Judgment Seat Research Articles

Christian Bioethics in a Post-Christian World: Facing the Challenges

In the Eastern rites of the Orthodox Church during the prothesis, that is, during the proskoedia,1 the prayers during the preparation of the bread and wine before Liturgy, the priest when taking out the seventh particle from the leavened bread2 that will be consecrated during Liturgy prays, “[in honor and memory] of the holy, glorious and wonder-working unmercenaries Cosmas and Damian,3 Cyrus and John,4 Panteleimon and Hermolaos5 and of all the holy unmercenary healers”6 (Liturgikon, 1989, 249). The six named, who practiced medicine (or assisted those in the practice of medicine) without charging for the care they gave, were also martyrs under the Roman Empire. They were not killed just for being Christians. They were killed for being Christians who, in the face of a pagan empire, made it clear to their patients that the only real cure for sickness and death is Christ. They understood that the surrounding pagan culture could seduce Christians but that it could not violate their conscience (only they themselves could do that). Despite a hostile dominant culture and its requirements, the holy unmercenaries were totally unembarrassed about being fully committed, proselytizing Christians. The holy unmercenary physicians realized that because physicians accompany their patients in the face of suffering and the threat of death, Christian physicians have a special obligation to teach all how to prepare to face the dread judgment seat of Christ. The holy unmercenaries were martyred for their determination to provide health care as Christians should, namely, proclaiming in their practice the good news of the Kingdom.

'Administrative Tribunals of India': A Study in the Light of Decided Cases

Welfare nature of government is the evolutionary goal of probably every kind of government these days in this contemporary world. There has been a phenomenal increase in the functions of the government, which has lent enormous powers to the executive and also led to increase in the legislative output. This has led to more litigation, restrictions on the freedom of the individuals and constant frictions between them and the authority. The development of welfare led to an increase in governmental functions and the executive saw in this a need to perform a number of quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial functions, thus blurring the traditional positions of the various wings of the government under the doctrine of separation of powers, under which the powers of the government were divided between the legislature, executive and the judiciary which were to be entrusted with the power of making law, executing it and interpreting the law respectively. Tribunals are a “Judgment seat; a court of justice; board or committee appointed to adjudicate on claims of a particular kind” . The essence of the meaning of the word tribunal which can be culled out from the various Supreme Court authorities is that they are adjudicatory bodies (except ordinary courts of law) constituted by the State and invested with judicial and quasi-judicial functions as distinguished from administrative or executive functions.This paper comprehensively deals with the all possible aspects regarding the tribunals in India. An exhaustive research was done using secondary sources from books, articles and over the internet. A comprehensive bibliography is provided at the end of this project.

A New President for a New Era Welcomes Members and Guests to Drinks at 6.45 pm and Lecture at 7.00 pm

When I demitted office as Secretary of the Society 25 years ago, the medico-legal world was a placid place. It is true that medical members were already looking slightly askance at the lawyers: the medical defence organisations had abolished life membership and we had already had the first contested cerebral palsy case in Whitehouse v Jordan. The fact that the defendant won that case seems a comparatively insignificant incident of history, since it has set the template for so many others. The surprising thing is that brain damaged babies should account for two-thirds of all damages: then as now , the record medical damages are for an injured adult, but the figure then was about £230,000 where it is now over £12 million: a 50 fold increase, whilst the inflation table has gone up three fold, mainly because of the greater cost of care regimes. However, it is not in the growth of clinical negligence that the most important developments have come. Perhaps courtesy of Lord Woolf and the Legal Services Commission, litigants have been chased away from the seat of judgment and clinical negligence has shrunk massively as a proportion of the work of the medical lawyer. The role of the GMC has expanded, is expanding and ought to be diminished; the local disciplinary functions of the Trust are on a similar trajectory. The contraction of the knowledge base of the higher medical trainee and the newly appointed consultant at a time when there is far more to know, the diminished tolerance of failure coupled with the rising expectations of a society that chooses not to pay for the medical service it demands, all has contributed to that dysfunctional relationship which is to be the subject of my Presidential address in October. The medico-legal nexus is now an impor tant and worrying aspect of modern life. All of this makes it a fascinating time to take the Society’s helm for a spell. I hope that we will, in the course of the next two years, explore the difficulties that there are now in the relationship between medicine and the law and the ways in which the lawyers are contributing to the disastrous collapse in the relationship between society and medicine. The second theme of my tenure is going to be the implementation of our programme of internal reform at the Society. For reasons which have eluded us, the Society has failed to meet the expectations of its members during the 30 years I have been coming to meetings. For decades we have lined up programmes of speakers of enormous distinction who have come

The History of Chile

“East is East and West is West,” Rudyard Kipling believed, and the difference could only be resolved “at God’s Great Judgment Seat.” When it came to cultural mysteries, sixteenth-century Spanish friars were more optimistic about understanding the differences between North and South. With a foot in both Europe and the Indies, often speaking Indian languages as well as Spanish, they undertook a self-conscious effort to explain one side to the other. In the nineteenth century, the role of informational intermediary was often filled by the travelers whose sketches and prose brought vivid accounts of Latin American ways of life (and investment opportunities) home to Europeans and North Americans.The past 60 years or so have produced a fairly large number of European and North American history textbooks on various Latin American countries—or the region as a whole—which might be seen as a continuation of earlier efforts to explain the culture of outlying regions to the inhabitants of the imperial center. One might notice in passing, however, that the friars not only aimed to explain the ways of the conquered to the empire but also (from the parish or doctrina pulpit) undertook to explain the ways of the Europeans to the natives. Today, the cultural bridge represented by historians and history textbooks runs in only one direction. There are very few courses and fewer texts by Latin Americans themselves that try to explain the deeper features of the United States to their students, thus leaving them at the mercy of Hollywood and pop culture for their understanding. As a result, ordinary Latin Americans are even more ignorant of the United States than U.S. citizens are of Latin America. In Chile, for example, where history has long been a high art, there is not, to my knowledge, a single specialist with a Ph.D. in U.S. history and no proper textbooks on U.S. history in Spanish.The first notable English-language text on Chilean history was the 1941 translation of Luis Galdames’s Historia de Chile. Since then, English-reading students are fortunate to have a number of lesser texts and two outstanding ones, Brian Loveman’s broad and dense Chile: The Legacy of Hispanic Capitalism (Oxford University Press, 2001), which covers the entire sweep from pre-Hispanic times to the present, and the late Simon Collier and William Sater’s A History of Chile: 1808–1994 (Cambridge University Press, 1996). Both books are deeply researched and much admired by Chileans, as well as by our own students in the United States. This is, perhaps, particularly true of Collier’s book, which has been translated into Spanish and praised in Chile for its intimate understanding of Chilean political culture.John Rector aims his text at a more rudimentary student level than the Loveman and Collier volumes. The book provides a clear narrative, a useful glossary of conventionally important historical figures, and a chronological list of principal events. He organizes the material around the impact of economic change on a rather uncomplicated sketch of social classes (the elite, the middle classes, labor), but there are also deft asides—for example, thumbnail sketches of Pablo Neruda, the “power of ideas,” and the human rights issue. This is an even-handed treatment of Chile’s history. With a firm grip on the factual tiller, Rector tacks down the political middle and holds to this course even through the stormy and contentious post-1970 years. These last 30 years occupy about 20 percent of the entire text.Because of its orderly, plainly written, encyclopedic arrangement, this book may be most useful as a companion to the other general histories of Chile already mentioned. It will also, on its own, be accessible to beginning undergraduates and even to advanced secondary-school students, for whom the detail and sophisticated interpretations of the Loveman and Collier texts may represent an excessive challenge.

Rethinking Medical Education About Mood Disorders.

Rethinking Medical Education About Mood Disorders.

Protecting Soldiers from Friendly Fire: The Consent Requirement for Using Investigational Drugs and Vaccines in Combat

This could be the world's largest friendly fire incident.In his classic treatiseOn War,Karl von Clausewitz emphasizes that courage is the “first quality of a warrior.” He defines two types of courage: “courage in the presence of danger to the person; next, moral courage, or courage in the presence of responsibility, whether before the judgment seat of an external authority or before that of the internal authority of conscience.“ Both were involved in the U.S. military's decision to seek a waiver of informed consent requirements for the use of investigational drugs and vaccines on U.S. troops in the Persian Gulf War. The danger of chemical and biological attack was seen as demanding this waiver; while the Nuremberg Code, medical ethics, and respect for the human rights and dignity of American soldiers cautioned against it. The legal maneuvering to revise consent regulations for wartime conditions provides a case study illustrating how the boundary line between therapy and experimentation can become hopelessly blurred, the differences between law and ethics, and the ethical obligations of military physicians.

The Contest of Meaning: Critical Histories of Photography

Part 1 What are the social consequences of aesthetic practice?: the museum's old / the library's new subject, Douglas Crimp the judgment seat of photography, Christopher Phillips from faktura to factography, Benjamin H.D. Buchloh the armed vision disarmed - radical formalism from weapon to style, Abigail Solomon-Godeau. Part 2 How does photography construct sexual difference?: what becomes a legend most - the short, sad career of Diane Arbus, Catherine Lord of mother nature and Marlboro men - an inquiry into the cultural meanings of landscape photography, Deborah Bright the graphic ordering of desire - modernization of a middle-class women's magazine, 1914-39, Sally Stein dykes in context - some problems in minority representation, Jan Zita Grover. Part 3 How is photography used to promote class and national interests? the corporate year in pictures, Carol Squiers c/overt ideology - two images of revolution, Esther Parada in the American East - Richard Avedon incorporated, Richard Bolton. Part 4 What are the politics of photographic truth?: photography's discursive spaces, Rosalind Krauss in, around, and afterthoughts (on documentary photography), Martha Rosler the body and the archive, Allan Sekula.

The Judgment Seat of Photography

ion in Photography. MoMA installation. 1951. 50 The Judgment Seat of Photography Two irregular series of smaller exhibitions clearly showed the limitations of Steichen's approach when applied to the handling of historical and serious contemporary photography. Photography's past was acknowledged in a number of so-called flashback exhibitions interspersed between the larger shows. These surveyed the work of the Photo-Secession (1948), nineteenthcentury French photography from the Cromer Collection of the George Eastman House (1949), and the work of Stieglitz and Atget, shown together in 1950. But in the absence of extensive magazine coverage, exhibition catalogues, or critical writing, these exhibitions attracted little attention and left virtually no trace.53 More significant were the many small exhibitions organized to illustrate various photographers' treatments of a given theme-the theme was defined, of course, by Steichen. The best-known were the five installments of Diogenes with a Camera (1952-61), in which a great many photographers presented the 53. According to Newhall's count of selected publications on the history of photography from 1900-70, the 1950s saw fewer than half as many publications in this area than had the 1930s. The 1960s, on the other hand, witnessed a dramatic increase, more than doubling the number of publications of the 1930s. Newhall's compilation was made available at the Photographic Collectors' Symposium, George Eastman House, October 1978. Postwar European Photography. MoMA installation. 1953. 51

The amok syndrome in Papua and New Guinea.

Kipling was perhaps a little premature, for the twain have met in more recent times with the Judgment Seat still in the offing, and nowhere is this more apparent than in the case of the exotic syndrome stripped of its mystique under the penetrating onslaught of modern behavioural science. Thus we find such entities as latah, koro, hsieh-ping, imu, possession syndromes, and mass hysteria with a variety of romantic-sounding names (for example, “Vailala madness” and “mushroom madness”) coming down to earth with nosological statuses more in keeping with known psychiatric concepts. It is proposed here to give an account of the Papua and New Guinea version of the amok syndrome which to date has received little medical attention, and to produce evidence to support a sociopsychodynamic explanation of the condition.

When the Kingdom Comes Messianic Themes in Medieval Jewish Art

Students of medieval Christian art are all too familiar with Last Judgment scenes on the tympana of medieval Gothic cathedrals. The tympanum over the west portal of Bourges Cathedral is a good example in its awesome and dramatic depiction of the fate which awaited every Christian in the world to come. At the summit, Christ is seen enthroned on the seat of judgment, surrounded by angels, St. John and the Virgin. At the bottom, the resurrected dead rise from their tombs to appear before their judge. Below Christ is the chief actor in the drama of Judgment—St. Michael. With a balance suspended from his hand, he carefully weighs the deeds of every Christian to determine which soul is to be eternally damned to the tortures of hell on the left, and which is to enjoy the rewards of eternal bliss in paradise on the right. Such Christian representations need little explanation, but were I to ask how medieval Jewish art conceived the afterlife, my question might be met with some surprise, since it is common to find...

The Road to Damascus, Part One : A Skeptic's Everyman

The Road to Damascus, Part One : A Skeptic's Everyman

Plea of Insanity—The Trial of William Dove

When an arduous juridical contention is at its height, when a man's life is in the balance of opinion between those who hold him to be insane and irresponsible, and those who believe him to be a cruel and calculating murderer, the passions of men are so much involved that it is difficult to estimate the merits of a scientific question, with a perfect impartiality and freedom from prejudice and a single regard to truth. The trial of Wm. Dove, for the murder of his wife by strychnine, and his defence upon the plea of insanity, has been of a nature to elicit an unusual amount of personal feeling, both among those who considered him one of the most atrocious criminals of modern times, and those who conscientiously believed him to be incapable of crime on account of mental disease or infirmity. Sane or insane, Wm. Dove has paid the penalty of a murderer, and hath been sent to appear before the judgment seat of Him who “knoweth all things,” and will “judge righteous judgment.”