Search Of Scientific Literature Research Articles

Ocular Toxicities of MEK Inhibitors in Patients With Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitors, which integrate the important signaling chain of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK1/2 pathway, regulate cell functions such as division and proliferation for patients with solid tumors. However, various ocular adverse effects (AEs) affect patients during clinical treatment. This systematic review aimed to assess the occurrence of AEs during treatment with MEK inhibitors plus targeted therapy or chemotherapy. A scientific literature search was conducted in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, and several Chinese databases to identify randomized controlled trials. Overall, ocular AEs were assessed as the primary end point; blurred vision, chorioretinopathy, and retinal detachment were assessed as secondary end points. Seventeen randomized controlled trials were included. Overall, the use of MEK inhibitors combined with other targeted inhibitors or chemotherapy was significantly associated with a nearly 7.3% increased risk of overall ocular toxicities vs therapy without MEK inhibitors (risk ratio [RR], 2.88; 95% CI, 1.42-5.85, P < .05). An increased risk of blurred vision (RR, 4.10; 95% CI, 2.55- 6.58; P < .05), chorioretinopathy (RR, 8.36; 95% CI, 3.42-20.47; P < .05), and retinal detachment (RR, 8.98; 95% CI, 3.92-20.57; P < .05) was demonstrated. Treatment with MEK inhibitors combined with targeted drugs or chemotherapy seems to increase overall ocular AEs. A more practical algorithm for the screening of ocular AEs was suggested to be conducted whenever new or worsening ocular toxicities occur.

POSITIVE WELFARE INDICATORS IN DAIRY ANIMALS

The concept of "positive welfare" arose in response to the heavy focus on negative aspects when assessing the overall welfare of animals. Although one of the main components of welfare is the emotional status. The aim of this paper is to study and describe the existing, promising, reliable and feasible indicators of the positive welfare of dairy cows on farms. We conducted a search and critical analysis of scientific literature, articles, books and welfare assessment protocols in international databases (Web of Science, PubMed and ResearchGate) using the key words "positive «welfare», «indicator», «comfort», «relationship between human and animal», «emotions», «natural behaviour», «pleasure» combined with «cattle» and «cow». For structure, all indicators were divided into 4 groups: feeding, environment, behaviour and position of animal body parts. A number of the most relevant and feasible indicators for assessing positive welfare in dairy cows were identified, namely: access to pasture, lying comfort, synchronization and qualitative behaviour assessment (QBA). Studies of the positions of the ears, tail and vocalization in dairy animals are promising for the further development of tests. Also an important indicator is the level of relations between a human and animal, as this indicator has a significant impact on the animal welfare. We consider it relevant to conduct a practical study of these parameters directly on the farm with subsequent inclusion in the protocol for assessing the welfare of the dairy herd. We believe that this review will create a platform for research and discussion about the positive welfare of cows in Ukraine.

Cadmium concentrations in hair in the population of the subjects of the Russian Federation: a systematic review

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic trace elements. The most important sources of Cd contamination by burning fossil fuels as coal or oil and incineration of urban waste, including plastics and nickel-cadmium batteries. In all countries these sources make Cd contamination an important health issue worldwide. Cd can enter the body through smoking tobacco, eating and drinking food and water polluted with Cd, and breathong. Cd concentration in human hair, nails and blood is considered as an indicator of environmental pollution. However, there is little systemized information on Cd concentration in human tissues in Russia. This is a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines. We performed a systematic search and qualitative synthesis of scientific literature on Cd concentrations in hair across Russia between 2011 and 2021. PubMed and e-library were the main sources of scientific information in English and Russian, respectively. Initial search returned 1202 matches. Twenty-nine papers remained for qualitative synthesis after screening and eligibility analysis. Studies on Cd concentrations were performed in only 19 of 85 federal subjects (22.4%). No heterogeneity was observed in sample preparation while methods of laboratory analysis varied between the settings and included inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, and inversion voltammetry. The sample sizes ranged from 12 to 5908 individuals. The average Cd concentrations varied from 0.010 mg/kg to 0.164 mg/kg. The greatest concentrations of Cd were reported from Sibai in the Orenburg Region (0.164 mg/kg), in indigenous people of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (0.15 mg/kg) and in residents of the Arctic part of the Sakha Republic (0.14 mg/kg); The maximum values on the abovementioned regions were 7.02 mg/kg, 0.52 mg/kg, and 0.51 mg/kg. High maximum concentrations were also found in the Republic of Bashkortostan (0,9 mg/kg) and in Yaroslavl (0,37 mg/kg). Conclusion. Data on Cd concentrations in human hair from 66 federal subjects are still needed for mapping of Cd concentration in Russia. Further data collection should be performed using representative and sufficient sample samples while presentation of the results should contain detailed information on methods of data collection and analysis to ensure reproducibility and comparability of the findings.

Empowering the Migrant and Refugee Family's Parenting Skills: A Literature Review

Bachground: Worldwide, more than 79.5 million people are forcibly displaced, including a significant number of migrant and refugee families with children. Migration and refugeedom affect these families in different dimensions, such as mental, physical and spiritual health. Identifying family needs and enhancing parenting skills can improve family cohesion and health, as well as smooth integration into the host country. This review is part of the Erasmus+ funded project- IENE 8 (Intercultural Education for Nurses in Europe) aiming at empowering migrant and refugee families regarding parenting skills.&#x0D; Methods: This was a scoping review of literature. The IENE 8 partner countries (Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Italy, Romania, and United Kingdom) searched for peer reviewed papers, grey literature and mass media reports at international, European and national level. The time period for the search of scientific and grey literature was between2013-2018, and for mass media, it was between 2016 and 2018.&#x0D; Results: 124 relevant sources were identified. They included 33 Peer reviewed papers, 47 Grey literature documents and 44 mass media reports. This revealed the importance of understanding the needs of migrant families with children.&#x0D; Conclusion: It is evident from the literature that there is a need to support refugee parents to adjust their existing skill and to empower them to develop new ones. Healthcare and social services professionals have an essential role in improving the refugees' parenting skills. This can be done by developing and implementing family-centered and culturally-sensitive intervention programs.

Optimism for the Future Use of Environmental DNA (eDNA) to Study Global Climate Change

Optimism for the Future Use of Environmental <scp>DNA</scp> (<scp>eDNA</scp>) to Study Global Climate Change

The Digital Twin Paradigm Applied to Soil Quality Assessment: A Systematic Literature Review.

This article presents the results regarding a systematic literature review procedure on digital twins applied to precision agriculture. In particular, research and development activities aimed at the use of digital twins, in the context of predictive control, with the purpose of improving soil quality. This study was carried out through an exhaustive search of scientific literature on five different databases. A total of 158 articles were extracted as a result of this search. After a first screening process, only 11 articles were considered to be aligned with the current topic. Subsequently, these articles were categorised to extract all relevant information, using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses methods. Based on the obtained results, there are two main conclusions to draw: First, when compared with industrial processes, there is only a very slight rising trend regarding the use of digital twins in agriculture. Second, within the time frame in which this work was carried out, it was not possible to find any published paper on the use of digital twins for soil quality improvement within a model predictive control context.

Comparative Health Risk Assessment of Heated Tobacco Products versus Conventional Cigarettes

Background Smoking is the largest preventable cause of death in the world with around eight million estimated premature deaths per year. In response to the harmful effects of conventional tobacco products the tobacco industry has launched a new type of products called Heated tobacco products (HTP) and e-cigarettes, which are considered safer for human health than conventional cigarettes. Materials and methods The research was conducted by searching the scientific literature using platforms “Google scholar,” “PubMed” and “Science Direct.” To compare the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk of HTP products and conventional cigarettes, margin of exposure and lifetime excess cancer risk were calculated using data obtained from a scientific literature search. Results and discussion HTP products have shown a reduced risk to human health compared to the conventional cigarettes, although they still contain compounds that can be dangerous to human health. There is not enough data obtained from independent studies that could safely indicate that these reduced amounts of toxic chemical entities in the composition of HTP do not induce any harmful effect. Conclusion Further research is needed to determine the harmful effects of HTP aerosol, as well as to tighten the legislation that would limit the production, import and distribution of these products worldwide until their safety for human health is confirmed with a sufficient number of transparent and representative results obtained in independent scientific studies.

Clusters of oculocutaneous albinism in isolated populations in Brazil: A community genetics challenge.

Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders involving deficiencies in melanin biosynthesis, with consequent skin, hair, and eye hypopigmentation. The world prevalence is estimated at 1/17,000, but there is high variability among populations. The affected individuals, besides clinical complications, can suffer from discrimination. The Brazilian population is highly admixed, with isolated and inbred communities. Previous reports indicated the presence of diverse isolated communities with a high prevalence of OCA in Brazil. The present work sought to review and characterize clusters of albinism in this country based on scientific literature search, newspapers, and websites. We identified and characterized 18 clusters, 13 confirmed by scientific studies. Seven clusters are in the Northeast region, with predominant African ancestry, and seven others in indigenous communities, particularly among the Kaingaing in South Brazil. Isolation and inbreeding associated with founder effects seem to be the most plausible explanation. Molecular studies and clinical classification are still limited. Their localization in deprived regions with poor infrastructure makes them particularly vulnerable to the social and clinical consequences of lacking melanin. We reinforce the need for a tailored approach to these communities, including appropriate medical care, social support, and genetic counselling.

EFEITOS DO TREINAMENTO DE SALTO NO REPARO DE LESÕES ÓSSEAS

ABSTRACT Introduction: Long jump is a technically complex sport. Its technique encompasses running, jumping, and landing. It has high speed, fast pace, and high-intensity characteristics. Objective: Study the effect of long jump training on bone repair and rehabilitation of human fatigue injury in the lower limbs of young athletes. Methods: A scientific literature search, experimental comparison, mathematical statistics, and other research methods were used to analyze the causes and mechanisms of sports injuries in distance jumpers. An eccentric contraction training was formulated and tried out in practice. Results: After 12 weeks of eccentric contraction training, the FMS scores of jumpers in jumping improved, existing problems were recovered, and eccentric contraction training reduced the probability of sports injuries in jumpers. Conclusion: Eccentric contraction training improves the performance of young athletes in the long jump, greatly increases stability, and reduces the likelihood of future sports injuries. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

MODERN VIEW FROM UKRAINE ON ETIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL-DIAGNOSTIC ASPECTS OF COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA IN CHILDREN

Pneumonia is a disease characterized by lung tissue inflammation and the development of respiratory failure. Pneumonia is the most common infectious cause of childhood mortality, occurring every 43 seconds worldwide. Despite advancements in medicine and the use of cutting-edge diagnostic, treatment, and preventive technologies, the incidence of pneumonia remains relatively high, especially in resource-poor countries, adversely affecting the socio-economic life of society. Objective: To summarize contemporary scientific perspectives on the classification, etiology, pathogenesis, and clinical-diagnostic aspects of community-acquired pneumonia in children. Materials and Methods: The literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, WHO, UNICEF databases, international protocols, as well as domestic scientific manuals and professional publications, and medical care standards. Search terms included "community-acquired pneumonia," "pneumonia in childhood," and "pneumonia in children." The analysis utilized methods such as a systemic approach, epidemiological analysis, bibliosemantic analysis, and graphical representation. Results: It was conducted the search and analysis of modern scientific medical literature on community-acquired pneumonia in childhood. Pneumonia is a leading infectious cause of illness and hospitalization in children worldwide. Bacteria, viruses, and mixed infections are identified among the main etiological agents, with cases of non-specific pathogens also observed. The variation in pathogens is presented based on age groups. It is discussed major risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia and pathways of pathogen penetration. Modern insights into the disease's pathogenesis are analyzed, involving a complex process with stages characterized by the development of infectious toxemia, respiratory failure, and disturbances in water-electrolyte balance. The main clinical symptoms are described according to the child's age, along with contemporary methods of laboratory and instrumental diagnostics of community-acquired pneumonia. Conclusions: Information from scientific literature is provided on the contemporary definition, classification, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and diagnostics of community-acquired pneumonia in childhood. Currently, severe and non-severe forms of pneumonia are distinguished based on respiratory rate and additional threatening symptoms. The increasing incidence of viral-bacterial pneumonia is noted, with bacteria remaining the primary etiological factor. Pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae type B predominate among bacteria. It is also observed an increase in cases of viral pneumonia, attributed to respiratory syncytial and coronavirus infections. The disease's pathogenesis involves multiple phases with the involvement of other organ systems. Clinical features of community-acquired pneumonia include fever, respiratory failure, and cough. Laboratory diagnostic methods include a complete blood count, determination of C-reactive protein levels, and procalcitonin. Among diagnostic methods, chest X-ray, computed tomography, and ultrasound diagnostics of the chest organs are considered the most conclusive.

Follow-The-Leader Mechanisms in Medical Devices: A Review on Scientific and Patent Literature.

Conventional medical instruments are not capable of passing through tortuous anatomy as required for natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery due to their rigid shaft designs. Nevertheless, developments in minimally invasive surgery are pushing medical devices to become more dexterous. Amongst devices with controllable flexibility, so-called Follow-The-Leader (FTL) devices possess motion capabilities to pass through confined spaces without interacting with anatomical structures. The goal of this literature study is to provide a comprehensive overview of medical devices with FTL motion. A scientific and patent literature search was performed in five databases (Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, IEEExplore, Espacenet). Keywords were used to isolate FTL behavior in devices with medical applications. Ultimately, 35 unique devices were reviewed and categorized. Devices were allocated according to their design strategies to obtain the three fundamental sub-functions of FTL motion: steering, (controlling the leader/end-effector orientation), propagation, (advancing the device along a specific path), and conservation (memorizing the shape of the path taken by the device). A comparative analysis of the devices was carried out, showing the commonly used design choices for each sub-function and the different combinations. The advantages and disadvantages of the design aspects and an overview of their performance were provided. Devices that were initially assessed as ineligible were considered in a possible medical context or presented with FTL potential, broadening the classification. This review could aid in the development of a new generation of FTL devices by providing a comprehensive overview of the current solutions and stimulating the search for new ones.

Road cycling and bone health: a scoping review

Introduction&#x0D; In competitive road cycling, low body mass is a common focus for many athletes. Due to the high energy expenditure and non-weight bearing nature of competitive road cycling, there are associated health risks including relative energy deficiency and low bone mineral density. Untreated, this can lead to an increased susceptibility to fracture. This can be a particular problem in competitive road cycling where the prevalence of falls is high.&#x0D; Methods&#x0D; A scientific literature search on studies investigating relative energy deficiency and bone mineral density in the sport of road cycling was performed. &#x0D; Results&#x0D; Twenty-four studies investigated the relationship between road cycling and relative energy deficiency, bone mineral density, bone structure, calcium and vitamin D, markers for bone metabolism and strength training. Road cyclists were generally found to be at risk of relative energy deficiency and reduced bone mineral density. However, bone strength indices on peripheral quantitative computed tomography were not reduced. There was also conflicting evidence on the effect of consuming calcium and vitamin D on markers for bone metabolism and bone mineral density. Studies supported evidence that the inclusion of strength training can have a positive effect on bone mineral density in road cyclists.&#x0D; Discussion&#x0D; Relative energy deficiency in road cyclists is particularly concerning due to its detrimental impact on bone health and general increased risk of injury. Similarly, low bone mineral density is worrying due to high prevalence of falls and subsequent fracture risk. While it remains to be seen whether calcium and vitamin D supplementation provide adequate bone protection, increased education among competitive road cyclists on the benefits of energy balance and strength training in terms of bone health could be useful and should be advocated by their support team.&#x0D; Conclusion&#x0D; There was evidence of increased risk of relative energy deficiency, low bone mineral density and increased bone resorption in road cyclists. However, there was also evidence that strength and impact training could improve bone health in competitive road cyclists

Inflammatory and coagulation marker profiles in severe pediatric COVID-19 patients: a systematic review

Background Children are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and often present mild manifestations. However, severe and critical cases have also been reported. The inflammation and coagulation marker profile pattern in these patients along with the white blood cell differential count in critical PICU cases with non-COVID-19 etiology is not entirely clear.&#x0D; Objective To evaluate the inflammation and coagulation profiles in children presenting with severe/critical SARS-CoV-2 infection.&#x0D; Methods A systematic search and review of scientific literature was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines using ProQuest, SCOPUS, EBSCOHost, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Pubmed databases. All relevant original studies until March 11, 2021, were included. The risk of bias was appraised using the Modified Newcastle Ottawa Scale and JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist tools.&#x0D; Results We identified 14 studies across 6 countries, including a total sample of 159 severe and critically ill pediatric COVID-19 patients. Most of the subjects showed normal leukocytes, but increased CRP, procalcitonin, ferritin, and IL-6. Studies on coagulation profiles showed normal thrombocytes, PT, aPTT, and inconsistent D-dimer results. &#x0D; Conclusion Inflammation and coagulation parameters in severe/critically ill children with COVID-19 are atypical. Several inflammatory markers were elevated, including CRP, ferritin, procalcitonin, and IL-6. However, the elevated marker values are still lower compared to non-COVID infection patients. Further investigation of the parameters need to be done in serial examination multicenter studies, which include control subjects.

Biology of Vectors and Agent of Skin Disease and River Blindness (Onchocerciasis) In the World

Objectives: Blackflies are the aquatic insects. A total of 1800 species of this insect have been identified worldwide. The main important species is Simulium damnosum. They suck the blood of other animals and human. They spread several diseases, including river blindness (Onchocerciasis)) in Africa and America. The agent of disease is Onchocerca volvulus. The aim of this review article is to explain the bio ecology, medically importance, different control measures for agent and vector of disease and status of resistant to drug and insecticides in the agent and vector. Methods: In this research all, the relevant information regarding the topic of research is research through the internet and used in this paper. An intensive search of scientific literature was done in “PubMed”, “Web of Knowledge”, “Scopus”, “Google Scholar”, “SID”, etc. Results: The results indicated that this insect play an important role in disease worldwide. Ivermectine (Mectizan®) drug is an important for killing the agent of disease. Several larvicides recommended by WHO for vector control. Due to high use of drug and pesticide for control of disease , the resistant to drug and pesticide have been reported worldwide. Conclusion: Monitoring and mapping of drug and insecticide resistance is a major factor for disease control worldwide

Heart Failure (HF): Recent innovations in clinical therapy and critical profiles of acute and chronic forms

Background and objectives: Heart failure is a pathological condition characterized by the inability of the heart to pump (cardiac output) an adequate amount of blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body or, at any rate, to be able to do so only at the expense of increased filling pressures in one or more cardiac chambers and the upstream venous circulation. The research group states here the primary objective of expanding the indications contained in the ESC 2021 with the results of the last year on the subject of treatment profiles, to facilitate a better understanding of the overall clinical picture and contribute to the next edition of the guidelines. Materials and methods: Systematic literature review in the English language from January 1, 2021, to September 30, 2022, on PubMed/MedLine, Web on Science, and Cochrane archive. Our search strategy retrieved 8,317 articles. We excluded books and papers, meta-analyses, reviews, and systematic reviews and selected only 46 studies most significant about the clinical trial and randomized controlled trial. Results: The recent ESC 2021 guidelines are accurate and timely, and have confirmed their usefulness from a functional perspective, including concerning certain aspects that were represented as a “grey area”. Early risk prediction plays a key role in the subsequent management of patients, and to optimize risk prediction and intensity of management, one should take into account that: a) biomarkers have improved the understanding of the pathophysiology of heart failure and may therefore help to adjust the intensity of management in AHF; b) among the wide variety of biomarkers currently available, NT-proBNP and cTn seem the most promising in this indication; c) among the risk scores described, those combining demographic and clinical parameters with biomarkers in a model with routinely available rapid variables seem the most promising tools; d) in addition to biomarkers, age, systolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, creatinine, electrolytes, and blood urea nitrogen are the most commonly used predictor variables in the risk scores described; e) among the models selected, the MEESSI-AHF risk score appears to be currently the most promising tool for predicting the risk of AHF; f) during the management of decompensated patients (and in later stages), the psychological aspect is completely ignored, thus promoting the worsening of psychological symptoms (the need is as evident during the acute episode as it is in the daily management of chronic heart failure). Conclusions: The scientific literature search enriched the structure of ESC 2021, suggesting its implementation, with other findings related to new drug therapies such as Sotagliflozin, Hydrochlorothiazide Apabetalone, Alprostadil, Empagliflozin, Sacubitril/Valsartan, Dapagliflozin, Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors, and biomarkers such as Urinary sodium (UNa+), IL-6 levels and rh-brain natriuretic peptide (rhBNP), as well as the use of mindful breathing session, osteopathic manipulative treatment, electrical muscle stimulation, low-level tragus stimulation, venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, oral nutritional supplements, and the correlative hypothesis between heart failure and intestinal dysbiosis, also concerning the psychological profile. However, these clinical studies suffer from some limitations that will necessarily have to be taken into account, such as the limited size of the population sample selected or the conflict of interest determined by the fact that some research is funded by the same pharmaceutical company producing the drug used that do not necessarily represent a negative limitation on the results obtained from studies.

PubMed literacy: Developing skills for effective literature search

Health science professionals need exhaustive and up-to-date information for patient care and research. They depend much on electronic resources for meeting their information needs. PubMed is a premier open access health science database of US National Library of Medicine (NLM). PubMed indexes more than 5600 health science related journals. PubMed literacy is the information literacy on PubMed database. It helps the health science professionals and researchers in understanding various features of the PubMed database and accessing the required health science information more efficiently and effectively. PubMed literacy means to how to use PubMed for conducting literature search and includes having training in literature search skills and techniques which are essential for searching in PubMed. The present article helps to get familiarity with search features and functionality of PubMed database and to know the importance of PubMed literacy in conducting health science literature search.

Efektifitas Audit Internal Syariah di Perbankan Syariah

The main objective of this study is to determine the most effective factors that can play an important role in increasing the effectiveness of Islamic internal audit in the Islamic banking industry. This research is a qualitative method using scientific journal literature searches, and data collection was carried out using the Emerald online database. Sharia banking was established which has the aim of increasing economic activity in accordance with sharia principles, there is no usury, speculation, maysir, gharar and other activities that have been prohibited in sharia. Sharia internal audit is a way to maintain and ensure the integrity of Islamic financial institutions in implementing sharia principles. The existence of sharia internal audit for Islamic banking, provides assurance and independent accountability for stakeholders. the competence of the internal auditors is not enhanced, especially competencies related to the auditor's knowledge of muamalah sharia/fiqh or sharia audit which can be proven by holding a sharia-related certification. In carrying out their duties as an internal auditor, they must have competency qualifications to know and understand how the actual condition of sharia principles is so that they can identify if a violation occurs that is not in accordance with sharia principles both in transactions and operations.

Залізо: біохімічні, фармакологічні, клінічні дані

Iron is one of the most important macroelements in the body, which takes part in oxidation-reduction processes, and bioenergetics, and is a part of a number of enzymes. Iron deficiency is associated with food, pregnancy, fetal development, and some diseases. First of all, iron deficiency is established in iron-deficiency anemia, in addition to violations of biochemical indicators, immunological shifts and changes in the activity of vital organs and systems. The purpose of the study was to analyze the properties of iron and its preparations and their effects on the body. Materials and methods. On the topic of the study, a search and analysis of scientific literature was conducted in such databases as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus. Results and discussion. Iron reserves in the body are 3–6 g, the daily requirement is 20–30 mg. The need for iron increases in diseases with an increase in cardiac output, an increase in temperature, which requires taking drugs for oral and parenteral administration. In addition, if it is necessary to replenish iron reserves, it is recommended to take extracts from plants that contain it, such as common apricot (fruit pulp), blueberry fruits, beet roots, and common peach fruits. At the same time, it should be noted that iron can be in the oxidizing form of Fe2+ and the reduced form of Fe3+. It was determined that changes in iron metabolism and transport occur in pregnant women, which, in turn, is associated with changes in endothelial protective function. In modern methodological recommendations for the treatment of chronic heart failure, iron preparations are also included in the list of mandatory drugs, because in this condition, in addition to iron deficiency, disorders of the functions of the cardiovascular system have been found. A decrease in iron content has also been determined in various hypoxic conditions. Next they showed changes in iron metabolism in infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, tuberculosis, and HIV infection. In recent years, changes in iron content in neurodegenerative diseases have been noticed. Today, there are oral and parenteral iron preparations, but research is underway to create iron preparations that may have a more targeted effect and less toxicity. Conclusion. The current state of iron research in the functioning of vital organs and the occurrence of diseases presents scientists and clinicians with the task of involving new experimental and clinical methods to expand the understanding of the role of iron in pathobiochemical mechanisms, in pathological conditions, as well as the search for new approaches to treatment

Thésaurus d’interventions pharmaceutiques associées aux prescriptions injustifiées d’inhibiteurs de la pompe à protons

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are the most effective drugs in the treatment of acid-related gastrointestinal disorders. Yet, many studies reported potential adverse drug reactions associated with long-term use. In order to reduce the rates of inappropriate PPI prescriptions and to improve patient safety, a tool aimed at guiding pharmacists to analyze PPI prescriptions was designed. It results in a thesaurus of clinical situations designed to argue about the inappropriateness of some PPI prescriptions and to highlight the risk associated with them. Clinical situations in which PPIs are inappropriate were identified by four pharmacists in one gastroenterological, one surgery/liver transplantation, one internal medicine and one oncology units. A scientific literature search was performed for each clinical situation in order to corroborate the pharmacist interventions. The thesaurus comprises two parts, the first one is dedicated to 12 clinical situations in which a PPI is not required (acute pancreatitis, cholecystectomy etc.), while the second one focus on 22 situations in which PPIs are associated with specific adverse drug reactions (Clostridium difficile infection, vitamin deficiency etc.). Eighty-one articles were used to support the pharmacist interventions. This thesaurus is an analysis tool aimed at guiding pharmacists identify and argue about the inappropriateness of some PPI prescriptions in order to convince doctors to discontinue or not to initiate PPI prescriptions.

Investigating Unused Tools for the Animal Behavioral Diversity Toolkit.

Behavioral diversity is a commonly used tool used to quantify the richness and evenness of animal behaviors and assess the effect of variables that may impact an animal's quality of life. The indices used in behavioral diversity research, and the study subjects, have not been formally reviewed. This paper aims to identify which indices are being used in behavioral diversity research, and under which scenarios, and uncover novel indices from other disciplines that could be applied to behavioral diversity. To investigate the techniques and species investigated in behavioral diversity literature, a Web of Science literature search was conducted. Two methods: behavioral richness and the Shannon-Wiener index, were the most frequently used indices, whereas the Behavioral Variability index featured rarely. While a range of species appeared in the behavioral literature, mammals were the most frequently studied Class, whereas amphibians did not feature in any papers. There are several diversity indices which did not feature in behavioral diversity including Simpson's index, and Chao. Such indices could be used to better understand animal behavioral study outputs or be used to estimate the number of 'unobserved' behaviors that an animal may express. Future studies could therefore extend beyond the Shannon-Wiener and richness indices.