Seawater Intrusion In Coastal Areas Research Articles

Predicting Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Areas Using Machine Learning: A case study of Arid Costal Aquifers, Saudi Arabia

Groundwater is a vital resource for communities in arid regions, such as Saudi Arabia, where seawater intrusion poses a significant threat. To determine groundwater quality with traditional methods is time-consuming and costly process. In this study, we developed a machine learning method as a tool for predicting seawater intrusion in coastal areas using groundwater chemical parameters. We analysed 99 water sample data from the Red Sea and 42 from eastern coast of Saudi Arabia for 13 chemical parameters and conducted two experiments with and without chloride parameter. Unlike previous studies that developed complex machine learning methods, we focus on lightweight machine learning algorithms to model seawater intrusion for possibility of sensor deployment in future. The machine learning algorithms assessed and compared are namely decision trees, ensemble machine learning methods (Random Forest and Gradient Boosting), support vector machines, multilayer perceptrons, and ridge regression. With the chloride parameter included, ridge regression emerged as the best model, with an R2 of 99.8% and the lowest Akaike and Bayesian information criteria values. Without chloride data, multilayer perceptron achieved a marginally higher R2 of 98.7% but required longer training times. Notably, a high accuracy was maintained without chloride parameter, demonstrating the capacity of machine learning for augment monitoring. This research underscores the effectiveness of ridge regression and neural networks in predicting seawater intrusion, enabling the accurate mapping of vulnerable areas to inform adaptive management strategies for groundwater preservation. The regional scope of this study offers valuable insights for other arid coastal regions that rely on groundwater and threatened by seawater intrusion.

Perencanaan Sumur Resapan Air Hujan dalam Upaya Konservasi Daerah Pesisir

Infiltration wells are engineered construction designed for water conservation to accomodate and absorb surface water. Water conservation in necessary to reduce seawater intrusion in coastal areas. Shallow groundwater in Pohe village, located in a coastal a rea, is affected by seawater intrusion. This research aiams to converse groundwater in the coastal area and to reduce rainwater runoff that flows into drainage channels as well as to reduce seawater intrusion. The research is conducted in a coastal area in Pohe Village that is directly adjacent to Tomini Bay. The data are in the form of infiltration rate and soil permeability as the primary data and in form of rainfall in tensity betweet 2019 and 2020 as the secondary data. Infiltration rate data are obtained by useing a Double Ring Infiltrometer and are analyzed using the Horton method. Fourthermore, soil permeability data are tested using the constant head test. Analysis of rainfall intensity uses the Mononobe method, whereas discharge analysis employs th Rational method. The dimension of infiltration wells uses Sunjoto 1988 method.Findings reveal that the infiltration rate (ft) at the research site is 3.89 cm/hour or 38,90 mm/hour which is classified as moderate criteria. The coefficient of soil permeability (k) is 0.07 cm/second. Rain intensity (I) obtains 38.94 mm/hour. According to the data, the area of Pohe Village (A) is 4.83 km2 and the flow coefficient (C) is 0.21. The discharge analysis (Q) is 10.86 m3/second. The dimension of the infiltration wells is planned to use a cylindrical shape with a diameter of (D) 1 m and a depth of (H) 58.90 m. The are 31 wells with a depth of 1.90 m.

Two-phase changes in workability of sand-bentonite mixture triggered by seawater and binder during seepage cut-off wall construction in marine environment

Phenomenal sea level rise is exacerbating the risk of seawater intrusion in coastal areas, especially those with sandy soil, causing land erosion. Seepage cut-off walls made of in-situ sand, bentonite and binder can be employed. However, the presence of salts in soil is detrimental to water retention ability of bentonite, which can be aggravated by binder-induced cation exchange reactions, causing constructability issues for two-phase cut-off walls. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the workability properties, including flowability and bleeding of sand-bentonite-binder mixture in seawater environment. The mechanism of decrease in water retention of bentonite has been investigated using Atterberg limits, X-ray diffration (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses. In phase-one construction, seawater significantly increased flowability of sand-bentonite mixture. During the second phase, binder inclusion increased flowability even further. Given comparable flowability, the bleeding in sand-bentonite-binder mixture containing seawater was much greater than in the non-seawater environment. This was ascribed to a loss in water retention capacity of bentonite, in which external cations from seawater and binder exchanged with bentonite, resulting in reduction in liquid limit. The Na-based montmorillonite was transformed into Ca-based montmorillonite, causing the morphology of bentonite particles to flocculate. Despite this, the study discovered a feasible sand-bentonite-binder mixture including reactive magnesia (MgO)-activated ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) and seawater-resistant bentonite, which impeded the increase in workability.

Preliminary study of sea water intrusion using geographic information system in Temon, Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Temon Sub Districts is an administrative area of Kulon Progo Regency, which borders the South Sea (Indian Ocean). The Temon Sub District is directly adjacent to the waters, so it potentially experiences intrusion like other coastal areas in Indonesia. Therefore, groundwater conditions related to the phenomenon of water intrusion need to be identified. The purpose of this study was to estimate seawater intrusion using a geographic information system (GIS) and water quality variables in the Temon Subs Districts. In this study, we used data on electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), and groundwater salinity. The sampling was carried out using a systematic random sampling method. Meanwhile, the data analysis was carried out in a qualitative descriptive manner using the spatial interpolation feature in the Arc GIS 10.8 software. Based on the research results, it is suspected that seawater intrusion has occurred in several locations in Temon Sub Districts. The highest suspected seawater intrusion was found in the vicinity of Jangkaran Village, Kalidengen Village, and Plumbon Village. The EC, TDS, and salinity values suggested that around 26% or 9.68 km2 of the area has intruded. This research is expected to enrich references regarding the mapping of seawater intrusion in coastal areas.

A review on the application of the DRASTIC method in the assessment of groundwater vulnerability

AbstractIndustrial and municipal wastes, agricultural contamination owing to pesticides and chemical hazards, seawater intrusion in coastal areas, and other factors damage groundwater. In several towns and industrial clusters across India, this is becoming a rising subject of concern. Groundwater is difficult to contaminate, but once contaminated, it is difficult to clean up. It is critical to attain this goal using a variety of aquifer vulnerability assessment approaches. All of these strategies rely on process models as well as statistical or overlay index methodologies. Groundwater vulnerability is a major topic of discussion due to declining groundwater levels and rising contamination, posing a serious threat to the environment and water sources. To identify the risk and to assess the vulnerability, extensive research has been carried out among all the methods based on different parameters and different indexes. The DRASTIC method is one of the most important and accurate of the overlay and index methods for the assessment of groundwater vulnerability. This research study is a systematic analysis of the available research articles on the applications of the DRASTIC and Modified DRASTIC (DRASTIC-L) performance management process on Geographical Information Systems (GIS). This research also reveals research gaps in the various groundwater vulnerability assessment approaches, as well as their limits and hypotheses. This study discovered that integrating GIS with DRASTIC is the most effective and accurate way for determining groundwater vulnerability. In agricultural, arid, semi-arid, and basaltic zones, the modified DRASTIC model also outperforms the traditional DRASTIC model.

GPR for earth and environmental applications: Case studies from India

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is widely applied for rapid and precise mapping of the near surface structures. We performed GPR survey using Terra Sirch-3000 single channel control GPR meter with 2D data collection for civil engineering, environmental, archeological, geological features, aquifer contamination and seawater intrusion studies in Indian context. The 200 MHz and 400 MHz frequency antennae with adjusted dielectric constant, scans per unit, range, transmit rate, gain points, and filters were used for attaining the targets depth up to 3–8 m. The collection of GPR data was on Geologic Scan, Utility Scan, Structure Scan, and Terra SIRch modes with resolution of 16 bits, and was processed in RADAN (version 5.0) using various options to get clear anomaly of the targets. Based on the targets, the scanned images were verified with excavations, electrical resistivity tomography, and soil and water chemistry which were complementing with the GPR anomalies. Results demonstrated in this article are, 1) identification of caving in trenchless MS pipe of 1700 mm diameter with feasibility for trenchless technology, 2) discovery of ancient temple, 3) deciphering a subsurface intrusive body (i.e. dolerite dyke), 4), detection of clandestine pipes, 5) demarcating fresh groundwater zones within industrial clusters, and 6) identification of seawater intrusion in coastal area. The study establishes that the GPR works as rapid tool in unraveling shallow subsurface complexities with high-resolution images and offers a geophysical tool for wide range of earth and environmental management.

An Overview of Managed Aquifer Recharge in Mexico and Its Legal Framework

In Mexico, one hundred of the 188 most important aquifers dedicated to agriculture and human consumption are over-exploited and 32 are affected by seawater intrusion in coastal areas. Considering that Mexico relies on groundwater, it is vital to develop a portfolio of alternatives to recover aquifers and examine policies and programs regarding reclaimed water and stormwater. Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) may be useful for increasing water availability and adapting to climate change in semi-arid regions of Mexico. In this paper, we present an overview of water recharge projects that have been conducted in Mexico in the last 50 years, their methods for recharge, water sources, geographical distribution, and the main results obtained in each project. We found three types of MAR efforts: (1) exploratory and suitability studies for MAR, (2) pilot projects, and (3) MAR facilities that currently operate. This study includes the examination of the legal framework for MAR to identify some challenges and opportunities that Mexican regulation contains in this regard. We find that beyond the technical issues that MAR projects normally address, the regulatory framework is a barrier to increasing MAR facilities in Mexico.

Combined effect of cutoff wall and tides on groundwater flow and salinity distribution in coastal unconfined aquifers

Cutoff walls are widely used to alter groundwater flow and mitigate seawater intrusion in coastal areas. While their behavior and performance in aquifers under static oceanic conditions are well established, how do they combine with tides to affect groundwater flow and salinity distribution in coastal aquifers remains unclear. Here we addressed this research question based on physical experiments and numerical simulations. Cutoff walls were showed to regulate the inland freshwater flow and thus form a sharp waterlevel change in the landside of the cutoff wall. As such, inland groundwater flow was concentrated in the lower aquifer that inhibited seawater intrusion in the unconfined aquifer subjected to a static sea level (under the non-tidal condition). This modification was enhanced as the cutoff wall went deeper or seaward. However, the tide pushed the saltwater wedge seaward in comparison with the case under the non-tidal condition. Under this tidal condition, the modification of the cutoff wall on saltwater intrusion was no longer evident. In both cases under non-tidal and tidal conditions, the cutoff wall was found to alter the path and travel time of the inland fresh groundwater and seawater, and total freshwater storage in the aquifer. These results offer significant implications for designing engineering measures to mitigate seawater intrusion and managing groundwater resources in coastal zones.

A Review of Libyan Soil Databases for Use within an Ecosystem Services Framework

Ecosystem services (ESs) are increasingly being used by many countries around the world as a framework for addressing the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This review article of the usability of Libyan soil databases for ESs and SDGs is the first of its kind for North Africa. The objectives of the article are to: describe the available soil resources of Libya in relation to an ES framework; provide examples of the usability of Libyan soil databases for ES applications (e.g., provisioning, Healthy Eating Plate), and describe some of the typical disservices in the country. Desertification, salinization, and limited freshwater resources are the largest challenges (disservices) for agriculture and future development in Libya. Seawater intrusion in coastal areas due to rising sea levels has resulted in high concentrations of salts in irrigation waters, which can lead to low soil productivity. These challenges can be addressed by integrating Libyan soil resources into a market that transforms resources into goods and services to meet human demand in a sustainable manner, with non-market institutions mediating the interactions between humans and the environment. If Libyan soil resources are taken into account by both market and non-market institutions, it will lead to more efficient use of soil resources and also should enable the implementation of innovative strategies, such as integrated farming systems, non-soil-based agricultural production (e.g., hydroponics), and alternative farming practices.

Groundwater Overexploitation and Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Areas of Arid and Semi-Arid Regions

The exploitation of groundwater resources is of high importance and has become very crucial in the last decades, especially in coastal areas of arid and semi-arid regions. The coastal aquifers in these regions are particularly at risk due to intrusion of salty marine water. One example is the case of Tripoli city at the Mediterranean coast of Jifarah Plain, North West Libya. Libya has experienced progressive seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifers since the 1930s because of its ever increasing water demand from underground water resources. Tripoli city is a typical area where the contamination of the aquifer in the form of saltwater intrusion is very developed. Sixty-four groundwater samples were collected from the study area and analyzed for certain parameters that indicate salinization and pollution of the aquifer. The results demonstrate high values of the parameters Electrical Conductivity, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Cl− and SO42−, which can be attributed to seawater intrusion, where Cl− is the major pollutant of the aquifer. The water types according to the Stuyfzand groundwater classification are mostly CaCl, NaCl and Ca/MgMix. These water types indicate that groundwater chemistry is changed by cation exchange reactions during the mixing process between freshwater and seawater. The intensive extraction of groundwater from the aquifer reduces freshwater outflow to the sea, creates drawdown cones and lowering of the water table to as much as 25 m below mean sea level. Irrigation with nitrogen fertilizers and domestic sewage and movement of contaminants in areas of high hydraulic gradients within the drawdown cones probably are responsible for the high NO3− concentration in the region.

Identifying seawater intrusion in coastal areas by means of 1D and quasi-2D joint inversion of TDEM and VES data

Seawater intrusion is an increasingly widespread problem in coastal aquifers caused by climate changes –sea-level rise, extreme phenomena like flooding and droughts– and groundwater depletion near to the coastline. To evaluate and mitigate the environmental risks of this phenomenon it is necessary to characterize the coastal aquifer and the salt intrusion. Geophysical methods are the most appropriate tool to address these researches. Among all geophysical techniques, electrical methods are able to detect seawater intrusions due to the high resistivity contrast between saltwater, freshwater and geological layers. The combination of two or more geophysical methods is recommended and they are more efficient when both data are inverted jointly because the final model encompasses the physical properties measured for each methods. In this investigation, joint inversion of vertical electric and time domain soundings has been performed to examine seawater intrusion in an area within the Ferragudo-Albufeira aquifer system (Algarve, South of Portugal). For this purpose two profiles combining electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) methods were measured and the results were compared with the information obtained from exploration drilling. Three different inversions have been carried out: single inversion of the ERT and TDEM data, 1D joint inversion and quasi-2D joint inversion. Single inversion results identify seawater intrusion, although the sedimentary layers detected in exploration drilling were not well differentiated. The models obtained with 1D joint inversion improve the previous inversion due to better detection of sedimentary layer and the seawater intrusion appear to be better defined. Finally, the quasi-2D joint inversion reveals a more realistic shape of the seawater intrusion and it is able to distinguish more sedimentary layers recognised in the exploration drilling. This study demonstrates that the quasi-2D joint inversion improves the previous inversions methods making it a powerful tool applicable to different research areas.

Estimation of the inland extending length of the freshwater–saltwater interface in coastal unconfined aquifers

ABSTRACTThe inland extending length of the freshwater–saltwater interface toe is useful in studies of seawater intrusion in coastal areas. The submarine fresh groundwater discharge in coastal zones is affected not only by hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic gradient of the aquifer, but also by the position of the interface. Two observation wells at different distances from the coast are required to calculate the fresh groundwater flow rate in coastal unconfined aquifers. By considering that the submarine groundwater discharge is equal to the groundwater flow rate, the length of the interface toe extending inland can be estimated when the groundwater flow is at a steady-flow state. Aquifers with horizontal and sloping confined beds and without/with unique surface vertical infiltration are considered. Examples used to illustrate the application of these methods indicate that the inland extending lengths of the interface toe in aquifers with vertical surface infiltration are much shorter than those in aquifers without vertical surface infiltration, and the length of the interface in aquifers with a horizontal confining lower bed are smaller than those in aquifers with a confining lower bed sloping towards the sea. The extent of the interface on the northwestern coast near the city of Beihai in southern Guangxi, China, on 18 January 2013 was estimated as 471–478 m.Editor M.C. Acreman Associate editor not assigned

Identification of salinization by bromide and fluoride concentration in coastal aquifers near Chennai, southern India

This study aims to use fluoride as an additional indicator for seawater intrusion apart from the known effective geochemical indicators such as EC, TDS, sodium, chloride and bromide. Groundwater in a coastal part of Arani-Koratalaiyar river basin located north of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India was assessed to determine its suitability for domestic purpose and to delineate the region affected by seawater intrusion. Fluoride concentration in groundwater samples from forty nine locations varied from 0.02 mg/l to 2.9 mg/l with an average of 0.5 mg/l. As per the Bureau of Indian Standards, the permissible range of fluoride in drinking water is 0.6–1.5 mg/l. Fluoride concentration in groundwater of this area exceeds 1.5 mg/l in 6% of the groundwater samples and is below 0.6 mg/l in 74% of the groundwater samples. There is no known geological source for fluoride in this area. Spatial variation in fluoride concentration in groundwater indicates that the coastal areas have comparatively high fluoride due to seawater intrusion which was similar in comparison with EC and bromide concentration measured in groundwater. This study indicates that fluoride can be used as an indicator of seawater intrusion in coastal areas.

Assessing the pollution risk of a groundwater source field at western Laizhou Bay under seawater intrusion

Coastal areas have great significance for human living, economy and society development in the world. With the rapid increase of pressures from human activities and climate change, the safety of groundwater resource is under the threat of seawater intrusion in coastal areas. The area of Laizhou Bay is one of the most serious seawater intruded areas in China, since seawater intrusion phenomenon was firstly recognized in the middle of 1970s. This study assessed the pollution risk of a groundwater source filed of western Laizhou Bay area by inferring the probability distribution of groundwater Cl− concentration.The numerical model of seawater intrusion process is built by using SEAWAT4. The parameter uncertainty of this model is evaluated by Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation, and DREAM(ZS) is used as sampling algorithm. Then, the predictive distribution of Cl- concentration at groundwater source field is inferred by using the samples of model parameters obtained from MCMC. After that, the pollution risk of groundwater source filed is assessed by the predictive quantiles of Cl- concentration.The results of model calibration and verification demonstrate that the DREAM(ZS) based MCMC is efficient and reliable to estimate model parameters under current observation. Under the condition of 95% confidence level, the groundwater source point will not be polluted by seawater intrusion in future five years (2015–2019). In addition, the 2.5% and 97.5% predictive quantiles show that the Cl− concentration of groundwater source field always vary between 175mg/l and 200mg/l.

Influence of seawater intrusion on microbial communities in groundwater

Groundwater is the sole source of potable water on Jeju Island in the Republic of (South) Korea. Groundwater is also used for irrigation and industrial purposes, and it is severely impacted by seawater intrusion in coastal areas. Consequently, monitoring the intrusion of seawater into groundwater on Jeju is very important for health and environmental reasons. A number of studies have used hydrological models to predict the deterioration of groundwater quality caused by seawater intrusion. However, there is conflicting evidence of intrusion due to complicated environmental influences on groundwater quality. Here we investigated the use of next generation sequencing (NGS)-based microbial community analysis as a way to monitor groundwater quality and detect seawater intrusion. Pristine groundwater, groundwater from three coastal areas, and seawater were compared. Analysis of the distribution of bacterial species clearly indicated that the high and low salinity groundwater differed significantly with respect to microbial composition. While members of the family Parvularculaceae were only identified in high salinity water samples, a greater percentage of the phylum Actinobacteria was predominantly observed in pristine groundwater. In addition, we identified 48 shared operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with seawater, among which the high salinity groundwater sample shared a greater number of bacterial species with seawater (6.7%). In contrast, other groundwater samples shared less than 0.5%. Our results suggest that NGS-based microbial community analysis of groundwater may be a useful tool for monitoring groundwater quality and detect seawater intrusion. This technology may also provide additional insights in understanding hydrological dynamics.

Challenges of Groundwater as Resources in the Near Future

Groundwater has been a very precious resource for human life and economic development in the world. With increasing population and food demand, the groundwater use especially for agriculture is largely elevated worldwide. The very much large groundwater use results in depletion of major aquifers, land subsidences in many large cities, anthropogenic groundwater contamination, seawater intrusion in coastal areas and accompanying severe conflicts for water security. Furthermore, with the advent of changing climate, securing freshwater supply including groundwater becomes a pressing and critical issue for sustainable societal development in every country because prediction of precipitation is more difficult, its uneven distribution is aggravating, weather extremes are more frequent, and rising sea level is also threatening the freshwater resource. Under these difficulties, can groundwater be sustaining its role as essential element for human and society in the near future? We have to focus our efforts and wisdom on answering the question. Korean government should increase its investment in securing groundwater resources for changing climate.

A simulation/optimization study to assess seawater intrusion management strategies for the Gaza Strip coastal aquifer (Palestine)

Seawater intrusion is one of the major threats to freshwater resources in coastal areas, often exacerbated by groundwater overexploitation. Mitigation measures are needed to properly manage aquifers, and to restore groundwater quality. This study integrates three computational tools into a unified framework to investigate seawater intrusion in coastal areas and to assess strategies for managing groundwater resources under natural and human-induced stresses. The three components are a three-dimensional hydrogeological model for density-dependent variably saturated flow and miscible salt transport, an automatic calibration procedure that uses state variable outputs from the model to estimate selected model parameters, and an optimization module that couples a genetic algorithm with the simulation model. The computational system is used to rank alternative strategies for mitigation of seawater intrusion, taking into account conflicting objectives and problem constraints. It is applied to the Gaza Strip (Palestine) coastal aquifer to identify a feasible groundwater management strategy for the period 2011–2020. The optimized solution is able to: (1) keep overall future abstraction from municipal groundwater wells close to the user-defined maximum level, (2) increase the average groundwater heads, and (3) lower both the total mass of salt extracted and the extent of the areas affected by seawater intrusion.

Estimation of spatial distrubition of groundwater level and risky areas of seawater intrusion on the coastal region in Çarşamba Plain, Turkey, using different interpolation methods.

Groundwater level plays a significant role in coastal plains. Heavy pumping and excessive use of near-coast groundwater can increase the intrusion of seawater into the aquifers. In the present study, groundwater levels were measured at 59 groundwater wells at different times during pre- and post-irrigation seasons (April and September of the year 2012) in Çarşamba Plain, Turkey. To select the best method, two deterministic interpolation methods (inverse distance weighing (IDW) with the weights of 1, 2, and 3 and radial basis function (RBF) with spline with tension (SPT) and completely regularized spline (CRS)) and two stochastic methods (ordinary kriging (OK) with spherical, exponential, and Gaussian variograms) and cokriging (COK)) were compared and then the best interpolation method was used to evaluate the spatial distribution of groundwater levels in different seasons and seasonal changes. A total of nine different techniques were tested. Also, risky areas of seawater intrusion in coastal area were determined using the best methods for two periods. The performance of these interpolation methods is evaluated by using a validation test method. Statistical indices of correlation (R (2)), mean absolute error (MAE), and root-mean-square error (RMSE) were used to select and validate the best methods. Comparisons between predicted and observed values indicated RBF as the optimal method for groundwater level estimation in April and September. When the best method RBF and the worst method IDW were compared, significant differences were observed in the spatial distribution of groundwater. Results of the study also revealed that excessive groundwater withdrawals during the post-irrigation season dropped the groundwater levels up to 2.0m in some sections. With regard to seawater intrusion, 9,103ha of land area was determined to be highly risky and risky.

Hydrogeologic-structure and groundwater-movement imaging in tideland using electrical sounding resistivity: a case study on the Ariake Sea coast, southwest Japan

Groundwater flow exerts a crucial control on the boundary between the sea and freshwater and is thus a key factor for preserving groundwater resources and preventing seawater intrusion in coastal areas. Although it is highly probable that geological faults in coastal areas affect groundwater flow patterns, the effect has not been described yet in detail. This study is aimed at detecting and imaging groundwater flow and its temporal change around a fault in a coastal area through resistivity and chargeability distributions using electrical sounding. The Okoshiki area in central Kyushu, southwest Japan, was selected as a case study area, because of the presence of Kamiouda Fault. The measurements were conducted along six lines of both parallel and perpendicular orientations to the coastline. A feature suggesting a fault zone was evident on two lines. Through the temporal change of resistivity, movement and mixing processes of the seawater and freshwater during the ebb, low and flood tides were interpreted. A conceptual model of the processes was constructed in which a fault zone and the configuration of bedrock are dominant elements by acting as a selective path and a barrier to the groundwater flow, respectively.

Effects of Salinization of Groundwater along the Western Coast of Korea are Reduced by Artificially Recharging with Freshwater

ABSTRACT Jun, K.W. and Jang, C.D., 2013. Effects of Salinization of Groundwater along the Western Coast of Korea are Reduced by Artificially Recharging with Freshwater Climate change, which is becoming an issue throughout the entire world, is also affecting the seawater intrusion aspect of the coastal region of the Korean peninsula. The Korean coast which is surrounded by the three oceans, was used to analyze the trend of seawater intrusion, and the results showed that the west coast of Korea was in a more serious state than the other coasts. Salinization of groundwater by seawater intrusion in coastal areas may cause decreases in crop harvests due to reduced availability of freshwater for irrigation. This research used the groundwater analysis model, the FEMWATER, to analyze the characteristics of the seawater intrusion in the Younggwang region of the west coast. By using the data from the groundwater well, a 3 dimensional model of underground space was set up and a numerical simulation of the effects of...