Seaweed Extracts Research Articles

The Effect of seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) extract and duration of soaking on reduction of Copper (Cu) level in Freshwater Mussel (Pilsbryoconcha exilis)

Freshwater Mussels (Pilsbryoconcha exilis) are filter-feeder animals that have eating habits by filtering food in the water, making it possible that heavy metal copper (Cu) will accumulate in the body of the mussel. One type of seaweed that can absorb heavy metals is Eucheuma cottonii because it contains iota carrageenan (65%) which is a sulfated polysaccharide containing hydroxyl groups and carboxyl groups capable of retaining and accumulating heavy metals. In addition E. cottoni as a biosorbent in the aquatic environment. This research aims to determine the effect of extract concentration and the best soaking time in reducing copper (Cu) levels. This research was conducted from April to May 2023. In this study, the concentrations used were 6%, 10%, and 14% with a period of 45 minutes, 90 minutes, and 135 minutes. The results showed that the concentration of 14% extract with a soaking time of 135 minutes showed the highest decrease in copper (Cu) levels of 1.298 mg/kg or 87.10% and the lowest decrease in copper (Cu) metal levels at a concentration of 6% with a soaking time of 45 minutes of 0.442 mg/kg or 29.68%.

Various extracts of the brown seaweed Cystoseira barbata with different compositions exert biostimulant effects on seedling growth of wheat.

Worldwide, where the demand for novel and greener solutions for sustainable agricultural production is increasing, the use of eco-friendly products such as seaweed-derived biostimulants as pre-sowing treatment represent a promising and important approach for the future. Cystoseira barbata, a brown seaweed species abundant in the Mediterranean Region, was collected from the Marmara Sea and subjected to water, alkali, and acidic extractions, and the biostimulant activity of these extracts was tested on wheat (Triticum durum cv. Saricanak-98) using different rates through application to the seeds or germination medium (substrate) applications. The different extracts were characterized by mineral, total phenolic, free amino acid, mannitol, polysaccharide, antioxidant concentrations and hormone-like activity. The effects of the extracts on growth parameters, root morphology, esterase activity, and mineral nutrient concentrations of wheat seedlings were investigated. Our results suggest that the substrate application was more effective in enhancing the seedling performance compared to the seed treatment. High rates of seaweed extracts applied to substrates increased the shoot length and fresh weight of wheat seedlings by up to 20 and 25%, respectively. The substrate applications enhanced the root fresh weights of wheat seedlings by up to 25% when compared to control plants. Among the biostimulant extract applications, the water extract at the highest rate yielded the most promising results in terms of the measured parameters. Cystoseira barbata extracts with different compositions can be used as effective biostimulants to boost seedling growth. The local seaweed biomass affected by mucilage problems, has great potential as a bioeconomy resource and can contribute to sustainable practices for agriculture.

Biodegradable Mulch Films and Bioformulations Based on Trichoderma sp. and Seaweed Extract Differentially Affect the Metabolome of Industrial Tomato Plants.

The use of biostimulants and biofilms in agriculture is constantly increasing, as they may support plant growth and productivity by improving nutrient absorption, increasing stress resilience and providing sustainable alternatives to chemical management practices. In this work, two commercial products based on Trichoderma afroharzianum strain T22 (Trianum P®) and a seaweed extract from Ascophyllum nodosum (Phylgreen®) were tested on industrial tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum var. Heinz 5108F1) in a field experiment. The effects of single and combined applications of microbial and plant biostimulants on plants grown on two different biodegradable mulch films were evaluated in terms of changes in the metabolic profiles of leaves and berries. Untargeted metabolomics analysis by LC-MS Q-TOF revealed the presence of several significantly accumulated compounds, depending on the biostimulant treatment, the mulch biofilm and the tissue examined. Among the differential compounds identified, some metabolites, belonging to alkaloids, flavonoids and their derivatives, were more abundant in tomato berries and leaves upon application of Trichoderma-based product. Interestingly, the biostimulants, when applied alone, similarly affected the plant metabolome compared to control or combined treatments, while significant differences were observed according to the mulch biofilm applied.

Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and antivirulence properties of Eisenia bicyclis-extracts and Eisenia bicyclis-gold nanoparticles towards microbial pathogens

Nanomaterials derived from seaweed have developed as an alternative option for fighting infections caused by biofilm-forming microbial pathogens. This research aimed to discover potential seaweed-derived nanomaterials with antimicrobial and antibiofilm action against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Among seven algal species, the extract from Eisenia bicyclis inhibited biofilms of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes most effectively at sub-MIC levels. As a result, in the present study, E. bicyclis was chosen as a prospective seaweed for producing E. bicyclis-gold nanoparticles (EB-AuNPs). Furthermore, the mass spectra of E. bicyclis reveal the presence of a number of potentially beneficial chemicals. The polyhedral shape of the synthesized EB-AuNP with a size value of 154.74 ± 33.46 nm was extensively described. The lowest inhibitory concentration of EB-AuNPs against bacterial pathogens (e.g., L.monocytogenes, S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and K. pneumoniae) and fungal pathogens (Candida albicans) ranges from 512 to >2048 μg/mL. Sub-MIC of EB-AuNPs reduces biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus by 57.22 %, 58.60 %, 33.80 %, and 91.13 %, respectively. EB-AuNPs eliminate the mature biofilm of K. pneumoniae at > MIC, MIC, and sub-MIC concentrations. Furthermore, EB-AuNPs at the sub-MIC level suppress key virulence factors generated by P. aeruginosa, including motility, protease activity, pyoverdine, and pyocyanin, whereas it also suppresses the production of staphyloxanthin virulence factor from S. aureus. The current research reveals that seaweed extracts and a biocompatible seaweed-AuNP have substantial antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antivirulence actions against bacterial and fungal pathogens.

Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis from Arctic: Its Biochemical Composition, Antiradical Potential, and Human Health Risk.

Ascophyllum nodosum is a brown seaweed common in Arctic tidal waters. We have collected A. nodosum samples from the Barents Sea (BS), Irminger Sea (IS), and Norwegian Sea (NS) in different reproductive stages and have evaluated their biochemical composition, radical scavenging potential, and health risks. The total content of dominating carbohydrates (fucoidan, mannitol, alginate, and laminaran) ranged from 347 mg/g DW in NS to 528 mg/g DW in BS. The proportion of two main structural monosaccharides of fucoidan (fucose and xylose) differed significantly between the seas and reproductive phase, reaching a maximum at the fertile phase in the BS sample. Polyphenols and flavonoids totals were highest in NS A. nodosum samples and increased on average in the following order: BS < IS < NS. A positive correlation of free radical scavenging activity for seaweed extracts with polyphenols content was observed. The concentration of elements in A. nodosum from the Arctic seas region was in the following order: Ca > Mg > Sr > Fe > Al > Zn > As total > Rb > Mn > Ba > Cu > Co. Seaweeds from BS had the lowest metal pollution index (MPI) of 38.4. A. nodosum from IS had the highest MPI of 83. According to the calculated target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) values, Arctic A. nodosum samples pose no carcinogenic risk to adult and child health and are safe for regular consumption. Our results suggest that the Arctic A. nodosum has a remarkable potential for food and pharmaceutical industries as an underestimated source of polysaccharides, polyphenols, and flavonoids.

Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot as Biostimulant Agent to Alleviate Salt Stress in Durum Wheat: Preliminary Results from Germination Trials.

Soil salinization is a critical environmental problem in arid and semiarid regions of the world. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of an algae-based biostimulant on germination and seedling vigour of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.), under different saline conditions (0, 100, and 200 mM NaCl). The experiment was carried out under controlled-environment conditions. Seeds were sprayed with a solution containing a combination of fungicide and different concentrations of Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot algae (0%w/v, 10%w/v, 20%w/v, and 30%w/v). All experimental units were placed in a germination cabinet. The effect of the seaweed extract (SWE) on seed germination and seedling performance under salinity stress was evaluated over a period of 8 days. Coleoptile length and biomass were found to be significantly and positively affected by the application of different SWE doses as compared to the control treatment (0% algae). As for germination traits, seeds treated with SWE showed a final germination (from 82% to 88%), under severe saline conditions, significantly higher than that observed in the control treatment (61%). Our findings indicate that the appropriate dose of biostimulant can markedly improve the germination and the seedlings vigour of durum wheat seeds under saline conditions. Additional studies will be needed to understand the mechanism of action of this biostimulant and its effectiveness in longer studies under field conditions.

Influence of Seaweed Extracts on The Antioxidant System and Activity in Spinacia oleracea as Edible leafy Vegetable Plant

Influence of Seaweed Extracts on The Antioxidant System and Activity in Spinacia oleracea as Edible leafy Vegetable Plant

Effect of Organic Sources of Nutrients on Growth and Flowering of Spray Chrysanthemum

Aims: Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) also known as “Queen of the East” is one of the most imperative and the oldest flowering plant which is grown all over the world. Organic manures and bio-fertilizers improve soil health by increasing soil microorganisms and it helps the easy uptake of nutrients when crop is required to make it from unavailable form to available form. The present study was conducted to identify the best organic sources of nutrients for quality flower production of Chrysanthemum var. Aparajita.&#x0D; Experimental Design: The experiment was laid out in RCBD (Randomized Completely Block Design) where treatments comprised with control and application of enriched FYM, enriched Vermicompost, enriched poultry manures as well as spraying with seaweeds extract singly and/or in combination as per the treatment.&#x0D; Place and Duration of the Experiment: The present investigation was carried out at Instructional Farm, Department of Floriculture, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya in the year of 2018-2020. The place is situated in Terai Region of West Bengal at 260 19 N latitude and 890 23 E longitude.&#x0D; Results: The results revealed that application of enriched FYM @ 12.5t/ha+ enriched vermicompost @ 2.5t/ha + Seaweeds extract spraying @ 3 ml/l (T11) recorded maximum plant height (46.19 cm), plant spread (E-W: 26.54 cm and N-S: 26.72 cm), production of more number of primary branches (7.25) and leaves per plant (105.33), minimum days taken to first flower bud initiation (68.13 days) and first flower full blooming (10.11 days), more number of flowers per plant (35.16), vase life (14.55 days) in tap water, maximum Gross return (Rs. 517957.00 per ha) and B:C ratio (1:2.53) while minimum was recorded in control (T1) as compare to other treatments.&#x0D; Conclusion: Based on the experiment, it had been concluded that application of enriched FYM @ 12.5t/ha+ enriched vermicompost @ 2.5t/ha + Seaweeds extract spraying @ 3 ml/l in combination was the best for organic cultivation of spray Chrysanthemum in the Terai region of West Bengal which was also economically viable for poor and marginal farmers of West Bengal.

Effect of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer on Sorghum bicolor and Pennisetum glaucum

Millets are small-seeded grasses belonging to the family Poaceae that help in human and animal nourishment. They are mostly grown by using chemical fertilizers which are depleting soil fertility. Organic fertilizers are eco-friendly and help to enhance the growth and development of plants thereby maintaining soil health. Seaweed liquid fertilizer (SLF) are organic fertilizers that can be used to control the side effects caused by harmful chemical fertilizers. The present study was carried out to check the effects of seaweed liquid fertilizer on the growth and development of millets. Different concentrations of seaweed liquid fertilizer (0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75%) were prepared from Sargassum cinerum, Ulva intestinalis, and Padina tetrastromatica, which were tested on Sorghum bicolor and Pennisetum glaucum. Growth parameters like root length, shoot height, flowering-fruiting, and biochemical analysis like proteins were analyzed by using seaweed liquid fertilizer and chemical fertilizer. Plants treated with 0.50% concentration of seaweed liquid fertilizer showed higher protein content. Total chlorophyll was found to be higher in treated plants than in control plants. Flowering and fruiting were observed earlier in seaweed liquid fertilizer treated plants. This concludes that seaweed extracts can be used as a promising alternative to chemical fertilizers, which plays a significant role in the holistic growth enhancement of plants.

Biodiversity and suppression of wood-decaying fungi in marine environment, Alexandria, Egypt by selected natural products: Control the fungal growth/contamination

The current study investigated the biodiversity and control of wood-decaying fungi isolated from marine environment, at Alexandria, Egypt. The fungal growth was in vitro control via selected plant natural products (seaweeds and aromatic herbs). Among 45 marine fungal isolates from decaying-wood samples were detected. At 85% similarity level, 5 clusters (A, B, C, D, and E) were obtained. According to numerical classification, one strain from each cluster was identified based on the sequences of ITS-PCR. The species level because their best matched references from BLAST search were higher than 96% of similarities with ITS sequences obtained from GenBank (four Aspergillus and one Penicillium species as the most abundant isolates). Additionally, the enzymatic action of cellulase, amylase, protease, and lipase was detected by fungal isolates. The highest enzymatic degradation coefficient (EDC) was of 1.38 for lipase secreted by P. chrysogenum strain HGM3. Only three strains (A. sydowi strain HGM1, P. chrysogenum strain HGM3 and A. amstelodami strain HGM5) produced cellulase enzyme with EDC value (1.075, 1.27 and 1.08), respectively. Moreover, the methanolic extracts of Ulva lactuca and Corallina officinalis collected from the Egyptian coasts besides aromatic plant; Salvia. officinalis purchased from herbal market were qualitatively analyzed using Gas chromatographic mass spectra. Various organic crude extracts exhibited that there were different types of high and low molecular weight bioactive compounds. Most of them are basically biologically important. Thus the identification of a good number of compounds in various crude extracts of seaweeds and herbal plants might have potent ecological role.

Uso de bioestimulantes no crescimento inicial da grama DiscoveryTM

Abstract The use of bacteria and seaweed extracts as biostimulants to enhance plant growth holds promise for sustainable turfgrass management. This study aimed to investigate the effects of soil application of Azospirillum brasilense (bacterium) and Ascophyllum nodosum (seaweed) extract on the initial growth of DiscoveryTM bermudagrass. The study was conducted using a completely randomized design with plots measuring 0.25 m², each with a 0.5 m border. Two separate experiments were conducted, each involving four doses of biostimulants and five repetitions. The biostimulant treatments consisted of 0, 2, 4, and 6 mL L¹ A. brasilense inoculant and 0, 5, 10, and 15 mL L¹ A. nodosum seaweed extract. These treatments were uniformly applied to the soil at a rate of 100 mL m², with applications at 0, 30, and 60 days after the start of the experiment. After 90 days, the parameters green color index, green cover rate, turfgrass height, and vegetation index (normalized difference), were evaluated. The results indicated that both biostimulants significantly promoted the initial growth of DiscoveryTM bermudagrass. As the doses of the biostimulants increased, there was a corresponding increase in biomass and improved development of the turfgrass. The most pronounced responses were observed with a dose of 6 mL L¹ of the bacteria inoculant and 15 mL L¹ of the seaweed extract. These biostimulants fostered better turf coverage, making it challenging for weeds to establish, and potentially accelerating the production of sod grass.

Can arctic seaweed extracts be used as biological nematicides against potato cyst-forming nematode?

The study was aimed on the assessment of extracts from two arctic brown seaweeds Ascophyllum nodosum and Laminaria digitata as biological nematicides against phytoparasitic nematodes. Potato cyst-forming nematode Globodera rostochiensis Woll. was used as test organism. Seaweed extracts were got from Arkhangelsk Seaweed Factory LLC. Extracts of A. nodosum and L. digitata have been experimentally shown to have nematicidal properties against the dangerous potato pest G. rostochiensis. The addition of seaweed extracts to potato root diffusates slowed down nematode juvenile hatching process, affected the contents of cysts, reducing the reproductive potential of the plant-parasitic nematode. Research highlights the perspectives of using seaweed extracts in nematode-infested fields for control crop pests.

Ascophyllum nodosum SWE enhances root anatomy, but not POD activity in both a salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive soybean ( Glycine max) variety exposed to salt stress.

There is growing evidence that seaweed extracts (SWE) may be a solution for mitigating the negative effects of salt stress on crop yield and quality, as they introduce bioactive ingredients able to regulate the expression of growth-inducing and stress-responsive genes. We demonstrate that SWE slightly ameliorated the negative physical growth effects of salt stress, especially in the root anatomy of the salt-sensitive (Clark) variety. The SWE did not stimulate or enhance peroxidase (POD) activity in either the salt-sensitive (Clark) or salt-tolerant variety (Manokin). However, a complete assessment of other antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, APX) involved in the ROS detoxification process is further required.

Propriedades biomédicas, caracterização de espécies de algas marinhas e atividade antimicrobiana

Abstract Marine organisms produce a variety of compounds with pharmacological activities. In order to better comprehend the medicinal value of five particular seaweed orders Ulvales (Ulva intestinalis), Bryopsidales (Codium decorticatum), Ectocarpales (Iyengaria stellata), Dictyotales (Spatoglossum aspermum) and Gigartinales (Hypnea musciformis), a bioactive analysis including the screening of phytochemical components, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities was the aim of the investigation. The species include U. intestinalis was collected from Sandspit, while C. decorticatum, I. stellata, S. aspermum, and H. musciformis were gathered from Buleji. These species evaluated for their ability to inhibit human infectious gram positive pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis as well as gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli. Additionally vegetable pathogen Fusarium oxysporum, and fruit pathogens (Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus) were evaluated to determine the zone of inhibition. Two organic solvents, ethanol and methanol, were used to prepare seaweed extract. The disc diffusion method was utilized to quantify the zone of inhibition and the DPPH method was employed to measure the antioxidant activity. The study unveiled various phyto-constituents in the tested seaweeds, with flavonoids, tannins, and proteins found in all selected species, while saponins, terpenoids, and carbohydrates were absent in I. stellata and S. aspermum. Notably, ethanolic extracts of I. stellata and S. aspermum demonstrated superior higher antioxidant activity, with increasing percentages of inhibition from 1 to 6 mg/ml. Furthermore, the findings indicated that the ethanolic extract of U. intestinalis displayed the highest resistance against F. oxysporum and A. flavous among other seaweeds. Meanwhile, the ethanolic extract of C. decorticatum exhibited the highest resistance against A. Niger. Additionally, the ethanolic extract of I. stellata and H. musciformis displayed the highest resistance against the gram-negative bacteria E. coli and the gram-positive bacteria S. epidermidis, whereas the methanolic extract of U. intestinalis demonstrated the highest resistance against the gram-positive bacteria S. aureus. The findings of this investigation show that a range of bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties are involved in the antimicrobial activities of disease-causing pathogens.

Biostimulants in agriculture: innovations in seed treatment and coating technologies

Biostimulants have emerged as a promising tool in modern agriculture to enhance crop productivity and resilience. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on the use of biostimulants in seed treatment and coating technologies. The physiological and biochemical mechanisms of action of various biostimulants, including seaweed extracts, humic substances, protein hydrolysates and microbial inoculants, on seed germination and early plant growth are discussed. Different methods of applying biostimulants to seeds, including priming and soaking, are examined, highlighting their advantages and limitations. The review also explores the effects of biostimulant seed treatments on plant growth, development under optimal conditions and stress tolerance under suboptimal conditions. Future perspectives and recommendations for the development and use of biostimulant seed treatments in agriculture are provided, emphasising the need for standardised testing protocols, context-specific approaches, and integration with other sustainable practices.

Influence of substrate and plant growth regulators on the rooting of Chrysanthemum

The purpose of the research is to study the influence of the substrate and plant growth stimulants on the rooting of cuttings of some varieties of Chrysanthemum coreanum (H. Lev. &amp; Vaniot) Nakai garden group ‘Multiflora’. Four varieties of Chrysanthemum introduced into the South-Ural Botanical Garden-Institute of Ufa Federal Research Center of Russian Academy of Sciences (‘Sunbeam Bronze Bicolor’, ‘Meridian Red’, ‘Ditto Dark Pink’ and ‘Daybreak Apple Blossom’) were used as research objects. We examined the influence of two types of substrates (sand and vermiculite) and four growth stimulants on the rooting of chrysanthemums (Zircon, Lignohumate brand AM potassium, Beres Super seaweed extract, Beres AminoComplex). It was revealed that the treatment of chrysanthemum cuttings with plant growth regulators contributed to an increase in the number (by 7−117%) and length of roots (by 3−118%) in the majority of the studied objects. It was noted that positive results from the use of preparations were obtained when chrysanthemum cuttings were placed in vermiculite, in contrast to options with sand as a substrate. It has been shown that the greatest effect is noticeable when cuttings are soaked in Beres AminoComplex and Beres Super solutions compared to the control option. Varietal differences in chrysanthemums to the effects of root formation stimulants during vegetative propagation have been revealed. Thus, in the varieties ‘Ditto Dark Pink’ and ‘Daybreak Apple Blossom’, an improvement in the biometric parameters of cuttings was observed when rooted in vermiculite after exposure to plant growth regulators. It was noted that when chrysanthemum cuttings are soaked for three hours, in contrast to their wetting, the number of roots increases by 38−88% in all variants of the experiment.

Characteristics of bioactive components in fermented Sargassum and Ulva Seaweed using SCOBY as potential anti-diabetic candidates

Sargassum and Ulva are abundant seaweeds in Indonesia, renowned for their bioactive compounds with diverse biological activities, including anti-diabetic properties. However, the full utilization of these seaweeds, particularly in the form of functional beverages, has not been achieved. Fermentation using Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast (SCOBY) presents a promising method for producing functional seaweed beverages. This study aimed to analyze the chemical composition of Sargassum sp. and Ulva sp., assess their anti-diabetic properties, and investigate the effects of fermentation with SCOBY on their bioactive profile. Hot water extracts of Sargassum sp., Ulva sp., and a combination of both were fermented with SCOBY for 8 days at room temperature. The results revealed that Sargassum sp. contains hydroquinone phenols, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins, and saponins, whereas Ulva sp. contains hydroquinone phenols, steroids, and saponins. The combined seaweed extracts exhibited a higher total phenolic content (69.63 ppm) and demonstrated stronger anti-diabetic activity, with a low IC50 value for alpha-amylase inhibition (4.04±0.09 ppm). LC/MS profiling of extracts and fermented combinations highlighted differences attributed to SCOBY fermentation, suggesting the potential for enhanced anti-diabetic activity.

Potential of Foliar Application of Seaweed Extracts as a Biostimulant for Abiotic Stress Alleviation on Crop Production

Potential of Foliar Application of Seaweed Extracts as a Biostimulant for Abiotic Stress Alleviation on Crop Production

Screening antioxidant activity of seaweed extracts collected in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta for dietary supplementation of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

This study assessed the yield and antioxidant ability of seaweed extracts harvested from the Vietnamese Mekong Delta for the dietary supplementation of whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. In the first experiment, a two-factor test was randomly designed, including three seaweed types (Chaetomorpha linum, Enteromorpha intestinalis, and Gracilaria tenuistipitata) combined with three solvent types (100°C hot water, 90% methanol, and 90% ethanol). The results indicate that C. linum extracted in hot water had a relatively high yield, total phenolic content, and the best antioxidant capacity, as illustrated by DPPH free radical scavenging, ferric chelating, and ferrous reducing power assays. In the second experiment, a feeding trial used the crude hot water extract of C. linum for juvenile L. vannamei. This experiment consisted of five treatments in which commercial feed was supplemented with crude extract at levels of 0 (control), 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2%. Shrimp (mean weight: 0.65 ± 0.09 g) were raised in a total of 15 containers (volume: 500 L) with a density of 200 ind./m3. After 60 days of culture, shrimp survival showed no significant difference across treatments. Moreover, shrimp fed a 0.6% C. linum hot water extract diet had a significantly higher growth rate, production, feed efficiency, and digestive enzyme activity (trypsin, lipase, and amylase) than the control and other groups. Interestingly, polynomial regression revealed that a 0.52% extract diet gave the optimal feed conversion ratio, which was considered the appropriate supplementation level for L. vannamei.

Assessing the Effects of Biostimulant on Tomato Growth, Yield and Quality in Open Field Condition

Aim: This study, conducted at "C" Block Farm, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, during the period of 2022–23, explores the impact of biostimulants on the growth, yield, and quality of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). The primary objectives include investigating the significant effects of biostimulants and determining the optimal stage for their application, given the current emphasis on sustainable farming practices.&#x0D; Study Design: The experimental design employed Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and eight treatments. Results indicate that biostimulant application, particularly as a foliar spray, significantly enhances crop growth and stimulates reproductive growth in later stages compared to control plants. Notably, the application of Biostimulant (Kazuki Gold)topically at 500 ml/acre during pre-flowering stage and during fruit development stage (T5) significantly registered the highest yield of 751.89 q/ha.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The farm, situated near the Tropic of Cancer, exhibits coordinates of approximately 22.89°N latitude and 88.45°E longitude, with an altitude of around 9.75 m above sea level.&#x0D; Results: The highest lycopene content of 5.08 mg/100gm, which was significantly superior over all the treatments was obtained with the application of Kazuki gold during the two stages of application (i.e. at pre- flowering stages and during fruit development stage). The study also observed substantial impacts on other quality parameters with the application of seaweed extracts, protein hydrolysates, and N-fixing growth promoters during various stages of plant growth.&#x0D; Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that Applying KAZUKI GOLD/YOSHI GOLD through foliar spray at a rate of 500ml per acre during the pre-flowering and fruit development stages has demonstrated profitability and advantages, leading to increased yields of high-quality tomato fruits.