Search Engines In Order Research Articles

Safe City: A Study of Channels for Public Warnings for Emergency Communication in Finland, Germany, and Greece

Public warning systems are an essential element of safe cities. However, the functionality of neither traditional nor digital emergency warnings is understood well enough from the perspective of citizens. This study examines smart city development from the perspective of safety by exploring citizens’ viewpoints. It investigates people’s perceptions of the ways in which they obtain warnings and information about emergencies involving health risks. Data were collected in the form of focus group interviews and semi-structured interviews in Finland, Germany, and Greece. The results suggest that people place a lot of trust in their social network, receiving text messages, and their ability to use web-based search engines in order to obtain public warnings. The study discusses the challenges identified by citizens in the use of conventional radio and television transmissions and sirens for public warnings. Based on the results, citizens demonstrate informed ignorance about existing mobile emergency applications. Our results imply that it is not sufficient to build emergency communication infrastructure: the development of smart, safe cities requires continuous work and the integration of both hard and soft infrastructure-oriented strategies, i.e., technological infrastructure development including digitalisation and education, advancement of knowledge, and participation of people. Both strategic aspects are essential to enable people to take advantage of novel digital applications in emergency situations.

Immune cells and associated molecular markers in dermal fibrosis with focus on raised cutaneous scars.

Raised dermal scars including hypertrophic, and keloid scars as well as scalp-associated fibrosing Folliculitis Keloidalis Nuchae (FKN) are a group of fibrotic raised dermal lesions that mostly occur following cutaneous injury. They are characterized by increased extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, primarily excessive collagen type 1 production by hyperproliferative fibroblasts. The extent of ECM deposition is thought to be proportional to the severity of local skin inflammation leading to excessive fibrosis of the dermis. Due to a lack of suitable study models, therapy for raised dermal scars remains ill-defined. Immune cells and their associated markers have been strongly associated with dermal fibrosis. Therefore, modulation of the immune system and use of anti-inflammatory cytokines are of potential interest in the management of dermal fibrosis. In this review, we will discuss the importance of immune factors in the pathogenesis of raised dermal scarring. The aim here is to provide an up-to-date comprehensive review of the literature, from PubMed, Scopus, and other relevant search engines in order to describe the known immunological factors associated with raised dermal scarring. The importance of immune cells including mast cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, and relevant molecules such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, antibodies, transcription factors, and other immune-associated molecules as well as tissue lymphoid aggregates identified within raised dermal scars will be presented. A growing body of evidence points to a shift from proinflammatory Th1 response to regulatory/anti-inflammatory Th2 response being associated with the development of fibrogenesis in raised dermal scarring. In summary, a better understanding of immune cells and associated molecular markers in dermal fibrosis will likely enable future development of potential immune-modulated therapeutic, diagnostic, and theranostic targets in raised dermal scarring.

Histological Changes in the Lung Tissue in Association with COVID-19: Review Article

Background: It has been shown that SARS-CoV-2 is a multi-systemic virus and can affect number of body systems including the respiratory tract, the gastro-intestinal tract, the liver, the kidney and the nervous system. Despite the high mortality rate, there is little literature on postmortem findings of this unique virus, perhaps due to its highly contagious nature, inadequate information on prevention, and a lack of robust infrastructure for appropriate management of infected cases at various centers throughout the world. Aim of the study: The aim of the current study was to review and list the main histological changes seen in patients died because of COVID-19. Methods: A systemic search was carried out including Google Scholar, PubMed, and MEDLINE and the Google search Engine in order to scan all available published articles dealing with histological changes affection the lung in patients with documented COVID-19. The following key words were used to accomplish the search mission: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Lung Histology, Pulmonary Histology, Histopathology. The search was limited to articles written in English language. Any article published between the end of 2019 and the time of initiating the current work was reviewed. The information in the current review is totally based on reviewed articles that are mentioned in the section of references. Results: The main sources of lung tissues were Whole lung biopsy, Postmortem study, Core needle biopsy and Ultrasound based samples from autopsy. The exudative changes include injury to pneumocytes, congestion of capillaries, giant cell formations, dilation of alveolar ducts, thickening of capillaries, edema of interstitium and formation of hyaline membrane. The proliferative changes include hyperplasia of Type-2 pneumocytes with some reactive atypia with proliferation of myofibroblastic cells leading to granulation tissue formation, thickening of alveolar wall accumulation of alveolar macrophages, interstitial thickening which harbors collections of proliferating fibroblasts together with foci of hemorrhage and lymphocytic infiltration. Conclusion: The main histopathological changes in lung of patients with COVID-19 can be grouped into three main phases, exudative, proliferative and fibrotic phases in addition to changes involving vascular tissues, bronchi and bronchioles and the main changes are the diffuse alveolar damage seen in exudative and proliferative phases.

Squiride Rank

The proposed SquiRide Rank algorithm is designed by integrating the Squirrel Search Algorithm (SSA) with the Rider Optimization Algorithm (ROA), respectively. The concept of fictional computing and the foraging behavior realize the re-ranking process more effectively in the web environment. However, the features extracted from the web pages makes the process more effective and achieve global optimal solution through the fitness measure. The proposed SquiRide Rank algorithm effectively captures and analyzes the ranking scores of different search engines in order to generate the re-ranked score result. However, the proposed SquiRide Rank algorithm provides satisfactory results using the metrics, like precision, recall, and F-measure, which acquired with the values of 0.964, 0.996, and 0.980, respectively.

An external plagiarism detection system based on part-of-speech (POS) tag n-grams and word embedding

The aim of this paper is to present an automatic plagiarism detection system to identify plagiarized passages of documents. Our plagiarism detection system uses both syntactic and semantic similarities to identify plagiarized passages. Our proposed method is a novel contribution because of its usage of part-of-speech tag n-grams (POSNG) which are able to show syntactic similarities between source and suspicious sentences. Each source document is indexed according to part-of-speech (POS) tag n-grams by a search engine in order to access rapidly to sentences that are possible plagiarism candidates. Even though our plagiarism detection system obtains very good results just using POS tag n-grams, its performance is further improved with the usage of semantic similarities. The semantic relatedness between words is measured with the word embedding technique called Word2Vec and the longest common subsequence approach is used to measure the semantic similarity between source and suspicious sentences. There are several types of plagiarism such as verbatim, paraphrasing, source-code, and cross-lingual. The high obfuscation paraphrasing is a type of plagiarism and its detection is one of the most difficult plagiarism detection tasks. Our proposed method, which is based on POS tag n-grams, improves the detection performance of the high obfuscation paraphrasing type and is the main contribution of this paper. For this study, we use the large dataset called PAN-PC-11 which is created for the evaluation of automatic plagiarism detection algorithms. Our experiments are conducted with the four types of paraphrasing in PAN-PC-11 which are none, low, high and simulated obfuscation paraphrasing types. We defined various threshold and parameter settings in order to assess the diversity of our results. We compared the performance of our method with the plagiarism detectors in the 3rd International Competition on Plagiarism Detection (PAN11). According to the experimental results, the proposed method achieved the best performance in terms of plagdet measure in the types of high and low obfuscation paraphrasing and produced competitive results in the other paraphrasing types.

Language Bias in the Google Scholar Ranking Algorithm

The visibility of academic articles or conference papers depends on their being easily found in academic search engines, above all in Google Scholar. To enhance this visibility, search engine optimization (SEO) has been applied in recent years to academic search engines in order to optimize documents and, thereby, ensure they are better ranked in search pages (i.e., academic search engine optimization or ASEO). To achieve this degree of optimization, we first need to further our understanding of Google Scholar’s relevance ranking algorithm, so that, based on this knowledge, we can highlight or improve those characteristics that academic documents already present and which are taken into account by the algorithm. This study seeks to advance our knowledge in this line of research by determining whether the language in which a document is published is a positioning factor in the Google Scholar relevance ranking algorithm. Here, we employ a reverse engineering research methodology based on a statistical analysis that uses Spearman’s correlation coefficient. The results obtained point to a bias in multilingual searches conducted in Google Scholar with documents published in languages other than in English being systematically relegated to positions that make them virtually invisible. This finding has important repercussions, both for conducting searches and for optimizing positioning in Google Scholar, being especially critical for articles on subjects that are expressed in the same way in English and other languages, the case, for example, of trademarks, chemical compounds, industrial products, acronyms, drugs, diseases, etc.

Key principles of developing research library’s website

Key services provided through the websites of scientific and technical libraries are discussed. Various structures of libraries’ websites or Internet-portals are described, and their feasibility is substantiated. Conclusions are made on the need for continuous website promotion in search engines in order to attract new users. Promotion of research studies to the library’s patron organizations can be accomplished through information awareness services like electronic exhibitions, news services, etc. A version of researcher’s personal account and account-based services are described. The personal accounts give researchers access to the full range of services of sci-tech libraries and provide the feedback option. Methodological and consulting services are characterized. The new version of the website of the Library of Pushchino Research Center that features online access to all available library resources. The author concludes on the need for further improvement of relevant information user services.

Bi-Objective Optimization of Service-Oriented Location-Pricing Model Using Electromagnetism-Like Mechanism Algorithm

This paper develops a multi-objective multi-layer location-pricing (MLLP) model with congested facilities in which the facilities act like a classic queuing system. The customers who arrive to this system receive service at all layers in a predetermined order to fulfill their demands. The goal is to determine (1) optimal number of the facilities required at each layer, (2) optimal allocation of customers to facilities, and (3) optimal price of providing service at each layer. The objective functions are to maximize the total profit of the system and to minimize the sum of travel and waiting times, simultaneously. The problem is formulated as a multi-objective nonlinear integer mathematical programming model. Since the problem is hard to be solved analytically, we present a multi-objective meta-heuristic algorithm (MHA) based on an electromagnetism-like mechanism (ELM) as a solution for multi-objective MLLP. This algorithm used an elitist mechanism to strengthen the structure of search engine in order to find better quality solutions. The results indicate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in comparison with the traditional ELM.

Effects of search engine advertising on user clicks, conversions, and basket choice

Many firms place ads in search engines in order to motivate users to visit their website. However, users may react differently to an ad. For example, some users who intended to click on the organic result may now click on the ad, which creates unnecessary costs and diminishes profits. This paper presents the first systematic investigation of all effects on users an ad can cause during their search with a given keyword at a certain point in time. It covers the three sequential decisions users make: whether (and where) to click, whether to convert, and what (or how much) to buy. We develop a model by which each effect can separately be quantified and regressed on the search context, allowing insights into what drives user reactions. As a demonstration for its application, we conduct a large-scale field experiment on brand bidding, the practice of placing ads for brand names.

Use of Diverse Online Resources amongst Politically Active University Students Fosters Civic Knowledge Integration

A Review of:
 Soe, Y. (2018) Understanding politics more thoroughly: How highly engaged young citizens use the Internet for civic knowledge integration. First Monday, 23(6), 1-17. http://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v23i6.7923
 Abstract
 Objective – To examine the process by which university students with a high interest in politics and public affairs incorporate new information into their understanding of politics and public affairs, a process referred to as civic knowledge integration.
 Design – This study utilized a qualitative research design that consisted of focus group interviews and essay questions.
 Setting – Two large four-year Midwestern public universities and two four-year East coast private universities in the United States of America in 2008 and 2010.
 Subjects – A total of 65 undergraduate and graduate (masters) students participated in the focus group interviews and answered essay questions by e-mail.
 Methods – In 2008, the researcher conducted 11 focus groups consisting of 5 to 7 participants per group. In 2010, additional data were collected from students at another large four-year Midwestern public university who responded by e-mail to essay questions that were adapted from those used in the focus groups. Recruitment of participants was achieved by contacting professors of media and political science at the universities and targeting students with interest in media, politics, and public affairs, and who were politically active. Course credit or a small monetary incentive was offered to students as compensation. Data resulting from the focus group and essay responses were combined and imported into the QDA Miner software. Data analysis, which used some techniques of grounded theory, was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, 120 analyzable subsets were identified, and open coding of 36 subsets was performed to determine themes. These themes were then modified and renamed using an axial and selective coding process. Examples of resulting topics included collaborative layering of ideas, comparison of differing viewpoints, and monitorial scanning. The second phase involved coding of the 120 subsets, and 65 subgroups that focused on civic knowledge integration were identified. Ultimately, open, thematic coding of the 65 subsets was performed to identify comments that contained the most common themes.
 Main Results – An analysis of the data revealed that participants used the resulting themes as self-guided learning strategies when searching the Internet for civic knowledge integration, the process by which university students with a high interest in politics and public affairs incorporate new information into their understanding of these areas. One of the strategies used was a two-step process of monitorial scanning and opinion sampling. Monitorial scanning involves the careful selection of search engines in order to scan the news and determine their potential levels of interest, and the use of online encyclopedias such as Wikipedia to locate background information and other details. Opinion sampling involves the process of sorting the sources found, such as blogs and candidates’ web pages. Another strategy used was verification (cross-checking), which consisted of checking multiple sources to find more information on a particular news item or news show, such as those watched on CNN.com. Comparison of differing and opposing viewpoints was another strategy used, that involved the comparing of information about political candidates' perspectives or views to justify their own opinions. Finally, collaborative layering of ideas was a strategy that involved participation in online forums, such as Facebook. This strategy provided participants with the opportunity to express their thoughts and opinions globally, and to contribute to a change in a set practice. 
 Conclusion – Through the use of strategies for self-guided learning, participants were able to add new information to their knowledge base and to develop new points of view. These students developed advanced search strategies and took pleasure in finding opposing perspectives, and as a result, enhanced their critical thinking skills. The conclusions also increased general knowledge of why young people used specific online platforms, information resources, or social media sites to enhance their understanding of politics and public affairs. These findings may also challenge media and political science to investigate the long-term effects of self-guided learning strategies for civic knowledge integration practiced by some young people.

Пошукова система й корпус як інструмент дослідження семантики слів

Introduction. The emergence of the Internet and the creation of the body of texts of different national languages significantly simplified the preparatory, but extremely important for further deployment of the study stage. It is enough for the researcher to enter the corresponding word body into the search engine in order to obtain the full index of its own word forms in the nearest and extended contexts with the corresponding addressing. Creating an empirical research base in this way provides a minimum of effort and time to aggregate data, which at the same time will increase significantly. On one hand, it simplified and facilitated, but, on the other hand, it complicated the process of analysis and comprehension of such an amount of examples. Purpose. Find out the capabilities of the search engine and the body of the language in the study of changing the semantics of words. Methods. According to research material in the scientific studies, the following methods are used: descriptive (linguistic techniques of observation and generalization), component analysis method (including analysis of dictionary definitions), method of contextual analysis and method of comparative analysis. Results. An important feature of the Internet as a linguistic source is the ability to directly refer to the contexts in which the use of the right word is recorded. This is important for the transition from quantitative characteristics to qualitative, from the abstract invariant, represented in the quantitative coefficient of the word, to its semantic, stylistic and other variants. However, for today, unfortunately, search engines need to be improved, since it is not known how to streamline the search results, it would be nice if the filters of what we are looking for would work. Or linguists need to create their own, specialized search engines, oriented to the fulfillment of scientific tasks. Originality. The variants of the use of search engines GOOGLE, META, SHUKALKA, the Body of texts of the Ukrainian language on the portal mova.info and the buildings of Slavic languages or research purposes are illustrated by the example of semantic innovations. As a result, the format of the database of neosemanticisms is proposed. Conclusion. Перспективу подальших наукових пошуків убачаємо в дослідженні функціонального потенціоналу семантичних інновацій. Conclusion. The prospect of further scientific research is seen in the study of the functional potential of semantic innovations.

Quality of web-based information for osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundOsteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic condition that affects over 8.75 million people in the UK. Approximately 43% of people in the UK search for health and medical information online. However, health information on the internet is of variable quality. Research into the quality of online OA information is dated and there is a need to evaluate the existing information. ObjectivesTo assess the quality of websites which provide educational information for patients with OA. DesignElectronic cross-sectional survey. MethodsThe search term ‘osteoarthritis’ was entered into the five popular UK-based search engines in order to identify 50 unique websites. These websites were appraised by two assessors using criteria developed from the available literature and recent guidelines of the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence. The appraisal considered the general quality of the website and OA-specific content. ResultsMost of the websites evaluated (34/50, 68%) scored more than half of the maximum available quality score (max score 59). The median total score was 41. For general quality of the website, the median score was nine (range three to 16, out of 16), and for OA-specific content, the median score was 31 (range two to 43, out of 43). Websites of higher quality were created more recently, disclosed sources of information, had external seals of approval and directed the reader on to other relevant websites. ConclusionsThe internet is a potentially useful tool for educating and empowering healthcare consumers. The websites evaluated were generally of a ‘high’ standard; however, there was wide variation in the quality of information.

C.03.02 - The priorities and preferences of patients with schizophrenia

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic condition that affects over 8.75 million people in the UK. Approximately 43% of people in the UK search for health and medical information online. However, health information on the internet is of variable quality. Research into the quality of online OA information is dated and there is a need to evaluate the existing information.To assess the quality of websites which provide educational information for patients with OA.Electronic cross-sectional survey.The search term ‘osteoarthritis’ was entered into the five popular UK-based search engines in order to identify 50 unique websites. These websites were appraised by two assessors using criteria developed from the available literature and recent guidelines of the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence. The appraisal considered the general quality of the website and OA-specific content.Most of the websites evaluated (34/50, 68%) scored more than half of the maximum available quality score (max score 59). The median total score was 41. For general quality of the website, the median score was nine (range three to 16, out of 16), and for OA-specific content, the median score was 31 (range two to 43, out of 43). Websites of higher quality were created more recently, disclosed sources of information, had external seals of approval and directed the reader on to other relevant websites.The internet is a potentially useful tool for educating and empowering healthcare consumers. The websites evaluated were generally of a ‘high’ standard; however, there was wide variation in the quality of information.

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN): A descriptive literature analysis on the diagnosis and management modalities.

The primary objective of this review is to explore the different aspects of the diagnosis and management of Trigeminal neuralgia (TN). We look at the role of radiological imaging in the work-up of this condition, and based on the findings in the literature, we report data on the medical and surgical management of TN. A literature review was conducted using PubMed and Cochrane search engines in order to explore the data available on the diagnosis and management of TN. Clinical features and various treatment modalities were analyzed by the authors. The identified studies were evaluated and data was reported on the different aspects of the condition in order to provide an evidence-based update on the topic. The diagnosis of TN is based on the patient's clinical history and radiological imaging. The commonest cause of TN is a micro-vascular compression by a looping blood vessel. Radiological evaluation is critical in the work-up of the disorder and in order to eliminate other possible causes. Management of the disorder can be medical or surgical, with micro-vascular decompression having the highest remission rate. Patients with TN present paroxysmal pain attacks in the territories innervated by the trigeminal nerve. Diagnostic investigations must allow precise anatomical evaluation of the CPA, and MR imaging is the gold-standard radiological investigation for this purpose. Management of TN can be medical or surgical, with micro-vascular decompression having the highest success rate.

Targeted Search Engines for Children

Children are a fast growing user group on the Internet. Among different online activities, children use web search engines in order to gather information related to their personal interests and school activities. Children's knowledge, cognitive abilities and fine motor skills are different from those of adults. Therefore, they may experience difficulties with search engines that are built using standard information retrieval algorithms and search interfaces for adults. Special or targeted search engines for children are essential in order to better support children in their search tasks. Therefore, the goal of this thesis is to design appropriate search engines for children with a focus on the search user interface. However, this is not an easy task to accomplish. Not only are children's abilities different from the abilities of adults, children also undergo relatively fast changes in their abilities. The specific and dynamically changing characteristics of young users pose a great challenge. In order to address this challenge, first, the specifics of information retrieval for young users are analysed. Second, open issues are identified in user studies with children using logfile analysis and eye-tracking. The conceptual challenges in the design of user interfaces regarding search engines for children are derived based on the findings of one's own and previous user studies as well as theories of human development. Third, user interfaces of search engines that address these conceptual challenges are designed, prototypically implemented and evaluated in user studies with children following a user-centered design. Specifically, the proposed user interfaces of the search engine address the changing characteristics of the users by providing a means of adaptation. Furthermore, a novel type of search result visualisation for children with cartoon style characters is developed which takes the children's preference for visual information into account. Both approaches were very positively received by children during evaluation. Children rated different user interface aspects of the search user interface prototypes as good, e.g., the adaptation of the search user interface towards user wishes and the helpfulness of the cartoon style characters during search. Finally, this thesis provides criteria and guidelines on how to design user interfaces of search engines for children.

Search Engine for Children: User-Centered Design

Children are a fast growing user group on the Internet. Among different online activities, children use web search engines in order to gather information related to their personal interests and school activities. Children’s knowledge, cognitive abilities and fine motor skills are different from those of adults. Therefore, they may experience difficulties with search engines that are built using standard information retrieval algorithms and search interfaces for adults. Special or targeted search engines for children are essential in order to better support children in their search tasks. However, the design of search solutions for children is not an easy task. Not only are children’s abilities different from the abilities of adults, children also undergo relatively fast changes in their abilities. In order to tackle this challenge, an age-adaptable information terminal for children with a special focus on the search user interface (SUI) has been developed in three stages following a user-centered design. Specifically, it addresses the changing characteristics of the users by providing a means of adaptation. Several user studies have been conducted with children during the development to ensure the usability of the information terminal.

Decades of public-private partnership in solid waste management

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine empirical studies on public-private partnerships (PPPs) and solid waste management (SWM) in Ghana and India to synthesize the “crucial lessons” for urban managers and policy makers in developing countries.Design/methodology/approachA systematic review of empirical studies was carried out, the search process comprised four categories of keywords combined differently across three main search engines in order to obtain a pool of more relevant literature on the study. Sorting for relevance was done at various levels; retrospective content analysis of relevant empirical studies on PPP and SWM in Ghana and India was subsequently carried out to draw lessons and policy suggestions.FindingsPPPs have mainly been impressive in coverage of waste collection in the Ghanaian context, whilst in India, emphasis has been on injection of technology and effectiveness into SWM. It is also observed that in both cases the PPP processes have lacked adequate openness, transparency and sufficient stakeholder engagement. In the Ghana cases, mostly, urban authorities hardly pay attention to details in the partnership deed and also ignore monitoring of private partners. Poorly performed PPPs do occur when one of the partners relent on his role which could have a cascading effect on other actors.Practical implicationsWhilst PPP is a strong candidate to address the SWM challenges of urban centers in developing countries, this does not necessarily come about by joining the bandwagon. Merely entering into a partnership deed with private waste management companies without paying due attention to details of the contract will usher urban managers into a state of schizophrenia. The paper presents five key lessons to inform policy and practice.Originality/valueThe paper draws lessons from multiple cases of PPPs in Ghana and India by synchronizing lessons adaptable to city authorities and policy makers in developing countries.

Analysis of Web Spam for Non-English Content: Toward More Effective Language-Based Classifiers.

Web spammers aim to obtain higher ranks for their web pages by including spam contents that deceive search engines in order to include their pages in search results even when they are not related to the search terms. Search engines continue to develop new web spam detection mechanisms, but spammers also aim to improve their tools to evade detection. In this study, we first explore the effect of the page language on spam detection features and we demonstrate how the best set of detection features varies according to the page language. We also study the performance of Google Penguin, a newly developed anti-web spamming technique for their search engine. Using spam pages in Arabic as a case study, we show that unlike similar English pages, Google anti-spamming techniques are ineffective against a high proportion of Arabic spam pages. We then explore multiple detection features for spam pages to identify an appropriate set of features that yields a high detection accuracy compared with the integrated Google Penguin technique. In order to build and evaluate our classifier, as well as to help researchers to conduct consistent measurement studies, we collected and manually labeled a corpus of Arabic web pages, including both benign and spam pages. Furthermore, we developed a browser plug-in that utilizes our classifier to warn users about spam pages after clicking on a URL and by filtering out search engine results. Using Google Penguin as a benchmark, we provide an illustrative example to show that language-based web spam classifiers are more effective for capturing spam contents.

Effect on Information Retrieval Using One and Two Point Crossover

Information in digital world growing at very high speed. It is impossible to retrieve relevant and important information. To retrieve relevant information search engine is used. Genetic Algorithm and Information Retrieval System is used by search engine in order to retrieve relevant information. But retrieving information as user requirement is still difficult. In this paper information is retrieve using Genetic algorithm with one and two point crossover and cosine and Horng & Yeh similarity Function is used as fitness function in Genetic Algorithm.

Need for Oral Health Policy in India.

Dental diseases are a significant public health menace having a substantial impact on the quality of life which in turn affects the daily performance and general life satisfaction. There is a vast difference in health status including the oral health between urban and rural population of India and in other developing countries. The existing situation demands the formulation and implementation of National Oral Health Policy in India in order to expand the oral health care to make it more affordable, and reachable. An extensive literature search was conducted using various search engines in order to include relevant information in the review. Number of keywords and their combinations were used in order to extract appropriate data. Finally 24 out of 35 articles were selected upon detailed reading. The present paper focusses on some of the important subjects that can be considered while formulation of a National Oral Health Policy for the benefits of both the dental profession and community as a whole. There is a need of dental health planners and policy makers that have relevant qualifications and training in public health dentistry to understand the unique needs and resources for the development of an effective oral health policy. Professional dental organizations can also support government programs to provide basic oral health needs of extensive underserved population of this country.