the dry season. Thus, families with additional livelihoods seemed to cope better during low production seasons. Seaweed farming practices show room for improvement, and farmers could benefit from activities targeting enhanced productivity of their farms.

The seaweed resources of Chile over the period 2006–2016: moving from gatherers to cultivators

AbstractChile, located in the southeastern Pacific, possess a high richness of seaweed species, some of which have been traditionally extracted from natural beds for the production of hydrocolloids (e.g. agar, carrageenan and alginates), but still a high proportion of the biomass is being exported as dried material to processors in Asia and Europe. During the period 2006–2016, this tendency has been maintained, but has also started to show signs of changing towards a more sustainable, localized seaweed industry as new actions by the Chilean government provided subsidies to seaweed farming activities and also to investments in local valorization of the resources. This “sea change” has been further supported by an increase in the number of localized scientific and technical studies related to Chilean seaweed resources which has prepared the foundation required in order to move to more advanced stages of local seaweed farming and development of local processing.

Feasibility Analysis Seaweed (Eucheuma Cottonii) Long Line System in the Village District of Pa’jukukang Rappoa Bantaeng

This study aims to calculate and analyze the feasibility of seaweed farming (Eucheuma cottonii) long line system in the village of the District Rappoa Pa'jukukang Bantaeng. Subjects were farmer’s seaweed farming in the village Rappoa. With the number of respondents as many as 30 people. Data were collected by using observation, interview and questionnaire administration. The data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using criteria analysis: analysis of the feasibility of operating revenue, revenue analysis cost ratio (R / C), analysis and Breakeven point (BEP). This research was conducted in the village of the District Rappoa Pa'jukukang Bantaeng selected intentionally (purposive) based on the consideration that the village Rappoa Bantaeng located in the coastal city where people do a lot of seaweed farming activities, to meet their needs. The results showed that the analysis of revenues and revenue cost ratio (R / C) can be interpreted that the cultivation of seaweed at the water village of the District Rappoa Pa'jukukang Bantaeng experiencing gains, based on the criteria of the R / C is more than 1. While based Break Event point (BEP) break-even point will be reached when the cultivation of seaweed dried seaweed produce as much as 264 kg or breakeven will be achieved at the price of selling seaweed for Rp.5.461 / kg. So that it can be interpreted that the cultivation of seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) long line system in the village Rappoa feasible, or can be explained that the capital Rp.3.429.482 we can get the seller by 1.46 times the amount of capital. So from the results of this study can be generalized that seaweed farming (Eucheuma cottonii) with Long line system in the village of the District Rappoa Pa'jukukang Bantaeng feasible.

Halocarbon emissions by selected tropical seaweeds: species-specific and compound-specific responses under changing pH.

Five tropical seaweeds, Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P.C. Silva, Padina australis Hauck, Sargassum binderi Sonder ex J. Agardh (syn. S. aquifolium (Turner) C. Agardh), Sargassum siliquosum J. Agardh and Turbinaria conoides (J. Agardh) Kützing, were incubated in seawater of pH 8.0, 7.8 (ambient), 7.6, 7.4 and 7.2, to study the effects of changing seawater pH on halocarbon emissions. Eight halocarbon species known to be emitted by seaweeds were investigated: bromoform (CHBr3), dibro­momethane (CH2Br2), iodomethane (CH3I), diiodomethane (CH2I2), bromoiodomethane (CH2BrI), bromochlorometh­ane (CH2BrCl), bromodichloromethane (CHBrCl2), and dibro­mochloromethane (CHBr2Cl). These very short-lived halocarbon gases are believed to contribute to stratospheric halogen concentrations if released in the tropics. It was observed that the seaweeds emit all eight halocarbons assayed, with the exception of K. alvarezii and S. binderi for CH2I2 and CH3I respectively, which were not measurable at the achievable limit of detection. The effect of pH on halocarbon emission by the seaweeds was shown to be species-specific and compound specific. The highest percentage changes in emissions for the halocarbons of interest were observed at the lower pH levels of 7.2 and 7.4 especially in Padina australis and Sargassum spp., showing that lower seawater pH causes elevated emissions of some halocarbon compounds. In general the seaweed least affected by pH change in terms of types of halocarbon emission, was P. australis. The commercially farmed seaweed K. alvarezii was very sensitive to pH change as shown by the high increases in most of the compounds in all pH levels relative to ambient. In terms of percentage decrease in maximum quantum yield of photosynthesis (Fv∕Fm) prior to and after incubation, there were no significant correlations with the various pH levels tested for all seaweeds. The correlation between percentage decrease in the maximum quantum yield of photosynthesis (Fv∕Fm) and halocarbon emission rates, was significant only for CH2BrCl emission by P. australis (r = 0.47; p ≤ 0.04), implying that photosynthesis may not be closely linked to halocarbon emissions by the seaweeds studied. Bromine was the largest contributor to the total mass of halogen emitted for all the seaweeds at all pH. The highest total amount of bromine emitted by K. alvarezii (an average of 98% of total mass of halogens) and the increase in the total amount of chlorine with decreasing seawater pH fuels concern for the expanding seaweed farming activities in the ASEAN region.

Kontribusi Pekerja Perempuan Sektor Rumput Laut di Kecamatan Bluto Kabupaten Sumenep

Seaweed is one of the marine resources as capital for livelihood development in addition to the fishermen catch fish. Seaweed cultivation can support the survival of fishermen especially in Bluto Sumenep. Seaweed also can produce a wide variety of products that can provide benefits to the villagers. Seaweed farming activities is not only performed only by men, but women (or wives) can do as well. The purpose of this study is try to describe the characteristics of fishing seaweed; describe the division of labor between husband and wife fishing seaweed; analyze differences in access to and control over production resources between husband and wife; and the contribution of women to the household incomes of seaweed fishermen. The methods used quantitative method that is supported by qualitative method. The role and contribution of the wife can be seen from the amount of time devoted to each activity carried out both on productive activity, reproductive, and social activities. Wifes involvement in productive activities also contribute income to their household income. Wife revenues can contribute the household expenses when their husbands are still missing. Husband tends to play a role in productive activity, whereas the wife role in reproductive and social activities.

Phenology of farmed seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii infestation by the parasitic epiphyte Polysiphonia sp. in Madagascar

With the increase of seaweed farming activities, epiphytic filamentous algae (EFA) disease has appeared in many regions of Madagascar. This infestation has dramatic consequences for local farmers as it alters drastically farmed algal growth and has caused farming activity to collapse in many places. The present study characterizes the structure and ultrastructure of the stages observed in the life cycle of Polysiphonia sp. and gives the results of a monitoring of 18 months made in three Kappaphycus alvarezii farming sites in the southwest of Madagascar. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to analyze the ultrastructure of the cortex in infested K. alvarezii. Five stages have been observed in the life cycle of Polysiphonia sp.: the infesting stage that is a small dark spot observed at the surface of K. alvarezii, the male gametophyte, the female gametophyte, the tetrasporocysts, and the undifferentiated stage where individuals show normal thalli without sexual differentiation. EFA infestation was never recorded in Sarodrano, but often in the two other monitored villages (Lambohara, Tampolove). Prevalence of infestation varied from 40 to 100 % and the rates of infestation from 42 to 78 epiphytes cm−2. Prevalence of infestation showed significant seasonal variation and a between-sites variation; the rates of infestation were not significantly different between sites and did not vary with the period. The ways of infestation between K. alvarezii individuals in an infested field and from infested to healthy fields are discussed at the light of the present results.

ANALISIS KRITERIA EKOLOGI BUDIDAYA RUMPUT LAUT DI KABUPATEN SUMBAWA BARAT

West Sumbawa regency located in West Nusa Tenggara Province is potential areas for seaweed cultivation like Euchema cottonii. Currently, the center of seaweed farming activities located in the Gulf of Kertasari and Poto Tano. Market demand for commodities of E. cottonii tends to be increase, and therefore new areas of cultivation are required to be developed, through a study of physics, chemistry and biology of marine aspect is needed to assess the farming area suitability.The methodto determine the suitabilityarea is using GIS (Geographical Information System) analysis. The resultshowed thatPoto Tano District has 805 ha of suitable area for cultivation. While, Taliwang and Jereweh District consist of the area about 70 ha and 86 ha. Total land suitable for the cultivation of seaweed approximately 961 ha.

ON SEAWEED CULTURE BASED COASTAL AREA DEVELOPMENT IN WEST SUMBAWA REGENCY

Seaweed cultivation is one of current coastal development activities in the west Sumbawa regency. Coastal region in the west Sumbawa regency that be used for seaweed cultivation was about 1,550 ha, however, its utilization was still limited of about 536 ha (34.58%). Seaweed farming activities were only carried out in some locations of the subdistrict of Taliwang and Pototano, west Sumbawa. Sustainability analysis of seaweed cultivation was done by Multidimensional scaling method using Rapid Appraisal Seaweed (Rapseaweed). Based on sustainability status of seaweed cultivation, the long line methods was less sustainable with sustanability index of 49.28 and the ‘anchored’ method produced better sustainability of 61.02 index value. A technological dimension is needed for seaweed farming development in order to produce better sustainability. Other dimensions for seaweed farming improvement are ecological, economic, social, and institutional. To reach a sustainable seaweed cultivation in the west Sumbawa regency, farmers and other stake holders should increase the utilization of available coastal region for seaweed farming activities by having the availability of the market and seeds, guarantees access to capital, increasing skills and knowledge of farmers, provide the drying and storage facilities, and develop the seaweed processing industry. Keywords: seaweed, value index, sustainability status, Rapseaweed