Car Seat Research Articles

Adaptive Robust Active Vibration Control for Vehicle Seat Suspension with Unknown Passenger Mass

The vibration of the car seat can affect the comfort of passengers and can even cause some health hazards to them. In this paper, a vehicle seat control system is built to reduce the hazards of vehicle seat vibration. Firstly, the dynamic of the vehicle seat suspension is modelled. Then, an adaptive robust vibration control method is introduced: a base controller with an enhanced Youla parameterization is designed to turn it into a global stable controller set, followed by online tuning of the Q-parameters using an adaptive algorithm. The results of the vehicle seat vibration control were simulated in MATLAB/Simulink.

Multiple Trauma with Severe Brain Injury Cause by Impression Fracture : Case Report and Literature Review

Background : Multiple trauma one of trauma caused by huge traumatic force involves many organs and tissues. AIS and ISS is scoring for multiple trauma diagnosis and classification. In this Case Report discuss about multiple trauma patient with Severe Brain Injury cause by Impression Fracture with open fracture in regio cruris sinistra and close fracture femur sinistra. Case presentation : The following is a case report of a 63-year-old female patient came to the emergency room of Soegiri Lamongan with decreased of consciousness due to a traffic accident. Mechanism of injury the patient's head hit the chair and the driver's side of the car pillar and the patient's legs were pinched by the car seat. Since 25-year-old patient has a history of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus but the patient regularly takes anti-diabetic drugs (OAD). Patient was diagnosed with multiple trauma with severe brain injury with suspected DAI with open fracture grade 3A middle 1/3 tibia and close fracture middle 1/3 distal femur.Conclusion : Multiple Trauma has a bad prognosis. The most important from Multiple trauma management is prehospotality management. Additional Severe Brain Injury make the diagnosis become worse.

Improving Motivation and Learning Experience with a Virtual Tour of an Assembly Line to Learn about Productivity

We propose the use of a Virtual Tour to substitute in-person visits to a manufacturing plant for a lecture on Enterprise Productivity at the School of Business Administration at our University. Traditionally, during this lecture, students are required to visit a production site to observe its process and apply their knowledge in a real-life scenario. However, finding businesses that are willing to participate and offer the right learning conditions has become a challenge. This situation is now worse due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this paper, we present a prototype of a virtual tour of an assembly line in a simulated environment, where students can explore and learn about the manufacturing process of car seats. We performed a mixed method user study, with quantitative and qualitative data, to determine whether the application can help learn the intended concepts and improve the learning experience and motivation of students. Results show that the use of the virtual tour application increased motivation in learning.

Ply Optimization of Backrest Skeleton of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic Car Seat Based on Grey Euclidean Relational Analysis Method

Ply Optimization of Backrest Skeleton of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic Car Seat Based on Grey Euclidean Relational Analysis Method

Streamlining utilisation of the assembly line using computer simulation

The increase in computer computing power and the development of simulation software make it possible to realise very accurate predictions of the impact of decisions on systems. The cost of investments in streamlining logistics and manufacturing systems is usually high. Therefore, verifying whether the implemented improvement will have a real intended impact on the system is necessary. The use of simulation helps reduce the risk of uncertainty in such projects. The article describes the simulation performed in the software Tecnomatix Plant Simulation 15.2 and their use in its described methodology for simulation study with achieved results. The study was carried out to streamline manual assembly in a company engaged in the production of car seats, namely car rear seats and their manipulation processes. The simulation itself was supposed to answer the question of whether it is possible to produce faster customer line tact and whether it is possible to reduce the number of workers without influencing line performance. The very design of the content and number of simulation experiments was realised in two main aspects. These aspects are whether changing the organisation of the workplace will bring the desired effect and whether the installation of new equipment can improve performance even more. The resulting solution helped reduce the investment uncertainty and estimated that the best two solutions would increase the assembly line performance by 0.94% or 6.89%, respectively.

Discontinuation of Car Seat Tolerance Screening and Postdischarge Adverse Outcomes in Infants Born Preterm

To study the association between discontinuing predischarge car seat tolerance screening (CSTS) with 30-day postdischarge adverse outcomes in infants born preterm. Retrospective cohort study involving all infants born preterm from 2010 through 2021 who survived to discharge to home in a 14-hospital integrated health care system. The exposure was discontinuation of CSTS. The primary outcome was a composite rate of death, 911 call-triggered transports, or readmissions associated with diagnostic codes of respiratory disorders, apnea, apparent life-threatening event, or brief resolved unexplained events within 30days of discharge. Outcomes of infants born in the periods of CSTS and after discontinuation were compared. Twelve of 14 hospitals initially utilized CSTS and contributed patients to the CSTS period; 71.4% of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) patients and 26.9% of non-NICU infants were screened. All hospitals participated in the discontinuation period; 0.1% was screened. Rates of the unadjusted primary outcome were 1.02% in infants in the CSTS period (n=21 122) and 1.06% after discontinuation (n=20 142) (P=.76). The aOR (95% CI) was 0.95 (0.75, 1.19). Statistically insignificant differences between periods were observed in components of the primary outcome, gestational age strata, NICU admission status groups, and other secondary analyses. Discontinuation of CSTS in a large integrated health care network was not associated with a change in 30-day postdischarge adverse outcomes. CSTS's value as a standard predischarge assessment deserves further evaluation.

Flexible Coated Conductive Textiles as Ohmic Heaters in Car Seats

Pleasant interior conditions within cars, as well as a comfortable feeling, are primary needs of car drivers to perform vital body functions during driving. In a cooler outer environment, a warming system within seats can quite feasibly maintain a realistic thermal balance in the body. An inbuilt heating system in car seats can not only provide adequate heat to the driver but is also relevant to minimizing the energy consumption within the vehicle interior. In order to evenly distribute the heat over the body contact area of the automotive seats, conductive textiles are proposed. In fact, these textiles behave as a semiconductor (as an electrical conductor and also creating resistance, which in turn creates heat). Flexible textile ohmic heaters present great advantages due to their ability to bend, stretch, and stitch. These properties make them valuable to ensure uniform heaters for irregular geometries. The present review highlights the use of different textile-based ohmic heaters, their fabrication methods, range of heating, and durability. Moreover, this review also focuses on the comparative mechanical performance and comfort properties of the presented fabrics (used in car seats). This study is beneficial for future trends of minimizing energy consumption and providing an effective way to reduce the carbon emissions and air pollution produced by vehicles.

Car Seat Safety

Topic Summary

Waste Coir Nanofiller Fused Gallus-Gallus Fibres Reinforced PMC

This research aims to increase the utility of globally and abundantly available waste natural fibres of Gallus-Gallus fibres coir waste from mattress and car seat manufacturing factories. The composite samples were prepared with a rally round of polyester resin of grade GP500 bio-epoxy by synthesizing specially treated Gallus-Gallus fibres selectively used for reinforcement and characterizing them through static and dynamic mechanical analyses to identify their wide range of applicability. The Gallus-Gallus fibres are preprocessed with sodium oxidative and a half per cent of potassium manganate (VII) chemical solution. The selective use includes 5 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, and 20 mm length of the Gallus-Gallus fibre, and the quantity of reinforcement was 10%, 20%, and 30%. Five alternate layers of matrix and fibres, with vertical and horizontal orientation, are considered; 12 different samples of Gallus-Gallus fibres reinforced polyester polymer composites and a neat polyester composites were synthesized and characterized for moisture absorbability, tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, wear resistance, and outperformed composites were included in microscopic examination and dynamic Mmchanical analysis. The interesting results are the preferred resin, supported for good surface finish, interface bonding, and totally in the enhancement of Composite properties. The composites are strong in tension (760.89 MPa) and sufficiently flexible (flexural modulus 5441.32 MPa), absorbed less moisture (5.8 g), high wear-resistant (least weight loss upon abrasion with a value of 0.1989 g), secured good results in dynamic analysis, and ensured homogeneous distribution of fibres in the matrix through a scanning electron microscopy image. The composites CPPC10, CPPC11, and CPPC12 performed well but composite CPPC12 outperformed.

Analysis of stentering and heat-setting on the structure and compression behavior of 3D mesh fabric using X-ray micro-computed tomography and microscopic modeling

Three-dimensional (3D) mesh fabric is a key component in ventilated car seats for its excellent cushioning and ventilating performance. It is produced by stretching an as-knitted spacer fabric with closed surfaces via stentering and fixing the mesh form via heat-setting. This paper analyzes the effect of stentering and heat-setting processes on the structures and compression properties of a typical and commercial 3D mesh fabric by using X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) and finite element (FE) models. The monofilament architectures of the fabric after knitting, stentering, and heat-setting are reconstructed from μCT scanning, and the structural evolution is quantitatively investigated in terms of global dimension change, curvature, and torsion. The results from μCT reconstructions demonstrate that stentering shortens, widens, and thins the fabric due to yarn transfer to shorten monofilament loops and lengthen spacer monofilaments, which are then dispersed, bent, and twisted to increase the curvatures and torsions. The FE simulations indicate that the global and local monofilament architecture deformation shifts the fabric compression mode from constrained post-buckling to concurrent tilting and post-buckling of spacer monofilaments, expanding the plateau stage and decreasing plateau stress. Heat-setting shrinks monofilament and therefore deteriorates its mechanical performance. The fabric is further thinned during the heat-setting process, which also further bends and twists spacer monofilaments to slightly decrease the plateau stress. The structures and cushioning performance of 3D mesh fabrics can be engineered by employing a proper stentering ratio followed by a heat-setting process.

Injury Patterns, Imaging Usage, and Disparities Associated With Car Restraint Use in Children.

Motor vehicle collision (MVC) is a leading cause of accidental death in children. Despite effective forms of child safety restraint (eg, car seat and booster seat), studies demonstrate poor compliance with guidelines. The goal of this study was to delineate injury patterns, imaging usage, and potential demographic disparities associated with child restraint use following MVC. A retrospective review of the North Carolina Trauma Registry was performed to determine demographic factors and outcomes associated with improper restraint of children (0-8years) involved in MVC from 2013 to 2018. Bivariate analysis was performed by the appropriateness of restraint. Multivariable Poisson regression identified demographic factors for the relative risk of inappropriate restraint. Inappropriately restrained patients were older (5.1years v. 3.6yrs, P < .001) and weighed more (44.1lbs v. 35.3lbs, P < .001). A higher proportion of African American (56.9% v. 39.3%, P < .001) and Medicaid (52.2% v. 39.0%, P < .001) patients were inappropriately restrained. Multivariable Poisson regression showed that African American patients (RR 1.43), Asian patients (RR 1.51), and Medicaid payor status (RR 1.25) were associated with a higher risk of inappropriate restraint. Inappropriately restrained patients had a longer length of stay, but injury severity score and mortality were no different. African American children, Asian children, and Medicaid insurance payor status patients had an increased risk of inappropriate restraint use in MVC. This study describes unequal restraint patterns in children, which suggests opportunity for targeted patient education and necessitates research to further delineate the underlying etiology of these differences.

Construction and analysis of prediction model for sales of child car seats

Based on the Carseats data set in the ISLR package, this paper constructs a regression model of the data set and predicts some variables. In addition, it also includes the establishment of regression trees and other models for variables. The final task requirement is to construct the classification model of the data, divide the classification model into the training set and the test set, and construct the linear discriminant analysis, logistic regression, random forest and so on with another variable. By making some models, the prediction accuracy on the test set is relatively high, and the evaluation effect of the model is also very good, which can provide a sufficient theoretical basis for the prediction of the sales of children's car seats.

Cross-cultural comparison of body dimensions and trends: an analysis of ANSUR and Size Korea datasets for automotive seating design

The purpose of this study is to investigate the change in body dimensions over time in both Western (US) and Eastern (Korea) populations. In order to analyse the change of body dimension between the past and present and between western and eastern population, 13 body dimensions relating to automobile driver seat design were extracted from the ANSUR and Size Korea datasets at two time points, the past (ANSUR I: 1988, Size Korea: 1992) and the present (ANSUR II: 2012, Size Korea: 2012). Most of the dimensions differed significantly between past and present, as well as between the US and Korea. Overall, the data show an increasing trend of body dimensions over time for both genders. Based on the results, all countries should be encouraged to conduct periodic and national anthropometric research because body dimensions are continuously changing over time worldwide. Practitioner summary: This paper describes a study that investigates the changes in body dimensions over time in Western (US) and Eastern (Korean) populations. Findings indicate increasing trends in most dimensions for both populations, crucial for user-friendly product design and preventing hazards caused by faulty products.

Car Safety Seats and Restraints for Children in Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices

Background: Injuries caused by road traffic are a significant public health concern. In the 0-12-year age group, among the leading causes of death, unintentional injuries are considered the second and main cause of morbidity due to the safety of children in cars. According to statistics, approximately 4.7% of deaths in Saudi Arabia are caused by road traffic, while fatalities from road traffic do not exceed 1.7% in Australia, the United Kingdom, or the United States. Road traffic injuries killed more people in Saudi Arabia than in any other country with a high income. Aim: In this study, parents' knowledge, attitudes, and practices were evaluated regarding child safety regarding child car seats in Al Ahsa community. Methods: A cross?sectional descriptive study was done from November 10 to December 31, 2022. The data were collected using a 19-question survey. A convenience sampling of 379 samples was conducted. Results: In one-quarter of the participants, (24.8%) had the wrong answer when we asked them whether it is safer to hold a newborn baby in their arms than placing them in baby car safety seats, while (5.8%) did not know what is safe. Regarding the knowledge about the right way to put the car safety seat for children aged 2-4 years, near to one quarter (23%) answered wrong answer, while (11.1%) did not know how to fix it in the car. In relation to fixing the car safety seat for children aged below 2 years, only half the participants (54.6%) knew the right way. The mean score of knowledge was 3.37/5 with Std dev. ±1.52.in relation to practices and attitudes, (11.9%) said that the child is afraid to sit in the back seats, while (68.3%) said they do. (92.9%) of respondents believe that child safety seats are important. (14%) reported not using the seatbelt for children while (18.7%) reported using it sometimes. (67.3%) of those surveyed reported using seatbelts for all their children under the age of eight. There were (66.6%) of participants with acceptable knowledge and attitude scores, while (31.4%) had low scores. Parents' education level and their knowledge level were found to be significantly correlated. Parents' knowledge about care safety increased with the number of children, but there was no significant correlation between knowledge level and gender or number of children. Conclusion: According to the study, car safety seat noncompliance includes multiple variables that can be modified. The study could raise awareness by focusing on a major public health issue and providing outreach on child safety in cars. Residents of Al Ahsa generally had a positive attitude and good knowledge of car safety seats.

Fabrication and Photothermal Phase Change Properties of Polyethylene Glycol/Melamine Sponge/Polyurethane/Zirconium Carbide Composites

ABSTRACT Solar energy is a green, sustainable, and abundant renewable resource. Adding photothermal conversion materials to phase change materials can increase the photothermal conversion efficiency and heat storage capacity of phase change materials. In this work, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used as phase change material, zirconium carbide was used as photothermal conversion material, melamine sponge was used as the carrier, and polyurethane was used as coating to prepare phase change photothermal composites. The effects of PEG concentration and zirconium carbide concentration on the thermal properties of composite phase change materials were discussed. The results showed that when the PEG concentration was 80% and the zirconium carbide concentration was 5%, the composites showed better comprehensive properties with less leakage and high enthalpy (186.5J/g). Surface temperature of the composites could rise to 54°C in 300 s under infrared light, and the enthalpy value of phase change and the photothermal conversion capacity could maintain 97% after 50 cycles of testing. The composites could be used in various fields such as car seats, cushions, and mattresses.

휴대 및 보관에 용이한 조끼형 카시트 디자인 개발

카시트 의무화 법안(2018)으로 6세 미만 영유아의 차량 탑승 시 유아용 보호장구(카시트)를 의무적으로 장착해야 하며, 이 법안은 대중교통에도 적용되고 있다. 하지만, 영유아의 보호자들이 대중교통 이용 시 부피가 큰 카시트를 휴대하여 설치하는 것은 어려운 일이며, 이에 카시트 의무화 법안의 비현실성을 지적하는 청원이 늘어나고 있다. 따라서, 대중교통에서도 쉽게 사용이 가능한 카시트의 수요 요구가 증대될 것으로 예측된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 3점식 안전벨트로 고정이 가능하고 휴대와 보관이 용이한 어린이용 조끼형 카시트를 개발하고자 한다. 디자인 개발 방향 설정을 위해 관련 안전 인증기준 검토, 관련 제품 조사 및 분석, 기존 카시트의 사용성 평가를 진행하였으며, 구축된 자료를 바탕으로 세 가지 디자인 컨셉을 도출하였다. 디자인을 구체화하기 위해 세 가지 디자인 컨셉에 대한 선호도 조사를 진행하였으며 이를 기반으로 제품의 개선사항을 파악하여 최종 디자인을 도출하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 카시트의 안전성 검증을 위해 KC안전 인증을 진행하였으며 모든 안전 인증기준 사항을 통과하였다.

진로단절 위기를 경험한 중도장애 중년 남성의 외상 후 성장에 관한 생애사연구

The purpose of this study is to discover growth factors by analyzing the process of life changes before and after trauma events through the career history of a man with walking disability who has experienced post-traumatic growth. For this purpose, the data collected through two in-depth interview were analyzed into categories of ‘dimension of life’, ‘turning point’, and ‘adaptation’ based on life-history analysis framework by Mandelbaum(1973). The results of this study are as follows: first, ‘dimension of life’ of the study participant was &lt;the wanted urethane expert&gt;, &lt;‘workholic’: honeymoon period and life of nothing but work&gt;, &lt;a lone warrior on the scene of survival&gt;, &lt;the only Sun in the sky&gt; and &lt;another ‘heart’: passion and intrepidity&gt;. Second, ‘turning point’ was &lt;the collapsed vertebra: the precarious pivot of life&gt;, &lt;missing ‘myself’: ‘swing’ between hope and despair&gt; and &lt;being in the world: What is the meaning of ‘walking disability’ like&gt;. Third, ‘adaptation’ was &lt;another ‘cane’ as support that sustains me&gt;, &lt;the factory manager that has the disabled father&gt; and &lt;also ‘myself’: the photographer carrying two canes with walking disability&gt;. This participant experienced crises by walking disability in his life as an irreplaceable talent in the automobile seat manufacture, but he got over the crisis of career interruption finding out the meaning of his life through ‘self-understanding’ by putting his ‘family’ at the center of his life, and above all, being supported by the factory manager that had the disabled father. The results showed the importance of ‘discovering the meaning of life through sufficient self-understanding and self-awareness’ for post-traumatic growth, and the importance of ‘awareness of disabled people at work’ for maintaining employment of the severely disabled. This result can provide important implications for counseling for disabilities in the mid-life and supporting for their employment promotion.

Development and Optimization of 3D-Printed Flexible Electronic Coatings: A New Generation of Smart Heating Fabrics for Automobile Applications.

Textile-based Joule heaters in combination with multifunctional materials, fabrication tactics, and optimized designs have changed the paradigm of futuristic intelligent clothing systems, particularly in the automobile field. In the design of heating systems integrated into a car seat, conductive coatings via 3D printing are expected to have further benefits over conventional rigid electrical elements such as a tailored shape and increased comfort, feasibility, stretchability, and compactness. In this regard, we report on a novel heating technique for car seat fabrics based on the use of smart conductive coatings. For easier processes and integration, an extrusion 3D printer is employed to achieve multilayered thin films coated on the surface of the fabric substrate. The developed heater device consists of two principal copper electrodes (so-called power buses) and three identical heating resistors made of carbon composites. Connections between the copper power bus and the carbon resistors are made by means of sub-divide the electrodes, which is critical for electrical-thermal coupling. Finite element models (FEM) are developed to predict the heating behavior of the tested substrates under different designs. It is pointed out that the most optimized design solves important drawbacks of the initial design in terms of temperature regularity and overheating. Full characterizations of the electrical and thermal properties, together with morphological analyses via SEM images, are conducted on different coated samples, making it possible to identify the relevant physical parameters of the materials as well as confirm the printing quality. It is discovered through a combination of FEM and experimental evaluations that the printed coating patterns have a crucial impact on the energy conversion and heating performance. Our first prototype, thanks to many design optimizations, entirely meets the specifications required by the automobile industry. Accordingly, multifunctional materials together with printing technology could offer an efficient heating method for the smart textile industry with significantly improved comfort for both the designer and user.

The use of car safety seats for children in China: A questionnaire survey based on the theory of planned behavior

Objective The purpose of this study was to analyze the psychological characteristics underlying Chinese parents’ behaviors in using child car seats and to understand their decision-making processes. Based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB), three extended variables of perceived accident severity, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers were introduced. From the perspective of social psychology, the psychological factors that influence parents’ use of child car seats and their interrelationships were explored. Methods A questionnaire was designed to collect data, including information on demographic characteristics, basic components of the TPB, and relevant extension variables. Using on online survey, 585 valid questionnaires were collected. Structural equation modeling was used to calibrate the data, and multiple group analysis was performed on the demographic variables. Results The extended TPB can effectively explain and predict parents’ behaviors when using children’s car seats. The results of the model show that parents’ positive attitudes toward child safety seats (CSSs), others’ recognition of their own use and perceptual control of the use of CSSs increase their willingness to use CSSs. Parents’ willingness to use has a positive impact on the use of CSSs. Additionally, for the three extended variables introduced, perceived benefit significantly promoted parental intention and behavior to use CSS for children; perceived barriers significantly reduced parental use of CSS; and perceived accident severity had no significant effect on parental use of CSS. Conclusions This study established the validity of the extended TPB model in predicting parents’ behaviors in using car seats for their children. In addition, the current findings may provide a theoretical basis for policy development to promote CSS use.

2D and 3D Wires Formability for Car Seats: A Novel Full-Automatic Equipment Concept towards High Productivity and Flexibility

The automotive industry demands high quality at very low prices. To this end, it is necessary to constantly innovate, making processes increasingly competitive, while continuing to ensure high levels of quality. Model diversification has forced the automotive industry to make its manufacturing processes more flexible, without losing competitiveness. This has been the case for car seats, where the quantities to be produced per batch are significantly lowering due to the diversity of existing models. The objective of this work was to increase the production rate of bent wires used in car seat cushions and increase the flexibility of changing wire types in production. After benchmarking the existing solutions so far, it was verified that none are capable of complying with the required production rate, while also offering the desired flexibility. Thus, it is necessary to start with a new concept of conformation of the wires used in these seat cushions. The new concept developed and integrated some of the previously known solutions, developing other systems capable of providing the desired response in terms of productivity and flexibility. To this end, new mechanical solutions and automated systems were developed, which, together with other existing ones, made it possible to design equipment that complies with all the necessary requirements. The developed concept is innovative and can be employed to other types of products in which it can be applied. The new concept developed yields a production rate of 950 parts/hour (initial goal: 800 parts/hour), features a setup time of around 30 min, ensuring the desired flexibility, and the tool costs about 90% less than traditional tools. The payback period is around 5 months, given that the equipment cost was EUR 122.000 in terms of construction and assembly, and generated a gain of EUR 280.000 in the first year of service.