Search For Meaning Of Life Research Articles

The Internet and Smartphone Addictions in a Sample of University Students: The Role of Search for Meaning in Life

Aim: In this study, we aimed to explore whether problematic and addictive uses of smartphones and the Internet conceptually differ from each other and gauge the predictive utility of the meaning in life dimensions (meaning of presence and search for meaning) and psychological health indicators (stress, depression, and anxiety) for such uses in university students.Methods: The cross-sectional study included a total of 483 (317 females, 166 males) participants (mean age: 21.71±1.75 years) recruited from the Afyon Kocatepe University and the AfyonkarahisarHealth Sciences University between December 2019 and February 2020. A sociodemographic form, the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, the Internet Addiction Test, and the Smartphone Addiction Scale were administered.Results: The findings suggested that smartphone and Internet addictions were highly correlated and both addictions could be predicted by the depression and stress indicators and the search for meaning dimension. Males tended to use the Internet via computers rather than smartphones.Conclusion: We found that in case of stress, depression, and loss of meaning in life students were more likely to develop Internet and smartphone addictions as they tried to reconstruct or restore their meaning systems. Therefore, the evaluation and treatment strategies should include teaching how to reconstruct meaning systems and cope with stressful life situations in an adaptive way.

The double-edged-sword effect of empathy: The secondary traumatic stress and vicarious posttraumatic growth of psychological hotline counselors during the outbreak of COVID-19

<p id="p00005">The novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak increases public mental stress and pandemic-related trauma. Timely and comprehensive online mental health services have been deployed across China. Hotline counselors can be exposed to the stress and trauma experienced by callers indirectly. They may experience secondary traumatic stress (STS) as a result of their empathetic engagement with traumatized clients, and they may also experience vicarious posttraumatic growth (VPTG). The present study examined negative and positive change in hotline counselors concurrently and explored the mechanisms of both positive and negative outcomes. <p id="p00010">Participants were 776 counselors (81% female, average age = 42.57 ± 7.90, average years of experience = 12.44 ± 5.92) recruited from MOE-CCNU Mental Health Service Platform, the biggest official telephone-based and online psychological support platform in China during COVID-19 period. Empathy and VPTG were measured by revised Chinese versions of self-report questionnaires. STS was assessed by the corresponding subscale of the Professional Quality of Life Scale. The Chinese Meaning in Life Questionnaire was used to assess participants’ search for life meaning. Mindfulness was evaluated by Mindful Attention Awareness Scale. Latent variable structural equation modeling was applied. <p id="p00015">After controlling age, trauma cases and total cases, counselors’ empathy was positively associated with STS and VPTG. Results revealed that empathy was positively associated with STS and VPTG. Mindfulness mediated this association between empathy and STS. Search for meaning mediated the relationship between empathy and VPTG. Additionally, the association between empathy and VPTG was also mediated through other four significant mediating pathways: (a) secondary trauma stress, (b) secondary traumatic stress and search for meaning, (c) mindfulness and search for meaning, and (d) mindfulness and secondary trauma stress and search for meaning. <p id="p00020">Our findings support that empathy lead to both positive and negative outcomes among hotline counselors during COVID-19 period in China, highlighting dialectical insights into trauma workers’ experiences. When counselors engage in others’ traumatic experience, their vicarious negative emotional experience may be a pathway to growth, and search for life meaning is an important factor in that growth.

Entrapment and suicidal ideation: The protective roles of presence of life meaning and reasons for living.

The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicide proposes that feelings of entrapment play a key role in the development of suicidal ideation. The model also posits a set of motivational moderators which either facilitate or hinder the development of suicidal thinking when entrapment is present. These motivational moderators include factors such as attitudes, future goals, thwarted belongingness, and social support. Two previously studied protective factors against suicide, reasons for living and life meaning, have received support in suicidology and might serve as motivational moderators in this model. The current cross-sectional study included college students (N=195) oversampled for recent suicidal ideation who took a series of self-report questionnaires online. Our findings demonstrated that both reasons for living and life meaning are protective against the relation between entrapment and suicidal ideation, especially when presence of life meaning and reasons for living of high. Search for life meaning was found demonstrated a less protective relation with SI severity, particularly when reasons for living were low. Both motivational moderators demonstrated protective relationships with suicidal ideation and may be relevant to suicide prevention strategies. Limitations and future directions are discussed.

Influencia de autoeficacia general y el sentido de vida, en estado nutricional del adulto mayor

Introducción: en la población de adultos mayores el deterioro del es­tado nutricional se ve afectado en el mantenimiento de la funciona­lidad física y/o cognitiva, por lo que, la autoeficacia para los adultos mayores reviste una importancia tanto en sus capacidades físicas como en las soluciones; asimismo, la búsqueda por parte del hombre de sentido de la vida constituye una fuerza primaria de sus impulsos instintivos. Objetivo: demostrar que la autoeficacia general y el sentido de vida influyen en el estado nutricional del adulto mayor. Material y métodos: investigación de aplicabilidad básica, enfoque cuantitativo y nivel de alcance descriptivo, con un diseño metodológico no experimental y tipo prolectivo transversal. Se trabajó con un universo de 2,863 adultos mayores, se utilizó una muestra probabilística para obtenerla de 174 adultos mayores. Limitaciones del estudio: falta de información en la investigación en cuanto al tema del sentido de vida en el momento del estudio. Resultados: predomino el sexo femenino con un 72.4%. De acuerdo a la EDSV el 99.4% de nuestros adultos mayores (AM) están en búsqueda de sentido de vida; asimismo, la escala de autosuficiencia general (EAG) da como resultado que 81.7% presentan un nivel moderado de autoeficacia general. La correlación del sentido de vida y la autoeficacia general con el estado nutricional del adulto mayor da como resultado p=0.135 existe una correlación positiva escasa30 entre las variables estudiadas. Conclusión: se comprueba que la autoeficacia general y el sentido de vida influyen en el estado nutricional del adulto mayor.

Association Between The Search For Meaning In Life And Well-Being In Chinese Adolescents

Theories suggest that having a meaningful life has beneficial effects on adolescent well-being. Encouraging adolescents to search for meaning in their lives is therefore well advised. However, whether and how the search for meaning in life (SMIL) is related to adolescent well-being is unclear. Thus, this study tested the following two hypotheses, based on a sample of 1539 Chinese adolescents in the tenth grade (Mage = 15.8 years): 1) the SMIL promotes adolescent well-being (“SMIL-as-promotor”), and 2) social connectedness mediates the link between the SMIL and adolescent well-being (“connectedness-as-mediator”). Multiple regression analyses revealed that SMIL was positively associated with life satisfaction, self-esteem and positive affect, and negatively associated with negative affect in the adolescents who exhibited low levels of presence of meaning; thus supporting the SMIL-as-promotor hypothesis. Mediation analyses revealed that SMIL was related to social connectedness (i.e., parent-child communication and peer relationship), which, in turn, was linked to the presence of meaning and hedonic well-being (i.e., life satisfaction, self-esteem, positive affect, and negative affect). These findings support the connectedness-as-mediator hypothesis. The implications of these findings for youth prevention programs and intervention services are discussed.

The relationship between search for meaning in life and symptoms of depression and anxiety: Key roles of the presence of meaning in life and life events among Chinese adolescents

BackgroundMeaning in life has been associated with greater mental health. However, previous findings are inconsistent regarding how the search for meaning in life (SML) is related to mental health issues such as symptoms of depression and anxiety. This study proposed and tested a new model to explain how the relationship between SML and symptoms of depression as well as anxiety can be moderated by life events and mediated by the presence of meaning in life (PML). MethodsMiddle and high school students (N = 1,705, 836 girls and 869 boys; Mage = 14.37, SD = 1.70) were administrated the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and the State Anxiety Inventory. ResultsResults showed that the relationship between SML and symptoms of depression (or anxiety) depended on the impact of the life events experienced by the individual. In general, SML served as a beneficial or unrelated factor for those experiencing low impactful life events, but as a harmful factor for those experiencing high impactful life events. For those experiencing middle impactful life events, SML had a positive direct effect, but a negative indirect effect (through PML) on symptoms of depression (or anxiety). LimitationsData are cross-sectional, and the present study examined only middle school students, which may limit generalizability. ConclusionsThe findings indicate a complex relationship between SML and mental health. Symptoms of depression, anxiety, and other related problems may be diminished by applying training programs and policies aimed at increasing PML and reducing negative life events.

The Role of Demoralization and Meaning in Life (DEMIL) in Influencing Suicidal Ideation Among Patients Affected by Chronic Pain: Protocol of a Single-Center, Observational, Case-Control Study.

BackgroundChronic pain is a significant risk factor for suicidal ideation (SI) and suicidal behavior (SB), including a 20%-40% prevalence rate of SI, a prevalence between 5% and 14% of suicide attempts, and a doubled risk of death by suicide in patients with chronic pain compared to controls. In most studies, associations between chronic pain and suicidality are robust, even after adjusting for the effect of sociodemographics and psychiatric comorbidity, and particularly for depressive conditions. A number of specific conditions that can modulate suicidality risk in patients with chronic pain have been investigated, but there is a need for their more specific characterization. Numerous recent studies have shown that demoralization and meaning in life (MiL) constructs affect suicidality as risk and protective factors, respectively. These constructs have been mainly investigated in patients with somatic illness and in community-dwelling individuals who may present with SI or SB independently of a psychiatric diagnosis of depression. However, a paucity of studies investigated them in suicidal patients affected by chronic pain.ObjectiveThe primary objective of this project is to investigate the relationship between demoralization and MiL on SI risk in patients with chronic pain. The secondary objectives are (1) to test whether demoralization can occur independently of depression in patients with chronic pain and SI, (2) to examine whether the expected association between demoralization and SI may be explained by a sole dimension of demoralization: hopelessness, (3) to examine whether the presence of MiL, but not the search for MiL, is associated with less SI, and (4) to explore whether previously described MiL profiles (ie, high presence-high search, high presence-low search, moderate presence-moderate search, low presence-low search, and low presence-high search) emerge in our cohort.MethodsThis project is a single-center, observational, case-control study—the Demoralization and Meaning in Life (DEMiL) study—conducted by the Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, the Multidisciplinary Pain Centre, and the Service of Liaison Psychiatry and Crisis Intervention at the Geneva University Hospitals. Self- and hetero-administered questionnaires were conducted among patients and controls, matched by age and gender. The Ethics Committee of the Canton of Geneva approved the scientific utilization of collected data (project No. 2017-02138; decision dated January 25, 2018). Data have been analyzed with SPSS, version 23.0, software (IBM Corp).ResultsFrom March 1, 2018, to November 30, 2019, 70 patients and 70 controls were enrolled. Statistical analyses are still in progress and are expected to be finalized in November 2020. To date, we did not observe any unfavorable event for which a causal relationship with the collection of health-related personal data could be ruled out. Results of this study are expected to form the basis for possible prevention and psychotherapeutic interventions oriented toward demoralization and MiL constructs for suicidal patients with chronic pain.ConclusionsThe interest in exploring demoralization and MiL in chronic pain patients with SI arises from the common clinical observation that experiencing chronic pain often requires a revision of one’s life goals and expectations. Hence, the impact of chronic pain is not limited to patients’ biopsychosocial functioning, but it affects the existential domain as well. The major clinical implications in suicidal patients with chronic pain consist in trying to (1) delineate a more precise and individualized suicide risk profile, (2) improve detection and prevention strategies by investigating SI also in individuals who do not present with a clinically diagnosed depression, and (3) enhance the panel of interventions by broadening supportive or psychotherapeutic actions, taking into consideration the existential condition of a person who suffers and strives to deal with his or her suffering.International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/24882

The Predictor Role of the Search for Meaning in Life in the Determination of High School Students’ Lifelong Learning Tendencies

The current study aims to determine the extent to which high school students’ lifelong learning tendencies are predicted by their search for meaning in life. The study was conducted on a total of 352 senior high school students (165 females, 187 males) attending high schools located in the Bodrum District of the city of Muğla. The data of the study was collected by using a personal information form developed by the researchers, The Lifelong Learning Tendencies Scale developed by Coşkun (2009) and the sub-dimension of the search for meaning in life in the Meaning in Life Scale High School Form adapted to Turkish by Demirbaş-Çelik and İşmen-Gazioğlu (2015). In the analysis of the collected data, Pearson correlation coefficient and simple linear regression analysis were used to determine the relationship between the variables and in relation to the differences, independent samples t-test and one-way variance analysis were employed. All the analyses were conducted in SPSS 20.0 program package. At the end of the study, it was found that the high school students’ lifelong learning tendencies are positively and significantly predicted by their search for meaning in life. Moreover, the high school students’ lifelong learning tendencies were found to be varying significantly depending on gender and the type of the school attended. The findings of the study are discussed in light of the literature.

When is search for meaning in life beneficial for well-being? A cross-national study.

Previous research has found cross-national variations in the association between search for meaning in life (SMIL) and well-being (i.e. SMIL-WB link). This study extended and tested a "self-improvement hypothesis" that accounts for such cross-national variations based on an international database-the sixth wave of World Values Survey. SMIL represents a self-improvement effort which is more demanded in contexts with stronger external constraints. Thus, we expected a stronger positive SMIL-WB link in such contexts. A series of multilevel analyses was used to verify this hypothesis. The results showed that the SMIL-WB link varied across different societies, with well-being indexed by happiness, life satisfaction and subjective health. Moreover, external constraints from cultural, social-institutional, economic and ecological contexts (collectivism, peace threats, economic scarcity and environmental threats) moderated the SMIL-WB links. We thus call for advancing SMIL theory by considering person-context interaction.

The Presence and the Search Constructs of Meaning in Life in Suicidal Patients Attending a Psychiatric Emergency Department.

Meaning in Life (MiL) is considered protective against suicidal behavior (SB). However, few studies specifically addressed the role of the constructs, “presence of MiL” and “search for MiL,” and their dynamic interplay. In this cross-sectional study of patients with SB (N = 199) visiting a psychiatric Emergency Department for either suicidal ideation (SI) or suicide attempt (SA), we pursued the following objectives: 1) to explore the relationship between the two constructs; 2) to verify the protective value of presence of MiL on SB; and 3) to assess the influence of search for MiL on the relationship between presence of MiL and SI. The two constructs were found to be independent of one another. Higher presence of MiL was globally associated with lower SB levels, particularly SI. Search for MiL was not related to SB and did not moderate the relationship between presence of MiL and SI. In conclusion, formal support for the role of presence of MiL against SB in a psychiatric sample was demonstrated. These findings, with a view toward refinement of SB risk assessment and new psychotherapeutic approaches, may lead to an enrichment of the dialogue with suicidal patients to help alleviate their unbearable suffering. Our conclusions must be replicated in psychiatric clinical populations in settings other than a psychiatric ED and by using a longitudinal prospective and case-control study design.

The Relationship Between Presence of Meaning, Search for Meaning, and Subjective Well-Being: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis Based on the Meaning in Life Questionnaire

Meaning in life can be understood as how much people experience life meaning (i.e., presence of meaning, POM) and how intensely they seek life meaning (i.e., search for meaning, SFM). Previous research has related POM and SFM to the subjective well-being (SWB) of individuals, but the findings are inconsistent. This meta-analysis investigates the overall relationship between POM/SFM and SWB by examining previous studies that have used Steger et al.’s (J Couns Psychol 53:80–93, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80 ) Meaning in Life Questionnaire to assess POM and SFM. Results of 147 studies, reporting 726 effect sizes (N = 92,169), suggest the effect size for the “POM–SWB” relationship is close to medium (ESz = .418, p < .001, 95% CI [.390, .446]). The effect is larger in life satisfaction and cross-sectional studies. The effect size for the “SFM–SWB” association is small (ESz = − .121, p < .001, 95% CI [− .155,− .087]), with the effect being larger for negative affect, cross-sectional studies, and older participants. Interestingly, SFM is related to more SWB in participants from countries that are more collectivistic. This study shows a robust link between presence of life meaning and greater SWB, and that while search for life meaning may be adverse to SWB, the effect is small and conditional.

Peaceful Warrior (2006), by Dan Millman: contemporary existential perspectives

This article aims to reflect on the values and existential needs that constitute the human being in the present times of hurries, exacerbated consumerism and the search for ephemeral pleasures that have been producing the sensation of existential emptiness. Such emptiness also establishes the need for the search for meaning of life. For this article, the narrative of the film Peaceful Warrior (2006) was taken as analysis material. This is a qualitative investigation, in which a bibliographic research was carried out and the Categorial Analysis was used. This process defined the film analysis units, which were coded and interpreted. The article concludes that the dedication to the development of a talent and the protagonism of the subjective experiences allow existential transformatio

The Meaning in Life in Suicidal Patients: The Presence and the Search for Constructs. A Systematic Review.

Background and Objectives: Research on suicidal behavior (SB) has frequently focused more on risk factors than protective factors. Since the historic works of Viktor E. Frankl, who inquired how some Nazi concentration camps prisoners maintained their will to live though confronted with pervasive absurdity, Meaning in Life (MiL) has been interpreted as a potent resiliency factor. MiL then declined along a multitude of theoretical perspectives and was associated with various functioning domains of the individual. Surprising, few studies investigated the role of MiL on SB. We aimed to review and synthetize current literature on possible associations between MiL and SB, which included suicidal ideation (SI), suicidal attempts (SA), and completed suicide, focusing on two MiL constructs (the presence of MiL and search for MiL) from the Michael F. Steger’s recent conceptualization. Material and Methods: A systematic strategy following PRISMA guidelines was used to search for relevant articles in Pubmed/MEDLINE, Scopus, PsycINFO, and ScienceDirect (January 1980–February 2019) and yielded 172 articles, 37 of which met our inclusion criteria. Results: MiL emerged as a protective factor against SI, SA, and completed suicides, directly or through mediation/moderation models with other SB-related variables. When distinguishing the presence of MiL and the search for MiL, a consensual protective impact was described for the former. Data for the latter were less consistent but rather oriented towards a non-protective impact Conclusions: These findings could have clinical repercussions for SB prevention, in both suicide risk assessment refinement and psychotherapeutic interventions. Further research is needed to examine the dynamic interplay of the two constructs.

Is Searching for Meaning in Life Related to Civic Engagement?: Individual- and Society-Level Moderators.

Going beyond previous research suggesting that the search for meaning in life (hereafter “search for meaning”) is associated with civic engagement, this study investigated the moderating effects of personal and cultural values on the associations between the search for meaning and two kinds of civic engagement (i.e., pro-environmental engagement and political engagement). Based on the dataset of the sixth wave of the World Values Survey (WVS), multi-level analyses showed that the association between the search for meaning (in terms of thinking about meaning and purpose of life) and pro-environmental engagement was stronger when people held stronger values of openness to change (vs. conservation) and prioritized environmental wellness. The association between the search for meaning and political engagement was stronger when people endorsed stronger values of openness to change, showed a greater interest in politics and attributed greater importance to politics. At the society level, the association between the search for meaning and civic engagement was stronger in societies with a lower power distance. Implications for individual differences of the meaning search are discussed.

Penanaman Nilai Spiritual dalam Dimensi Psikoterapi Islam di PP. Rehabilitasi Salafiyah Syafi’iyah Nashrun Minallah

The search for meaning of life can be achieved by using the dimension of spirituality to fulfill the inner needs of humans. This study was intended to describe the spiritual values instilled by the coaches of Nashrun Minallah Islamic Boarding School to students who experienced mental disorders, especially those affected by magic and genie disorders through Islamic psychotherapy. This article uses a type of qualitative research, the method of collecting data through observation, interviews and documentation, with analytical techniques using data reduction, presentation of data and drawing conclusions. The results of the study that the spiritual form shown by santri leads to positive spiritual products includes a more meaningful life, more active worship and a balance between fulfilling life in the world and in the hereafter according to the guidance of the Qur'an and as-Sunnah. The form of Islamic psychotherapy that is practiced is the therapy of prayer, dhikr and ruqyah so that someone is spared from interference from spirits.

Personal Perspective of the Mosaic of Living with Dementia

This article is based on a keynote presentation given to the national Spiritual Care Australia Conference in 2017, which had the theme “Engaging a Mosaic of Care”. As a person diagnosed with dementia, it gives a viewpoint from within the confusing mosaic of living with dementia, in which a sense of spirituality at the core of our being can prompt a search for ultimate meaning in life, through relationships with God and with others. This article is a Christian theological reflection, from the unique perspective of the lived experience. Spirituality does not need cognition or language, and the person can be ministered to with sensitivity. Each person with dementia is a unique individual with hopes, dreams and emotions, even if these cannot be expressed, and has been on a journey from diagnosis towards an increasingly confusing mosaic of sights, sounds and feelings. Chaplains can be our faithful companions on this journey of decline and despair.

On the Existential Road From Regret to Heroism: Searching for Meaning in Life.

We investigated whether regret predicted the motivation to act heroically. In a series of studies, we examined the relationship between regret, search for meaning in life, and heroism motivation. First, Study 1 (a and b) investigated the association between regret and search for meaning in life, considering regret as a whole, action regret, and inaction regret. As expected, regret correlated positively with search for meaning in life. In two additional studies (Study 2 and 3), we examined whether regret predicted heroism motivation and whether this effect was mediated through search for meaning in life. Study 2 confirmed this hypothesis for individual differences in regret, using a correlational design. Study 3 confirmed the hypothesis for temporary experiences of regret, using an experimental design. In addition, in Study 3 we found that heroism motivation was stronger for people with high self-enhancement needs than for those with lower self-enhancement needs. We discuss the relationship between regret and heroism in light of these results and explore their implications.

Meaning in Life and Lifelong Learning: The Case of Turkish Immigrants in the United Arab Emirates

Adults’ psychological well-being is greatly influenced by the meaning they attain in life. A lack of an established meaning in life may cause distress, and urge individuals to indulge in activities assisting in their quest for meaning. Immigration, be it a reason for or a result of the quest for meaning, may seriously affect people’s psychological well-being. A plethora of research has investigated the issues under-privileged immigrants face, with little attention given to professional immigrants’ well-being. These people’s lifelong learning propensities relative to acquisition of meaning in life have not received much attention either. The complementarity between the two can increase our understanding of the psychological and educational needs of professional immigrants. To this end, this research investigated 50 professional Turkish immigrants’ experiences in the UAE. It involved 30 female and 20 male adults with a mean age of 38. Data were collected using two instruments borrowed from the literature on the topic. Results showed that the participants’ scores for presence of and search for meaning were above the threshold level indicating a positive attribute. The participants in the female, mid-adulthood, and greater length of stay categories received higher scores for presence of meaning in life. A weak, positive correlation occurred between presence of meaning in their lives and lifelong learning scores; however, a weak, negative correlation was detected between search for meaning in life and lifelong learning scores. Results are discussed, and recommendations are made to enhance professional immigrants’ acquisition of meaning in life through engagement in lifelong learning.

Examining a Sequential Mediation Model of Chinese University Students' Well-Being: A Career Construction Perspective.

Despite career construction theory attends to individual subjective career and provides a useful lens to study well-being, extant research has yielded limited insights into the mechanisms through which career construction variables influence individual well-being. To address this important gap, the present study examined a mediation model that links indicators of career adaptivity (big-five personality and approach/avoidance traits) to psychological well-being (psychological flourishing and life satisfaction) through career adaptability and in sequent meaning of life (presence of life meaning and search for life meaning) among a sample of Chinese university students (N = 165). The results of a two-wave survey study showed that career adaptability and presence of life meaning mediated the effects of openness to experience, consciousness, approach trait, and avoidance trait on individual well-being in sequence. The results also showed that approach trait’s effect on presence of meaning was partially mediated by career adaptability; career adaptability’s effect on psychological flourishing was partially mediated by presence of meaning. These findings advance understanding of antecedents to individual well-being from a career construction perspective, and carry implications for career education and counseling practices.

Pediatric oncology nursing workers: the use of defensive strategies at work

Abstract Objective: To describe defensive strategies used by nursing workers in pediatric oncology towards suffering at work. Methodology: A qualitative, exploratory and descriptive study was carried out in 2013 with 20 nursing workers of pediatric oncology at a teaching hospital. The techniques of non-participant observation and focus group were used to produce the data, which were submitted to thematic analysis. Results: Some of the individual strategies identified were conformity, distancing from the experience with children, rationalization, and refuge in pleasurable moments. Furthermore, group strategies were pointed out, such as speaking and listening, coming together as a work group, redefining suffering, and the search for a new meaning in life. Conclusions: Spaces for speaking and listening can enable the sharing of experiences of suffering, helping workers to recognize defensive strategies and strengthen resistance actions.