Flight Search Research Articles

The echolocation and hunting behavior of Daubenton's bat, Myotis daubentoni

The echolocation and hunting behavior of Daubenton's bat (Myotis daubentoni) were studied in the field under completely natural conditions using a multiflash photographic system synchronized with high-speed tape recordings. The hunting behavior of M. daubentoni is separated into four stages. In the search flight stage Daubenton's bat flies with an average speed of 3.4±0.6 m/s SD usually within 30 cm over water surfaces searching for insects. After the detection of potential prey, the approach flight stage occurs, during which the bat approaches the target in a goal-directed flight. The stage tail down indicates that M. daubentoni is close to the potential prey (approximately 10–22 cm) and is preparing for the catch. The insects are caught with the interfemoral membrane, the feet, and sometimes with the additional aid of a wing. In the stage head down, the bat seizes the prey during flight. Immediately afterwards, Daubenton's bat returns to search flight. M. daubentoni shows the typical echolocation behavior of a vespertilionid bat, emitting frequency-modulated (FM) echolocation signals. The three behavioral stages search, approach, and terminal phase (Griffin et al. 1960) are used to describe the pulse pattern of foraging M. daubentoni in the field. The terminal phase (or buzz) of Daubenton's bat is separated into two parts: buzz I and buzz II. Buzz II is distinguished from buzz I by the following characteristics: a sharp drop in terminal frequency, a distinct reduction in the bandwidth of the first harmonic, a continuous high repetition rate throughout the phase in the range 155–210 Hz, very short pulses (0,25–0.3 ms) and interpulse intervals (4.5–5.0 ms) at the end of the phase, and a distinct decrease in duty cycle. A pause in echolocation separates the end of the terminal phase from the ongoing search phase. The reduction in sound duration after the detection of a target and during pursuits with successfull or attempted catches is discussed in relation to the actual distance of the bat to the target at each stage. It is likely that Daubenton's bat reduces sound duration during approach and terminal phase in order to prevent an overlap of an outgoing pulse with the returning echo from the target. It is argued that the minimum detection distance can be estimated from the sound duration during search flight. Estimates of detection and reaction distances of M. daubentoni based upon synchronized photos and echolocation sequences are given to corroborate this hypothesis. An average detection distance of 128 cm and an average reaction distance of 112 cm were determined. Each behavioral stage of foraging M. daubentoni is characterized by a distinct pattern of echolocation signals and a distinct stage in hunting behavior. The approach flight in hunting behavior coincides with the approach phase and with buzz I in echolocation behavior. The stage tail down corresponds to buzz II. The stage head down is correlated with a pause in echolocation. Immediately afterwards, the bat returns into search flight and into the search phase, emitting search signals.

Search Tactics of Insectivorous Birds Foraging in an Australian Eucalypt Forest

Abstract The different ways birds searched for food in an Australian Eucalyptus forest led them to detect and capture different kinds of prey. Five major searching modes were identified among 23 common, mostly insectivorous bird species. These were distinguished largely by the rates, distances, and angles moved by birds while foraging and by their prey-capture behavior. Some bird species typically moved slowly, visually examining substrates at relatively long distances, and then took flight to capture prey (e.g. whistlers, flycatchers, muscicapid robins, cuckoos). Others moved at more rapid rates and either gleaned small prey from nearby substrates (e.g. thornbills, treecreepers) or flushed insects that were then pursued (e.g. fantails). Two species (Eastern Shrike-Tit, Falcunculus frontatus; White-eared Honeyeater, Meliphaga leucotis) were specialized substrate-restricted searchers, seeking invertebrate and carbohydrate foods among the exfoliating bark of Eucalyptus. The search tactics of birds in this south temperate Australian forest were similar to those of birds in a north temperate forest in New Hampshire, USA, previously reported by Robinson and Holmes (1982). The differences in food-searching behavior between these phylogenetically distinct avifaunas (e.g. search flight and prey-attack flight lengths, hop/flight ratios, foraging rates) reflect the effects of unique foliage structures (e.g. spacing of branches, arrangements of leaves) and food resources at each site. These findings support the hypothesis that habitat structure and food availability provide opportunities and constraints on how birds search for and capture food in forest habitats. These in turn are postulated to affect the success of particular bird species exploiting those habitats and thus influence bird community patterns.

Location, morphology and histology of sex pheromone glands of the female gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.)

Scanning electron microscopy, histology and a male wing fanning bioassay were used in this study to locate the sex pheromone-producing glands of the female gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. When exposed to female sex pheromone, adult males exhibit a strong wing fanning behaviour prior to take off. We found that adult males showed positive response to calling females and to tissue extract from both dorsal and ventral portions of the intersegmental membrane between 8th and 9th-abdominal segments. A typical male response usually starts with elevation of antennae, movement of head in different directions, walking, wing fanning and onset of search flight. Histological and scanning electron microscopic studies suggested that the sex pheromone glands are located on the dorsal and ventral aspects of the intersegmental membrane. The glands appear as two highly convoluted integumentary areas with hypertrophied glandular epidermal cells.

Evidence for downwind flights by host-seeking mosquitoes

THE behaviour of flying insects which make use of airborne chemicals in their search for food, oviposition sites or sexual partners can be separated into two phases, the search flight bringing them into contact with the attractant plume and the approach flight leading them to its source1,2. The second phase is characterised by upwind orientation in response to the appropriate chemical stimuli3–6. Mosquitoes are known to fly upwind as they approach a warm-blooded host7–9. For most insects relatively little is known of the pattern of the preceding search flight which Haskell2 described as ‘wandering’, but where the wind is light it may be upwind1. Experiments in West Africa have shown that the majority of mosquitoes entered flight traps from the downwind side, that is they appeared to have been flying upwind, regardless of the presence or absence of a host (ref. 10 and W. F. Snow, unpublished). Here we report experiments that unexpectedly provide evidence for the opposite type of behaviour.

In the Steps of Moses

Book Review| June 01 1944 In the Steps of Moses In the Steps of Moses, Louis Golding. John W. Flight John W. Flight Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of Biblical Literature (1944) 63 (2): 202–203. https://doi.org/10.2307/3262661 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation John W. Flight; In the Steps of Moses. Journal of Biblical Literature 1 June 1944; 63 (2): 202–203. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/3262661 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectiveSBL PressJournal of Biblical Literature Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Elihu Grant

Previous articleNext article No AccessElihu GrantG. Ernest Wright, W. F. Albright, and John W. FlightG. Ernest Wright Search for more articles by this author , W. F. Albright Search for more articles by this author , and John W. Flight Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Bulletin of the American Society of Overseas Research Volume 88December 1942 A journal of the American Schools of Oriental Research Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/BASOR1355469 Views: 1Total views on this site Journal History This article was published in the Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research (1921-2021), which is continued by the Bulletin of the American Schools of Overseas Research (2022-present). PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

The King James Version of the English Bible: An Account of the Development and Sources of the English Bible of 1611 with Special Reference to the Hebrew Tradition

Book Review| September 01 1941 The King James Version of the English Bible: An Account of the Development and Sources of the English Bible of 1611 with Special Reference to the Hebrew Tradition The King James Version of the English Bible: An Account of the Development and Sources of the English Bible of 1611 with Special Reference to the Hebrew Tradition, David Daiches. John W. Flight John W. Flight Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of Biblical Literature (1941) 60 (3): 334–335. https://doi.org/10.2307/3262634 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation John W. Flight; The King James Version of the English Bible: An Account of the Development and Sources of the English Bible of 1611 with Special Reference to the Hebrew Tradition. Journal of Biblical Literature 1 September 1941; 60 (3): 334–335. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/3262634 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectiveSBL PressJournal of Biblical Literature Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

The Archaic Inscriptions from Lachish, (A Non-Phoenician System of the North Semitic Alphabet)

Book Review| June 01 1939 The Archaic Inscriptions from Lachish, (A Non-Phoenician System of the North Semitic Alphabet) The Archaic Inscriptions from Lachish, (A Non-Phoenician System of the North Semitic Alphabet), Julian Obermann. J. W. Flight J. W. Flight Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of Biblical Literature (1939) 58 (2): 187–189. https://doi.org/10.2307/3259862 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation J. W. Flight; The Archaic Inscriptions from Lachish, (A Non-Phoenician System of the North Semitic Alphabet). Journal of Biblical Literature 1 June 1939; 58 (2): 187–189. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/3259862 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectiveSBL PressJournal of Biblical Literature Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

The Origin and Evolution of the Semitic Alphabets

Book Review| June 01 1938 The Origin and Evolution of the Semitic Alphabets The Origin and Evolution of the Semitic Alphabets, Abram Setsuzau Kotsuji. J. W. Flight J. W. Flight Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of Biblical Literature (1938) 57 (2): 222–223. https://doi.org/10.2307/3259755 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation J. W. Flight; The Origin and Evolution of the Semitic Alphabets. Journal of Biblical Literature 1 June 1938; 57 (2): 222–223. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/3259755 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectiveSBL PressJournal of Biblical Literature Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.