Sealed Package Research Articles

Оценка влияния извести при укреплении песка мелкого на время его выдерживания при оптимальной влажности

It is not always possible to achieve the required characteristics of soils that would provide the necessary durability and strength during the operation of automobile roads. In this regard, the technology of soil reinforcement with lime, which allows to improve significantly the characteristics of the soil, is widely practiced. The paper presents the results of experimental studies. They are aimed at studying the peculiarities of lime impact on sand characteristics and time of soil holding at optimum humidity in sealed packages. The paper shows that the introduction of 5% lime helps to increase the optimum moisture content of sand by 1% and provides a 5% increase in the skeletal density of the soil-lime mixture compared to unstrengthened soil. The optimum curing time for fine sand strengthened with lime is 2 h. The results obtained open a wide range of possibilities for further research on soil strengthening for road construction.

Design and performance of indium seals for size-constrained tunable laser spectrometers.

Indium seals have been used extensively in ultra-high vacuum and cryogenic applications. Typically, these seals use indium alongside or in place of other metal gaskets in stainless-steel vacuum flanges, with some custom applications for flanges sealing directly with glass (optics or tubes). Here, we present the design and performance of three pressed indium seals (99.99% In) between aluminum and 0.5 in. diameter sapphire optics and aluminum and gold coated Kovar semiconductor packages (TO-66 and TO-39). Test fixtures were designed to mimic those of future tunable diode laser spectrometers for Earth, planetary, and manned spaceflight environmental monitoring applications. Successful high-hermeticity seals [<10-10 atm cc/s (He)] were achieved for all seals formed with sufficient pressure applied to allow indium to flow between mating surfaces. The hermeticity of the seals was maintained after temperature cycling (-10 to +80 °C, 20 cycles), with the optical seals surviving extended duration tests (-55 to +85 °C, per MIL-STD-883). Semiconductor packages (TO-39) subjected to these extended tests saw a moderate increase in leak rate [∼5 × 10-9 atm cc/s (He)]; however, further testing showed that either the glass-metal package seals or the indium were affected (the sample size was too small to draw firm conclusions for future applications). Overall, these results suggest long-term survivability of indium seals for Kovar-aluminum and sapphire-aluminum interfaces [>10 years at 10-10 atm cc/s (He)], where the coefficient of thermal expansion differs by approximately four times.

Ultra-stable ionogels based on hydrogen networks with broad temperature, environment, and long-term stability

Ionogels with broad temperature, environment, and long-term stability are desirable in intelligent flexible electronics. Herein, we have developed a novel ultra-stable ionogel through hydrogen bonding between the amphiphilic ionic liquid--1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide ([EMIM][NTf2]) and butyl acrylate (BA)-ethyl ethoxyethyl acrylate (EO) copolymer (P(BA-co-EO)). The ionogel demonstrates high decomposition voltage, strong adhesion stability, non-corrosive stability, and cyclic strain sensing stability (500 cycles at 120 % strain). Additionally, it exhibits broad temperature and environment adaptability, capable of stretching up to 7 times at −20 °C, maintaining consistent weight after 30 days of storage in extreme environments such as low/high temperatures (−20∼100 °C), high vacuum (6 × 10−4 Pa), and underwater (without additional sealed packaging), while also maintaining electrophysiological monitoring at −20 °C or 100 °C. Most importantly, the ionogel without sealing can self-adhere to the human skin for continuous and high-quality electrophysiological monitoring for 1 month under daily life conditions. We have utilized the ionogel to fabricate an ionic skin with multifunctional sensing capabilities for strain, pressure, and temperature, which has been successfully employed in human motion and pressure detection. It is believed that ionogels with long-term stability will pave the way for developing next-generation intelligent flexible electronics in future research endeavors.

Improvement of gummy candy structure by gelling ingredients and cooling temperature

AbstractGummy candies achieve their widespread appeal through a unique textural profile. The combination of springiness, chewiness, and a potential initial hardness upon biting (depending on formulation) creates a multi‐sensory eating experience. The readily soluble sugars and other components contribute to the quick dissolution and ease of digestion. Therefore, we conducted research to develop gummy candies made from structural materials of gelatin combined with agar and maltose syrup and evaluated the effect of ingredient ratios on the candy's structural and sensory properties. Sweetener maltose syrup (DE = 42) and a suitable content of agar supplementary had a significant influence on the structure of the product (p &lt; 0.05). The structure of gummy candies was analyzed by the structure measuring instrument TPA (structure profile analysis) combined with sensory evaluation. The process of manufacturing candy involves the melting and homogenization of all constituent ingredients, followed by a sequence of freezing and cool drying to complete the production. The most interesting candies were made with agar 0.5%, gelatin 10% (powdered gelatin with Bloom 250), saccharose 30%, maltose syrup 10%, citric acid 0.1%, and pure water before being chilled at 4 °C for 4 h. This property remained unchanged during the 6‐month storage period in anaerobically sealed packaging, at room temperature.

A Hermetic Package Technique for Multi-Functional Fiber Sensors through Pressure Boundary of Energy Systems Based on Glass Sealants

This paper presents a hermitic fiber sensor packaging technique that enables fiber sensors to be embedded in energy systems for performing multi-parameter measurements in high-temperature and strong radiation environments. A high-temperature, stable Intrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometer (IFPI) array, inscribed by a femtosecond laser direct writing scheme, is used to measure both temperature and pressure induced strain changes. To address the large disparity in thermo-expansion coefficients (TECs) between silica fibers and metal parts, glass sealants with TEC between silica optical fibers and metals were used to hermetically seal optical fiber sensors inside stainless steel metal tubes. The hermetically sealed package is validated for helium leakages between 1 MPa and 10 MPa using a helium leak detector. An IFPI sensor embedded in glass sealant was used to measure pressure. The paper demonstrates an effective technique to deploy fiber sensors to perform multi-parameter measurements in a wide range of energy systems that utilize high temperatures and strong radiation environments to achieve efficient energy production.

Prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales in edible ice in Thailand.

The presence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria in edible ice in tropical countries is largely unknown. We evaluate the presence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales in 100 edible ice samples from drink carts in 20 markets in four provinces (five markets/province) in Thailand. Ten samples of commercially sold edible ice in sealed packages were tested as controls. Of 100 samples, 29 (29%) were culture positive for ESBL-producing Enterobacterales, with a median quantitative count of 2 colony-forming units (CFU)/100mL (range, 1 to 40 CFU/100mL). All control samples were culture negative for ESBL-producing Enterobacterales. AMR bacteria is commonly found in edible ice from drink carts.

In-package cold atmospheric plasma processing for shelf-life extension of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fillets.

In-package cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) processing, which refers to the generation of CAP inside a sealed package, enables a local disinfecting reaction, allowing no post-process contamination and extending the shelf-life (SL) of perishable food products, such as fresh fish. In the present study, four in-package CAP treatments, differing in frequency and processing time, were applied on fresh gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fillets, prepacked in low-permeability pouches. Fish SL was evaluated during isothermal storage at 2°C, whereas untreated packaged fillets were used as control samples. The SL assessment of the fish fillets was based on microbial enumeration of total aerobic mesophilic count (TMC), total aerobic psychrotrophic count (TPC), Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacteriaceae, and lactic acid bacteria (LAB), pH measurement, determination of color and texture parameters, lipid oxidation, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) measurement, and sensory evaluation. All CAP treatments were effective against microbial inhibition in fish fillets, especially regarding TMC, TPC, and Pseudomonas spp., resulting in maximum reduction of 1.49, 1.24, and 1.43logCFU/g, respectively, compared to the control samples after 16 days of storage. However, minor effect was observed against Enterobacteriaceae and no effect against LAB. CAP processing did not affect the color and texture parameters of fish fillets, and TVB-N production was slightly reduced in CAP-treated samples; however, lipid oxidation was accelerated, especially at the more intense processing conditions, by a maximum of 75.5%. The results of the study indicated that in-package CAP processing could be effectively applied for inhibiting spoilage during refrigerated storage and extending SL of fresh fish fillets. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In-package cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) processing was tested on gilthead seabream fillets, a highly perishable product with high commercial potential if its shelf-life can be extended through minimal processing. The food industry could benefit from in-package CAP technology as it is a cost effective nonthermal processing method while preventing post-processing contamination of the products. Although in-package CAP processing has not been extensively tested on fish, this study examined the quality and shelf-life of a highly perishable fish species, and the results could be further used as a reference for processing optimization of the CAP treatments.

Effect of ohmic heating on the structure and properties of flexible multilayer packaging

Food-packaging-processing interactions define packaging materials' performance properties and product quality. This study evaluated the effect of ohmic heating (OH) processing and different food simulants on the properties of four multilayer flexible packaging materials (PETmet/PE, PETmet/PP, PET/Al/PE, and PET/Al/PA/PP). OH treatment was applied to the sealed packages containing the food simulants using a voltage gradient of 3.7 V/cm at a frequency of 20 kHz, resulting in a thermal process of at 80 °C for 1 min. The structure and performance of the different packages were then evaluated. The materials did not show changes in chemical groups nor thermal properties. However, the simulant-packaging-processing interaction resulted in changes in crystallinity, morphology, mechanical and barrier properties (water and oxygen), especially for metallized films in contact with acidic food simulants. The results indicate that although OH resulted in changes in packaging materials, these materials can be used under the conditions applied in this study.

Investigation on Catalytic Cracking Performance of Metal Catalysts for 1,1,2‐TCE

AbstractPVDC played an irreplaceable role in the field of sealed packaging, and its polymer monomer, VDC, was in short supply. At present, the saponification of 1,1,2‐TCE and sodium hydroxide was used to generate VDC in industry, which was a process with great environmental pollution. Catalytic dehydrochlorination of 1,1,2‐TCE to produce VDC was a green process route, but the selection of catalysts had always been controversial. This study aimed to screen catalysts suitable for industrial applications. The cesium based catalysts with good catalytic performance were systematically characterized and evaluated, and the overall reaction process was calculated using DFT calculation. The experimental results indicated that the cesium chloride catalyst with a 3 % molar fraction had the best catalytic performance, achieving 55.27 % conversion of 1,1,2‐TCE and 76.85 % selectivity for VDC, respectively. The reaction paths and transition state of several catalysts were calculated by DFT method. It was revealed that the activation energy required for the reaction of CsCl catalyst was the lowest, at 130.61 kcal/mol, and the energy of the product VDC was the lowest, at −63.25 kcal/mol, making it the most stable. The calculation results were consistent with the experimental data, indicating that cesium chloride catalyst had the best reaction performance. Therefore, the subsequent research could focus on the method of improving the supported dispersity of cesium chloride catalyst and the development of core‐shell catalyst to lay the foundation for further industrialization.

Evolution of Getter Technology in Electronic Hermetic Packaging

Hermetic packaging is a well-established technology used for sealing electronic and optoelectronic devices. A reliable and enabling way to preserve the proper stable atmosphere conditions in hermetic packages is the integration of engineered getter solutions, specifically designed for the characteristics of different packaged systems. Getter solutions may vary from sintered, compressed or sputtered metallic alloys for vacuum sealed packages to dispensable hybrid organic-inorganic materials for gas back filled devices. The paper will present the main features of getter materials suitable for different type of packages and will show their efficiency in absorbing detrimental gases in the devices.

A Comprehensive Study on Failure Modes and Mechanisms of Thin Film Chip Resistors

Usually, resistors and capacitors populate majority portion of a common electrical circuit, hence miniaturization drive of any package or subsystem starts with miniaturized resistor and capacitors. In this context, thin film chip resistors are the most sought-after components for any electronic/electrical circuit due to their small size, wide range of values, military temperature range, stringent tolerance, low TCR value (recognised with PPM). Increased use of thin-film surface mount chip resistors in military and space application has led to an increased awareness of its potential failure modes in harsh environments. Thin film resistor with lower TCR (5PPM, 10PPM and 25PPM) are most preferable and widely used because of very low temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) and high resistivity, which suits for high precision measurement application. Low temperature coefficients characteristics of thin film resistors also makes them stable and reliable. Because of their high-volume usage in recent times, failure in thin film resistor with lower TCR/PPM (Parts per Million) are also being seen more predominantly. In general, there are two types of thin film chip resistors, one is discrete type and the other is die type or wire bondable type. Discrete type chip resistor are used directly on cards, whereas, die type/wire bondable type chip resistors used in hermetically sealed HMC packages. Standard failure mode of a resistor is open mode or high resistance mode, whereas short mode failure has a very low probability. Hence in this paper, failure modes and mechanisms of both types of thin film chip resistors, with respect to common failure causes such as EOS, ESD are discussed, which is in continuation to Fabrication/Workmanship related failures discussed in our earlier technical paper. With this, all possible failure modes and mechanism related thin film chip resistors are explained. Discussion in totality always provide in depth analysis on a subject of concern, which in turn facilitate reliability assessment of the component and corrective action, if any.

Enhancing Titanium Disk Performance through In-Pack Cold Atmospheric Plasma Treatment.

While titanium dental implants have already been clinically established, ongoing research is continuously being conducted to advance the fields of osseointegration and bacterial resistance, seeking further improvements in these areas. In this study, we introduce an innovative method for treating titanium surfaces within tightly sealed packaging. Specifically, titanium discs, enclosed in surgical-grade packaging, underwent treatment using cold atmospheric plasma (CAP). The surfaces were thoroughly characterized in terms of wettability, crystalline structure, and chemical composition. Hemocompatibility analyses were conducted using blood diluted in sodium citrate (1:9) exposed to titanium discs for 30 min inside a CO2 incubator at 37 °C. Subsequently, various blood parameters were evaluated, including prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and platelet adhesion. Microbiological analyses were also performed using Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) for 4 h at 37 °C. The treatment with CAP Jet resulted in a reduction in contact angle without causing any changes in the crystalline structure. No statistically significant differences were observed in the blood parameters. The plasma-treated samples exhibited lower PT and APTT values compared to those of the control group. The surfaces treated with CAP Jet showed increased platelet activation, platelet density, and thrombus formation when compared with the untreated samples. Moreover, the treated surfaces demonstrated lower bacterial colony formation compared with other surfaces.

Effect of various disinfectant solutions on the tensile strength of gutta-percha using the rapid sterilization technique.

Gutta-percha (GP) gets contaminated during handling. It becomes imperative to ensure GP is sterile before placement in root canal space. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the tensile strength of GP treated with four different disinfectant solutions: 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), amla juice (AJ), Aloe vera (AV) juice, and pancha tulsi (PT). The study design was an in vitro study. Fifty GP cones with a size of 30 were procured from sealed packages in five different groups. Experimental groups were disinfected for 1 min with 3% NaOCl, AJ, AV, and PT except the control group. Tensile and Brinell Testing Machine is used to measure the tensile strengths of GP. Results were subjected to statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's post hoc test. The mean tensile strength values for Groups A, B, C, D, and E are 9.49 Mpa, 13.33 Mpa, 12.58 Mpa, 12.69 MPa, and 13.56 MPa, respectively. In the herbal disinfectant group, such as AJ, AV, and PT, the tensile strength was not significantly altered, whereas in the 3% NaOCl group, it was reduced considerably. AJ, AV juice, and PT as a GP disinfectant do not alter the tensile strength of GP cones.

Increasing the shelf life of packaged bakery products by their processing of broadband optical radiation of a pulsed xenon lamp

Pulsed xenon lamps generating a wide spectrum of radiation of the megawatt range are sources of a new generation of biocidal radiation, which shows potential in the food industry. The article presents the results of studies of the efficiency of pulsed xenon lamp radiation in relation to antifungal treatment of bakery products in sealed plastic packaging in order to increase their shelf life. The object of research was commercial samples of bakery products packed in polypropylene film. The samples were processed by radiation from a pulsed xenon lamp with power of 300 watts. It is shown that irradiation of bakery products samples in the mode with an integral fluence of broadband optical radiation of 10 J/cm2 and a dose of short-wave UV radiation of 0.6 J/cm2 makes it possible to increase their shelf life several times (on average 2 times for most types of samples) compared with untreated samples. General conclusion: optical radiation of a pulsed xenon lamp has a pronounced antifungal effect and is able to inhibit the development of mold fungi on bakery products, even when they are processed in packaged form. The obtained results can be used in the development of equipment of antifungal treatment of bakery products.

Evaluation of Moisture Content and Sensory Properties of Colored and Non-Colored Fish (Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) Noodles during Storage

The study was done to evaluate moisture content and sensory properties of colored and non-colored noodles incorporated with different amount of fish (Silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) mince during storage at room temperature (30-35○C) in two types of packaging conditions (sealed polyethylene packet and vacuum sealed packet). In addition, proximate composition, cooking time, and water absorption capacity were also investigated at initial stage. Boiled fish mince was incorporated with wheat flour and spices to prepare eight different samples namely CN (without fish mince, colorless), CC (without fish mince, colored), S1N (25% fish mince, colorless), S1C (25% fish mince, colored) S2N (30% fish mince, colorless), S2C (30% fish mince, colored) and S3N (35% fish mince, colorless) and S3C (35% fish mince, colored). No significant change in the moisture content of colored and non-colored fish noodles was found but moisture, protein, and fat content rose significantly with the increment of added amount of fish mince in the noodles. A significant decreasing trend was observed in the moisture content of the samples stored in sealed polyethylene packets during the 305 days of storage period whereas the moisture content of all the samples packed in vacuum sealed packets witnessed a non-significant change for the storage of 360 days. The color, flavor and texture of the products were acceptable up to 305 days in sealed polyethylene packets and 360 days in vacuum sealed packets. Food color had no remarkable effect on proximate composition, cooking time, water absorption capacity, and sensory characteristics of prepared noodles. Colorless noodles containing 35% fish mince was preferred by the panelists. So, both colored and non-colored fish noodles prepared with fish mince (up to 35%) can be stored at room temperature (30-35○C) in both sealed polyethylene packets and vacuum sealed packets for at least 10 months with acceptable moisture content and sensory properties. Vacuum sealed packaging provided the products with better protection against moisture loss throughout the storage period.

Cost Savings and Waste Reduction Through Redispensing Unused Oral Anticancer Drugs

New strategies targeting waste are required to improve financial and ecologic sustainability of expensive therapies, such as oral anticancer drugs, that frequently remain unused by patients. Redispensing unused oral anticancer drugs seems to be a promising strategy when drug quality is guaranteed. To determine the waste reduction and net cost savings attained by redispensing oral anticancer drugs that go unused by patients compared with the standard practice of disposal. The ROAD study was a prospective single-group intervention conducted in the outpatient pharmacies of 4 hospitals in the Netherlands from February 1, 2021, to February 1, 2023, with 12-month follow-up of each patient. Patients with cancer and who had a prescription for an oral anticancer drug that could be stored at room temperature were included. Of 2426 eligible patients, 602 did not consent and 601 did not respond. Data analyses were performed from August 25, 2022, to April 19, 2023. Participants received oral anticancer drugs for use at home in special packaging (ie, sealed packaging with time-temperature indicator), to be returned to the pharmacy should these remain unused. The pharmacy ensured quality of returned drugs based on authenticity, appearance, remaining shelf life and adequate storage temperature. Drugs fulfilling quality requirements were redispensed to other patients. Total waste reduction and mean net annual cost savings per patient compared with the standard practice of disposal. Optimization of cost savings was explored by introducing variations in the quality assurance procedure and patient population. All analyses used the average exchange rate for 2021 €1 = US $1.18. Of 1223 patients with cancer who consented, 1071 participated (median [IQR] age, 70 [62-75] years; 622 [58.1%] were male). In all, 171 patients (16.0%; 95% CI, 13.8%-18.3%) returned 335 unused oral anticancer drug packages. Of the returned drugs, 228 packages were redispensed, which reduced waste by 68.1% (95% CI, 67.7%-68.5%) compared with the standard practice (disposal). Redispensing unused oral anticancer drugs comprised 2.4% (95% CI, 2.2%-2.5%) of total drug costs, providing mean net annual cost savings of US $680 (95% CI, $524-$837) up to $1591 (95% CI, $1226-$2002) per participant. The findings of this multicenter intervention study indicate that redispensing unused oral anticancer drugs is associated with waste reduction and cost savings, which in turn may improve the affordability and sustainability of cancer treatment. World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform Identifier: NL9208.

Designs of ultra-HPHT Electrical Component Packages for Downhole and Geothermal Wellbore Logging Tool Integrations

Conventional dielectric sealing materials (PEEK, glass and glass-ceramic) used for sealing electrical feedthroughs, connectors, interconnectors and bulkheads in electronic packages can provide reliable downhole wellbore long-term logging tool service up to 150C or short-term logging service for greater than/equal 200C, due primarily to low glass transition temperature of the used sealing materials. This paper will demonstrate that the maximum allowable operating pressure and temperature could be from 20KSI to 100KSI and from 200C to 400C with Borosilicate and Bismuth-Boron-Silica (XTS) sealing glasses. Borosilicate glass sealed Inconel-Kovar/Kovar electronic housing could maintain reliability up to the maximum pressures of ~35KSI at 200C or 25KSI at 400C. Similarly, a Bismuth-Boron-Silica XTS glass sealed stainless steel electronic package housing could have a maximum operating pressure of ~100KSI at 150C or ~50KSI at 300C temperature. It has been found that high glass transition temperatures of (440-560)C for Borosilicate glass and (44010)C for Bismuth-Boron-Silicate (XTS) glass are key for making highly reliable ultra-HPHT electronic component packages. It is shown that the tetrahedral diamond-like microstructures of these sealing glasses are keys to ensure water-repelling properties to maintain sufficient electrical insulation resistance regardless of their use in water or moisture-rich wellbores. Moreover, compressive pin stress is found to be additional key for mitigate frequently observed glass seal cracks during logging tool field services.

Influence of Multiple Sterilization on Performance of Titanium Pegs When Measuring Implant Stability With Resonance Frequency Analyses.

This in vitro study was conducted to investigate the repeatability of the implant stability quotients (ISQ) measured with multipegs after numerous sterilizations and to detect the exact time when the readings start to deviate. Multipegs were sterilized with 3 different methods (autoclaved, autoclaved + ultrasonic cleaner, chemical disinfection + autoclaved) and grouped according to the method applied. All specimens were put into the autoclave with sealed packages every time they were sterilized. Each specimen was sterilized 50 times according to the technique described in its group after an ISQ measurement was performed. Results of the 2-way analysis of variance showed that neither the sterilization method nor the cycles, nor their interaction, were statistically significant. A multipeg may be reused multiple times after sterilization procedures and may be more cost-effective than a disposable smartpeg for checking implant stability after confirming these results in further investigations.

THE UTILIZATION OF AUTOMATIC PLASTIC SEAL PRESS MACHINES TO IMPROVE PRODUCT PACKAGING QUALITY OF BREAD ENTREPRENEURS IN SINGOSARI, MALANG

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (UMKM) are one of the driving forces of the economy in a local area and a booster for the community's welfare. One of the obstacles often faced by the bread entrepreneurs in Singosari District, Malang Regency, is the lack of quality product packaging that still uses manual tools and is not optimal in creating marketing content. This community service aims to provide automatic plastic seal press machines and training on marketing content creation for micro-business actors in the bread entrepreneurs so that it is expected to increase partners' competitiveness. The stages of community service were observation and coordination, providing machines, handing over machines, holding training, and evaluation. The results of the community service activities showed that the training participants were enthusiastic and actively participated during the training. The quality of product packaging after using a plastic seal press machine has also improved, evidenced by a tighter and well-protected packaging seal. The copywriting training has also broadened the participants' knowledge about strategies for creating product marketing content by utilizing applications available on Android.

Dice Selection in Hybrid Microcircuits For Aerospace Applications

Hybrid Microcircuits which bring about miniaturization with better performance and reliability are ideally suited for application specific low volume production requirement of space missions. A large number of HMCs are used in every spacecraft. HMCs generally use passive components and interconnections in thick film form, and active devices (MOSFETs, Transistor and Diode dice) and monolithic ICs (as bare chips) bonded to a substrate. Environmental radiation threat to ICs and other active circuitry is one of the major causes of failures in HMCs. The ionizing radiation present in the Van Allen Belt penetrates the satellite resulting in the excitation of electrons in the semiconductor valence band to conduction band in the active circuit and can be trapped. Secondary photon radiation, which are generated due to slowing down of high energy particles also strike interior of the spacecraft. The total interaction of various charged particles and photons to the internal circuitry of HMC depends on mass, charge state, kinetic energy of the striking photon as well as on the mass, charge and density of the die structure internal to HMC. The MOS die is prone to failure due to total ionization dose as well as single event effects which in turn may cause HMC failure. HMCs for space applications are mostly characterized with die passivation and hermetically sealed packages for its inherent advantages. In spite of the advantages offered by hermetic sealing like reliability, radiation shielding, out gassing etc, the radiation hardened dice are preferred for realization of HMCs for space systems. A feasibility study is carried out for using MIL and Commercial grade dice in HMCs without compromising on reliability aspects. The layout design, die attachment process, testing and extensive qualification become important in HMC apart from hermetic sealing so as to avoid catastrophic failure. This article details the radiation phenomena and its effects on dice used in HMCs. The advantages of hermetically sealed packages and use of MIL/Commercial grade dice in HMCs along with various mitigation techniques to have reliable circuit meeting the desired performance in space environment are also presented.