Seasonal Variation Of Water Quality Research Articles

대동호의 시기별 및 계절별 수질변화 평가

대동호의 시기별 및 계절별 수질변화 평가

Seasonal variation of water quality and waste loads in Buriganga river with GIS visualization

Pollution status of the Buriganga river has been assessed in this study using GIS tool to analyze the spatial and seasonal distribution of several water quality parameters from six surface water sampling stations. In addition, characterization of water quality from certain selected outfalls discharging wastewater along the river was accomplished as well. The observed surface water quality concentration was higher during dry season for BOD5 (13.68-22.8 mg/l), COD (22-30 mg/l), TDS (280- 303 mg/l), PO4(5.6- 7.3 mg/l) while an exception was found for NH3-N (0.67- 0.89 mg/l) and Turbidity (25.19 to 91.18). The DO level was found noticeably lower during dry season (1.73 to 2.36 mg/l) than wet season (3.27 to 4.68 mg/l). Moreover, Principal Component Analysis identified high ionic distributions during wet season and more organic pollution during dry season. Water quality parameters TDS, TSS, EC and COD were obtained in high concentration levels from industrial outfalls towards the downstream of the river while BOD5, NH3-N were higher from municipal wastewater outfalls towards the upstream of the river. The observed pollution loading from the outfalls revealed the location at Dholaikhal as the major pollution source in the river with a BOD5 (11681- 12243 kg/day) and TDS (9749- 32348 kg/day) loading. Accordingly, influence of nearest wastewater sources on the surface water quality was evident through GIS representation of the parameters.
 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.55(2), 113-130, 2020

Characterizing the heterogeneous correlations between the landscape patterns and seasonal variations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in a peri-urban watershed

Landscape patterns in a watershed potentially have significant influence on the occurrence, migration, and transformation of pollutants, such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in rivers. Human activities can accelerate the pollution and complicate the problem especially in a peri-urban watershed with different types of land use. To characterize the heterogeneous correlations between landscape patterns and seasonal variations of N and P in a peri-urban watershed located upstream of Tianjin metropolis, China, observations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) at 33 locations were performed in the wet and dry seasons from 2013 to 2016. The data from individual locations were averaged for the wet and dry seasons and analyzed with geographical detector to identify influential landscape indices on seasonal water quality variations. The geographically weighted regression method, capable of analyzing heterogeneous correlations, was used to evaluate the integrated effects from different landscape indices. The results demonstrated that the location-weighted landscape contrast index (LWLI), the ratio of urban areas, and the ratio of forest areas were major influential indicators that affected TN and TP in river water. These indices also had integrated effects on variations of TN and TP together with other indices such as Shannon diversity index, landscape shape index, largest patch index, and contagion index. The integrated effects were different in the wet and dry seasons because of different effects of flushing and dilution by rainwater and the heterogeneity in landscape patterns. The LWLI had a positive relationship to water quality in the areas with high ratio of urban areas, indicating that domestic wastewater can be a major source of N and P pollution. The approaches and findings of this study may provide a reference for characterizing the major factors and integrated effects that control nonpoint source pollution in a watershed.

Seasonal Variations of Water Quality in the Vostok Bay, Peter the Great Gulf, the Sea of Japan

Studies of 2015 were used to characterize water in Vostok Bay (Peter the Great Gulf, the Sea of Japan) in terms of phosphate concentration, biochemical oxygen demand, and pH. The input of Ptot was found to increase considerably throughout the summer, mostly at the expense of organic phosphorus. Maximal export (500–700 µg/L) was recorded in August; BOD5 values in excess of the MAC (2.17–3.50 mg/L) were recorded from April to October. Water acidification was recorded in January (down to 6.28–6.72), April and August (down to 7.39–7.89). The substances arriving with the coastal matter runoff were shown to extend widely over the entire bay water area and to reach the seaward open part of Peter the Great Gulf, suggesting the developing intense anthropogenic load onto the region.

Characterization of Semnan thermal springs using principal component analysis and geochemical inverse modeling

Since traditional graphical methods are weak to provide a reliable result for assessing the hydrothermal circulation depth and mixing processes, principal component analysis (PCA) and inverse geochemical modeling are used to evaluate the relation between the chemical and physical parameters affecting the spatiotemporal composition of Semnan thermal springs. These waters belong to the Na-Cl water type, with the total dissolved solids of about 9847-mg/L and mean temperature of 31.5 °C. PCA extracted three components that explain 87.89% of the sample variances from a matrix of 35 monthly samples, taken from five thermal springs and analyzed for ten variables. Based on the results of the PCA, the water-rock interactions including evaporate dissolution, cation exchange, and dedolomitization control the chemical composition of thermal waters, and dilution by aquifer recharge creates the seasonal variation in water quality. Geochemical mass-balance modeling simulates the microbial SO4 reduction and silicate weathering and allows quantification of the evolution of the hydrothermal system. Based on the isotopic data, the meteoric water is the major origin of thermal waters without oxygen-18 shift. In addition, Chenaran anticline is the most probable catchment area of thermal springs based on the water balance calculation and geological setting. These results are quite convenient with the previous hydrological conceptual model obtained from the geochemical data. The present study highlights the importance of applying both PCA and inverse modeling simultaneously with conventional methods for assessing the origin of thermal water and deep understanding of predominant processes controlling the hydrogeochemical evolution in a carbonate aquifer includes low enthalpy thermal waters. This methodology has the potential for application in other regions with similar condition.

Spatio-temporal Distribution Characteristics of the Water Quality in the Jinze Reservoir and Its Inflow

Jinze Reservoir is the main drinking water source for southwest Shanghai. The water quality in the upstream Taipu River and reservoir have an important impact on the performance of the reservoir and the quality of the water supply. Conventional water parameters were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) to evaluate seasonal variations in water quality in the upper reaches of Jinze Reservoir. The parallel factor (PARAFAC) was also used to analyze water-soluble dissolved organic matter (FDOM) in the upstream waters and reservoir area. Furthermore, the relationships between water fluorescence intensity and conventional water quality indicators were analyzed using correlation analysis. The results show that water quality in the upper reaches of Jinze Reservoir is worst in the winter, and water quality gradually deteriorates in the outer sections of the reservoir due to external pollution inputs. Ecological purification within the reservoir area functions to improve water quality. The water body FDOM content is mainly composed of proteinoids and humus. Protein-like substances are the main components of this material, and each component exhibits clear spatial and temporal distribution characteristics. External pollution is the main factor affecting the total fluorescence intensity of the FDOM outside of the reservoir. In the reservoir, the ecological environment affects the total fluorescence intensity of FDOM. The total fluorescence intensity of FDOM showed an increasing downstream spatial trend, which was significantly correlated with NH4+-N, petroleum, TOC, chloride, and sulfate content in the water. By detecting the total fluorescence intensity of FDOM, the rapid analysis of water quality can be achieved to inform early warning.

Water Quality of the Mun River in Thailand-Spatiotemporal Variations and Potential Causes.

The water quality of the Mun River, one of the largest tributaries of the Mekong River and an important agricultural area in Thailand, is investigated to determine its status, identify spatiotemporal variations and distinguish the potential causes. Water quality dataset based on monitoring in the last two decades (1997–2017) from 21 monitoring sites distributed across the basin were analyzed using seasonal Kendall test and water quality index (WQI) method. The Kendall test shows significant declines in fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) and ammonia (NH3) in the upper reaches and increases in nitrate (NO3) and NH3 in the lower reaches. Strong temporal and spatial fluctuations were observed in both the concentrations of individual parameters and the WQI values. Seasonal variation of water quality was observed at each monitoring site. WQI values in August (flood season) were generally among the lowest, compared to other seasons. Spatially, sites in the upper reaches generally having lower WQI values than those in the lower reaches. Excessive phosphorus is the primary cause of water quality degradation in the upper reaches, while nitrogen is the primary parameter for water quality degradation in the lower reaches. Urban built-up land is an important “source” of water pollutants in the lower basin, while agricultural land plays a dual role, affecting across the basin.

Water quality evaluation of the upper stretch of the river Jhelum using multivariate statistical techniques

Water quality assessment is considered essential for the evaluation of river pollution and its variation, resulting due to either natural or point/non-point anthropogenic sources. This study describes the water quality of the upper stretch of the Jhelum River located in Kashmir Himalaya using multivariate statistical techniques. The descriptive statistics and correlation matrix were applied to explore the correlations between the determined water quality variables whereas; principal component/or factor analysis (PCA/FA) was employed to take out the important factors that control the seasonal water quality variations. The hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was employed for the extraction of monitoring stations that can be developed for continuous water quality assessment in this area. Based on the PCA/FA, 95.7% of the total variance in the summer season was described by six factors while 85.8% of the total variance, in the winter season, was described by only four factors. HCA based on two seasons and different levels of pollution grouped the sampling stations into 3 classes described as low-, medium-, and high-pollution regions. Overall, the results illustrated that river water quality has deteriorated progressively from upstream to downstream areas and the methodology adopted can be used for the subsequent water quality surveys to highlight any temporal evolution of river water quality.

Seasonal variation of salinity of ground water at Patenga area of Chittagong district in Bangladesh

Availability of safe drinking water is scarce in the coastal areas of Bangladesh due to saltwater intrusion in fresh water aquifer. Patenga, a densely populated coastal area within Chittagong city corporation area, is not under the municipal water supply coverage. The groundwater of Patenga is contaminated by higher concentration of chloride and total dissolved solid. This study aims to investigate the water quality of the tube well based on its distance from flood protection embankment to observed saltwater intrusion in fresh water aquifer. Water sample were collected several times from different tube wells at patenga area based on tube well’s distance from embankment from February 2017 to August 2017 to observe the seasonal variation of water quality. It was found that chloride concentration, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids etc. are very high compared to the standard value for drinking purpose in Bangladesh. The chloride concentration also decreased as the distance of the tube-wells from embankment increased, which implies that tube well near to coast line has higher chloride concentration. It was also observed that chloride concentration in tube well water also increased during dry season. In this study, the location of the tubewells were considered only along a single alignment in the perpendicular direction of the coastal bank. The study can be further extended for more offsets both in the parallel and the perpendicular direction of the coastal bank for better understanding of the groundwater salinity intrusion.
 Progressive Agriculture, Vol. 30, Suppl. 1: 65-70, 2019

Variação espaço-temporal da qualidade da água nos canais de irrigação do Projeto Formoso em Bom Jesus da Lapa - Bahia

In this work presented the results of water quality monitoring of the irrigation channels of the irrigated perimeter of the Formoso A project in Bom Jesus da Lapa city, western region of Bahia. The water quality parameters considered in this study were ammonia (N-NH4+), nitrite (N-NO2-), nitrate (N-NO3-), phosphorus (P-PO43-), dissolved oxygen (DO) and total dissolved solids (TDS). We monitor irrigation channels at seventeen sites and collect water samples monthly during ten campaigns that occurred between October 2017 and August 2018. In all the campaigns the average values of the parameters N-NH4+, N-NO2-, N-NO3-, pH, OD and STD were within the limits established by resolution CONAMA 357/2005. However, the mean values of the P-PO43- concentration in the water of the canals ranged from 0.02 to 1.19 mg L-1 and these values during most campaigns were above the established maximum limit of 0.1 mg L-1 for lotic environment. We applied all the results obtained in this study in the principal components analysis (PCA) to verify the similarity and/or difference between the samples collected during the dry and rainy season. In PCA, we found that the samples collected in the rainy season were distinct from the samples collected in the dry season because they had the highest levels of phosphorus and nitrogen species, indicating a possible seasonal variation in water quality.

Seasonal Variation of Water Quality in Unregulated Domestic Wells.

In the United States (U.S.), up to 14% of the population depend on private wells as their primary drinking water source. The U.S. government does not regulate contaminants in private wells. The goals of this study were to investigate the quality of drinking water from unregulated private wells within one mile (1.6 kilometers) of an effluent-dominated river in the arid Southwest, determine differences in contaminant levels between wet and dry seasons, and identify contributions from human sources by specifically measuring man-made organic contaminants (perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfate (PFOS), and sucralose). Samples were collected during two dry seasons and two wet seasons over the course of two years and analyzed for microbial (Escherichia coli), inorganic (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nitrate), and synthetic organic (PFOA, PFOS, and sucralose) contaminants. Arsenic, nitrate, and Escherichia coli concentrations exceeded their respective regulatory levels of 0.01 mg/L, 10 mg/L, and 1 colony forming unit (CFU)/100 mL, respectively. The measured concentrations of PFOA and PFOS exceeded the respective Public Health Advisory level. Arsenic, PFOA, PFOS, and sucralose were significantly higher during the dry seasons, whereas E. coli was higher during the wet seasons. While some contaminants were correlated (e.g., As and Hg ρ = 0.87; PFOA and PFOS ρ = 0.45), the lack of correlation between different contaminant types indicates that they may arise from different sources. Multi-faceted interventions are needed to reduce exposure to drinking water above health-based guidelines.

Seasonal and Spatial Variation of Dissolved Oxygen and Nutrients in Padaviya Reservoir, Sri Lanka

Lakes, reservoirs, rivers, and aquifers are important freshwater sources for basic human needs such as drinking, sanitation, and agriculture. The anthropogenic influences on the natural environment, especially on freshwater resources, have increased dramatically during the last few decades. Eutrophication and pollution are major threats to many of these water bodies. There are thousands of man-made reservoirs, which are centuries old in Sri Lanka, and only a handful of them have been extensively studied and monitored. This study investigates the spatial and seasonal variations of water quality in Padaviya Reservoir by studying the vertical distribution of physical parameters and inorganic nitrogen species: ammonia, nitrite and nitrate, reactive phosphate, and dissolved oxygen. Padaviya Reservoir, which is an ancient man-made irrigation reservoir, has never been studied in detail to assess its water quality. Sharp chemical gradients for ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, reactive phosphate, and dissolved oxygen were observed between surface and bottom waters of the reservoir, suggesting that it does not overturn completely. The temperature difference is between the surface and bottom waters of about 2°C, which is not large enough to cause thermal stratification. The most probable reason for the stratification is extensive photosynthesis at surface waters with subsequent decomposition of the organic material at the bottom.

Simulation and Evaluation of Seasonal Variations of Water Quality in Taleghan River Using a Mathematical Model

Simulation and Evaluation of Seasonal Variations of Water Quality in Taleghan River Using a Mathematical Model

Seasonal variation of water quality and phytoplankton dynamics and diversity in the surface water of Boukourdane Lake, Algeria

A study of phytoplankton diversity and its seasonal variation was conducted by sampling water from Boukourdane Lake between February 2013 and January 2015. Fifteen physical and chemical variables were recorded, and their relationship with the density of 162 phytoplankton species was established using Canonical Correspondence Analysis, which showed that the density of phytoplankton was higher when minerals and nutrients increased. An anthropogenic impact was also most evident in structuring phytoplankton assemblages at sites close to the lake where agriculture was concentrated. The results obtained from the Margalef, Shannon–Wiener, and Equitability diversity indices indicated mediocre water quality. Determinations of the trophic state were made by examining several diverse criteria, such as transparency and the concentrations of chlorophyll a and phosphorus. Our study area was characterized as mesotrophic according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development classification.

Spatiotemporal assessment of water quality in the distribution network of City of Sharjah, UAE

Maintaining a healthy water distribution network (WDN) is key to providing good quality services to the consumers in a sustainable manner. WDN in the City of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (UAE), has more than 3,000 km of pipeline and receives water from different sources. Understanding the variation of water quality over time is critical to appropriate management. The objective of this paper was to assess the variability of the water quality in Sharjah WDN. Monitoring data for residual chlorine, iron, and fluoride were collected from 46 different locations throughout the distribution system. Graphical and GIS-based analyses were conducted to understand the temporal (for three source waters and three locations in the WDN) and spatial variability (all locations) of water quality throughout the distribution network. Temporal variations indicated seasonal water quality variations throughout the three-year period (2012-2014). The spatial variability indicated that the old part of the city was susceptible to water quality degradation.

Impact of Changes of Land Use on Water Quality, from Tropical Forest to Anthropogenic Occupation: A Multivariate Approach

Worldwide, it is acknowledged that changes of land use influence water quality; however, in tropical forests, the relationship between land use and water quality is still poorly understood. This study assessed spatial and seasonal variations in water quality, and the relationship between water quality and changes of land use in the Bobos-Nautla River, whose upper course runs across a patch of a tropical cloud forest. Spatial and seasonal variations in water quality and land use were assessed with multivariate tools. A cluster analysis, as well as a Principal Component Analysis (PCA-3D), identified three groups of sites: (1) an upper portion, which showed the best water quality and the broadest natural vegetation coverage; (2) a middle course, with high nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations associated with extensive agricultural uses; and (3) a lower course, characterized by the highest levels of total and fecal coliforms, as well as ammonia nitrogen, associated with the highest percentage of urbanization and human settlements. Our findings demonstrate the impact of changes of land use on water quality of rivers running through cloud forests in tropical zones, which are currently endangered ecosystems.

Removal of fluoride and natural organic matter from natural tropical brackish waters by nanofiltration/reverse osmosis with varying water chemistry

In the context of decentralised brackish water treatment in development applications, the influence of water quality on membrane separation was investigated with real waters. High ionic strength (low net driving pressure) on fluoride (F) retention by nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) was investigated over a wide pH range (2–12). Further, the influence of pH on the permeation of natural organic matter (NOM) fractions, in particular low molecular weight (LMW) neutrals, was elucidated. Natural and semi-natural waters from Tanzania with similar F concentrations of about 50 mg L−1 but varying NOM and inorganic carbon (IC) concentration were filtered with an NF and RO, namely NF270 and BW30.F retention by NF270 for the feed water with highest ionic strength and IC concentration was lower and attributed to charge screening. This parameter further reduced at high pH due to co-ions (F− and CO32−) interactions and combined (synergistic) effect of high salt concentration and pH on F. High NOM resulted in higher membrane zeta potential in comparison with low NOM natural water. However, there was no significant difference in F retention due to the fact that F retention enhancement was annulled by deposit formation on the membrane. The fraction of NOM found in NF/RO permeates was dominated by LMW neutrals. This was attributed to their size and uncharged nature, while their higher concentration at low pH remains unexplained. More humic substances (HS) of higher molecularity and aromaticity permeated the NF270 when compared with BW30, which can be explained with the different membrane molecular weight cut off (MWCO).The study highlights the complexity of treating tropical natural waters with elevated F and NOM concentrations. In order to develop appropriate membrane systems that will achieve optimal F and NOM removal, the influence of water quality parameters such as pH, NOM content, ionic strength and IC concentration requires understanding. Seasonal variation of water quality as well as operational fluctuations, which occur in particular when such treatment processes are operated with renewable energy, will require such challenges to be addressed. Further, given the high permeability of low molecular weight (LMW) organics significant permeate side fouling may be expected.

Water quality in earthen dams and potential health impacts: case of Nadosoito Dam, Tanzania

Abstract The aim of the study was to assess seasonal water quality variations in an earthen dam and their potential impact on the health of those using the water for domestic purposes. High values of chemical oxygen demand, from <0.7 to 87 mg/l, and turbidity, from 204 to 53,300 NTU, were reported. Turbidity and total suspended solids were the highest at the onset of rainfall, and generally declined from the wet to the dry season. Ammonia concentrations ranged from 0.14 to 270 mg/l and nitrate from 0.6 to 1,715 mg-N/l, and were highest towards the end of wet season, while NO2-N was highest (290 mg/l) in the dry season. There were some notably high phycocyanin (PC) pigment values (19.9 to 495 μg/l) unique to cyanobacteria, well above the WHO alert level of 30 μg/l. PC is associated with a variety of toxins affecting humans and animals. Possible sources of pollutants include animal droppings/urine and runoff from farms applying fertilisers. A further aim was to assess water treatability with a pilot inclined plate settler system for pollutants and microbial removal. The results of this study suggest that water treatment systems must be designed to take care of the worst influent water quality conditions.

Seasonal Variation of Water Quality in Gowain River near Ratargul Swamp Forest, Sylhet, Bangladesh

This article is based on a study that was conducted to investigate the physicochemical properties of water in Gowain river at pre-monsoon (February to May), monsoon (June to September) and post-monsoon (October to January) seasons and to determine the relationships between water quality parameters. The water samples were collected from five different sampling stations of Gowain river and analyzed in the laboratory of Department of Environmental Science and Resource Management, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Bangladesh. The results also showed that most of the water quality parameters were suitable for aquatic organisms as well as fish. However, runoff from upstream and waste generated from anthropogenic sources could be the main causes of degradation of water quality and aquatic organisms.

Seasonal assessment and apportionment of surface water pollution using multivariate statistical methods: Sinos River, southern Brazil.

Assessment of surface water quality is an issue of currently high importance, especially in polluted rivers which provide water for treatment and distribution as drinking water, as is the case of the Sinos River, southern Brazil. Multivariate statistical techniques allow a better understanding of the seasonal variations in water quality, as well as the source identification and source apportionment of water pollution. In this study, the multivariate statistical techniques of cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and positive matrix factorization (PMF) were used, along with the Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman's correlation analysis in order to interpret a water quality data set resulting from a monitoring program conducted over a period of almost two years (May 2013 to April 2015). The water samples were collected from the raw water inlet of the municipal water treatment plant (WTP) operated by the Water and Sewage Services of Novo Hamburgo (COMUSA). CA allowed the data to be grouped into three periods (autumn and summer (AUT-SUM); winter (WIN); spring (SPR)). Through the PCA, it was possible to identify that the most important parameters in contribution to water quality variations are total coliforms (TCOLI) in SUM-AUT, water level (WL), water temperature (WT), and electrical conductivity (EC) in WIN and color (COLOR) and turbidity (TURB) in SPR. PMF was applied to the complete data set and enabled the source apportionment water pollution through three factors, which are related to anthropogenic sources, such as the discharge of domestic sewage (mostly represented by Escherichia coli (ECOLI)), industrial wastewaters, and agriculture runoff. The results provided by this study demonstrate the contribution provided by the use of integrated statistical techniques in the interpretation and understanding of large data sets of water quality, showing also that this approach can be used as an efficient methodology to optimize indicators for water quality assessment.