Sealed Nickel-cadmium Batteries Research Articles

Ускоренный заряд герметичных никель-кадмиевых аккумуляторных батарей асимметричным током и его влияние на ресурс

The research results of the sealed nickel-cadmium storage batteries reliability at the rapid charge with asymmetric current are represented. In accordance with the reliability theory postulates, the experimental data of the resource test in the mode of the storage batteries 10NKGZ-1,8-1, 10NKGZ-3,5-1, 10NKGZ-4 cycling. The predicted resource gain in comparison with the direct current charge, while using the device of automated storage batteries charge with asymmetric current is confirmed, as well as decrease in the mode of the heating-up charge, and the fall-off in gas emission intensity.

Испытания герметичных никель-кадмиевых аккумуляторных батарей на сохранность ёмкости при длительном хранении после заряда постоянным и асимметричным токами

Comparative results of the tests of the sealed nickel-cadmium batteries for capacity safety during long-term storage after charging with direct and asymmetric currents are represented. Charging with asymmetric current was carried out in an accelerated manner at average value of the charging current equal to 0.8Сrated. Charging with direct current was carried out at average value of the charging current equal to 0.1Сrated in accordance with Technical Conditions. Tests prove that batteries acceleratedly charged with asymmetric current are compliant with technical conditions concerning capacity safety during long-time storage. Tests also prove discharge capacity advantage of batteries charged with asymmetric current after long storage, in comparison with batteries charged with direct current.

Исследование восстановления ёмкости герметичных никель-кадмиевых аккумуляторных батарей 10НКГЦ-1.8-1

Comparative results of capacity renewal of sealed nickel-cadmium batteries with asymmetric and direct currents after their long-term storage are represented. Capacity renewal with asymmetric current was carried out in an accelerated manner at average value of the charging current equal to 0,25Crated. Capacity renewal with direct current was carried out at average value of the charging current equal to 0,1Crated in accordance with Technical Conditions. Applying asymmetric current for battery capacity renewal allowed to half in comparison with applying direct current for this purpose – the number of necessary renewal cycles before accumulators would gain rated capacity.

Recycling of nickel–cadmium batteries using coal as reducing agent

The objective of this work is to study the recycling of sealed nickel–cadmium batteries through cadmium distillation using a carbonaceous material as reducing agent. In spite of the existence of some industrial processes for nickel–cadmium batteries recycling, there are few fundamental studies about this subject. For the study of the reducing process, coal was added to the material of electrodes. Reduction process was performed from 700 to 1000 °C with different quantities of reducing added to the load. Results showed that cadmium purity is of approximately 99.92% and the main impurity found was zinc at around 200 ppm. A Ni–Co alloy containing 100 ppm cadmium was also obtained.

Electrolyte Redistribution in Sealed Nickel-Cadmium Batteries with Combined Electrode Design in the Course of Their Prolonged Operation

Studies of the electrolyte redistribution in a sealed nickel-cadmium battery with combined electrode design, fabricated using the separation fabric recommended for replacing the previously used and presently laid off perchlorovinyl fabric, were carried out.

Life cycle testing of a sealed 24-V, 42-Ah nickel-cadmium aircraft battery

Extensive research has been conducted in the design and manufacture of very long life sealed maintenance free nickel-cadmium aircraft batteries. This study presents data on a 100% depth of discharge (DOD) life test performed on a nominal capacity 42-Ah battery. The purpose of this study is to validate design concepts, determine the life characteristics of the newly designed sealed Ni-Cd batteries, and develop baseline information on failure rates and mechanisms. The data from this experiment can be used to compare depth of discharge versus battery life with similar tests such as the lower DOD experiments performed on spacecraft batteries. This information is important in the ongoing development of long life batteries and in developing failure models for life prediction.

96/06079 Common vessel monoblock design for sealed nickel-cadmium batteries

96/06079 Common vessel monoblock design for sealed nickel-cadmium batteries

The origin and behavior of lead, cadmium and antimony in MSW incinerator

The Amendment to the Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Law in Japan has introduced new regulation of waste requiring strict management. In this regulation, the fly ash generated in the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) incinerator process was designated as specially controlled solid waste because of relatively high concentrations of lead and cadmium. Furthermore, antimony is a regulated constituent within the Basel Convention on the control of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal and was designated a monitor item of environmental standards on water pollution. Thus, in order to understand where the problems lie, the behaviors of these heavy metals in the MSW incinerator was investigated. Also investigated were the kinds of products causing the fly ash to be contaminated. As a result, the amount of lead, cadmium and antimony in household waste was about 120, 3.5 and 7.6g/T, respectively. The major origins of Pb, Cd and Sb from household waste are small sealed lead batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries and flame-proofed products such as curtains and plastic covers. By incineration treatment, these metals shifted to the fly ash (EP ash); the transfer ratio of Pb, Cd and Sb was about 33, 92 and 45%, respectively. The observed results indicated that the partitioning of metals in the MSW incinerator showed the influence of the vapor pressure of the elements and their compounds. Clearly, to produce precise estimates of this behavior, it will be necessary to determine not only the concentration of the elements in the waste but also the compounds used and the changes these would undergo in the furnace. Finally, several measures which will be helpful in solving these problems are introduced to discuss the future direction of environmentally-friendly social systems.

Common vessel monoblock design for sealed nickel-cadmium batteries

A new common vessel monoblock (CVM) design has been developed for large sealed NiCd batteries. The battery is managed as one sealed monoblock unit rather than a number of individual NiCd cells. The CVM combines flooded battery cells and a CdH 2 cell (regulator) for consuming hydrogen, oxygen or both. The cells share a common gas space and the regulator is in gaseous communication with battery cells and maintained under constant voltage. A ‘smart-charged’ monitors the battery pressure, battery current, and regulator current and temperature. This battery system automatically supports the individual cell's water balance by means of water vapor transport in the common gas space. On-charge heat is produced only in the regulator and not at all in the battery cells. This condition coupled with the flooded electrolyte individual cell design and sealed battery concept, alleviates many problems associated with large sealed cell battery designs. The maintenance-free, fully automated control and fast charge capability makes the CVM battery an attractive solution for industrial and electric vehicle (EV) applications. In this paper, the design and operating principles of the CVM and test data on 100 Ah 12 V module will be discussed.

Cadmium—Towards a rational use of a toxic element

Because of its toxicity, cadmium creates an environmental problem as well as a health hazard for exposed workers. Most cadmium emissions arise from the intentional use of the element. It is therefore mandatory to reduce cadmium consumption to the lowest possible level. Cadmium pigments, mainly used in plastic processing, can be replaced in all applications where the processing temperature does not exceed 300°C. Newly developed polyvinyl chloride stabilizers promise to be an excellent substitute for cadmium stabilizers in even the most demanding applications. Cadmium plating, still extensively used in the United States and the West Germany, has been virtually abandoned in Japan. Improved lead acid batteries are replacing vented nickel cadmium batteries because of their cost effectiveness. While in these applications cadmium use is declining, more and more cadmium is needed for the manufacturing of sealed nickel cadmium batteries. These relatively small electrochemical cells are used mainly by individual consumers. Here cadmium can only be replaced in some marginal applications. The high cadmium content of these batteries (up to 22%) makes them a good candidate for recycling of the heavy metal.

A failure model for sealed nickelcadmium batteries

A model has been developed to describe failure in electrochemical batteries. The model is based on the concept of the existence and subsequent growth of flaws which ultimately lead to battery failure. This model provides, in a natural way, for the statistical variability of lifetime data. The model as applied to the Crane data indicates that when the effects of temperature and depth of discharge are taken into account, the observed variability in lifetime data is due almost entirely to statistical variability inherent in the battery itself.

A failure model for sealed nickel-cadmium batteries

A model has been developed to describe failure in electrochemical batteries. The model is based on the concept of the existence and subsequent growth o

System for 20-Min Recharging of Sealed Nickel-Cadmium Batteries

A 15–20 min recharging system for sealed cylindrical flashlight-type nickel-cadmium batteries is now available for electronic newsgathering and other applications. This ReFLEX-20 charger can recharge various sizes of battery packs—sub C, D and larger and offers the advantages of greatly reduced recharging time, negligible battery capacity fading, and up to 10 times longer battery cycle life. The principle of “ReFLEX charging” is to alternate high-energy charging periods with automatically varying lower-energy discharge pulses that in effect act as “burps.” The ReFLEX-20 system, which also includes specially manufactured and matched batteries, complements the larger ReFLEX charger which has been used for some years to recharge aircraft sintered and vented nickel-cadmium batteries. Five significant problems that are encountered with sealed nickel-cadmium batteries and conventional chargers are overcome with the ReFLEX-20 system.

Causes of failure in sealed nickel-cadmium batteries : S. Gross, The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington. Energy Conversion11, 39–45 (1971)

Nickel-cadmium cells consist of alternately interleaved positive and negative plates kept apart by a porous separator, and wetted by an ionically conductive electrolyte. Plates are most commonly made by impregnating nickel and cadmium chemical compounds in highly porous thin nickel skeletons called plaques. The assembly is sealed in a metal or plastic case penetrated by insulated terminals. Much has been learned about the chemistry of the nickel-cadmium battery since its invention 50 yr ago, but it remains a complex chemical-physical system with considerable fundamental study remaining to be done. A complete understanding, particularly of the many internal interactions, would be invaluable in designing better, longer life batteries. Even with a complete understanding attainment of long life will be handicapped by design compromises, manufacturing limitations and manner of use. Battery design is a compromise of many requirements, including charge and discharge rate capability, overcharge capability, high and low temperature performance, charge and discharge voltage limits, storage capability, energy density, cost, safety and cycle life. The relative emphasis that manufacturers give to each of these factors will have an important impact on life. Battery life is intimately related to the manufacturing processes. Regardless of new knowledge on factors affecting battery life, most manufacturers are economically restrained from major modifications to their present processes. Unless sound electrochemical principles and process control are used during manufacture, reliable long cell-life cannot be achieved. The: way a battery is used will have important influences on lifetime. Life is known to be shortened by rapid charge and discharge, by deep depths of discharge, by high temperatures and by excessive overcharge. Use of an optimum charge control system can extend battery life significantly. The :failure of a cell or battery may be defined as current, voltage or power out of tolerance specified by the user, and can occur during charge, discharge or open circuit. Failure definition depends on the application, and can range from a slight degradation to a near-total loss. The causes of failure are those defects or imperfections in cells that ultimately give rise to failure. The failure ]process itself is often a complex sequence of chemi-

Causes of failure in sealed nickel-cadmium batteries

Nickel-cadmium cells consist of alternately interleaved positive and negative plates kept apart by a porous separator, and wetted by an ionically conductive electrolyte. Plates are most commonly made by impregnating nickel and cadmium chemical compounds in highly porous thin nickel skeletons called plaques. The assembly is sealed in a metal or plastic case penetrated by insulated terminals. Much has been learned about the chemistry of the nickel-cadmium battery since its invention 50 yr ago, but it remains a complex chemical-physical system with considerable fundamental study remaining to be done. A complete understanding, particularly of the many internal interactions, would be invaluable in designing better, longer life batteries. Even with a complete understanding attainment of long life will be handicapped by design compromises, manufacturing limitations and manner of use. Battery design is a compromise of many requirements, including charge and discharge rate capability, overcharge capability, high and low temperature performance, charge and discharge voltage limits, storage capability, energy density, cost, safety and cycle life. The relative emphasis that manufacturers give to each of these factors will have an important impact on life. Battery life is intimately related to the manufacturing processes. Regardless of new knowledge on factors affecting battery life, most manufacturers are economically restrained from major modifications to their present processes. Unless sound electrochemical principles and process control are used during manufacture, reliable long cell-life cannot be achieved. The: way a battery is used will have important influences on lifetime. Life is known to be shortened by rapid charge and discharge, by deep depths of discharge, by high temperatures and by excessive overcharge. Use of an optimum charge control system can extend battery life significantly. The :failure of a cell or battery may be defined as current, voltage or power out of tolerance specified by the user, and can occur during charge, discharge or open circuit. Failure definition depends on the application, and can range from a slight degradation to a near-total loss. The causes of failure are those defects or imperfections in cells that ultimately give rise to failure. The failure ]process itself is often a complex sequence of chemi-

Cause of failure in sealed nickel-cadmium batteries : S. Gross, The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington. Energy Conversion11, 39–45 (1971)

Cause of failure in sealed nickel-cadmium batteries : S. Gross, The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington. Energy Conversion11, 39–45 (1971)

Causes of failure in sealed nickel-cadmium batteries : S. Gross, The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington. Energy Conversion11,39–45 (1971).

Causes of failure in sealed nickel-cadmium batteries : S. Gross, The Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington. Energy Conversion11,39–45 (1971).

Rapid charging system for sealed nickel-cadmium batteries

Charging of sealed nickel-cadmium batteries is limited to rates at which a balance between generation and recombination of gases occurs at an acceptable internal pressure. Sensing of the completion of charge using conventional cells has not been generally economic, leading to charge rates corresponding to minimum charge times of 14 to 16 hours.

Sealed Nickel-Cadmium Batteries for Aircraft-Electrical Systems

Vented secondary-storage batteries supply reserve electrical power to operate certain, essential aircraft equipment if primary power is not available. These vented batteries, however, are prone to premature failure. Spewed electrolyte and expelled hydrogen gas promoted by malmaintenance such as overfilling and underfilling the cells and by improper voltage regulation during charging lead to battery and equipment damage and failure and result in flight safety hazards and economic losses. Sealed batteries show promise of avoiding the shortcomings and maintenance aspects of the vented batteries. This paper concerns the efforts of the Air Force to apply sealed-battery technology to aircraft battery power needs.

Hermetically-Sealed Nickel-Cadmium and Silver-Cadmium Storage Batteries

The galvanic battery is the most highly developed means of storing electrical energy today. In satellite and space-vehicle applications where auxiliary electrical power is required for extended periods of time, it has been found that the most feasible power supply currently available consists of silicon solar cells used in conjunction with sealed nickel-cadmium storage batteries. They are capable of thousands of repeated cycles and have an energy output of about 12 watt-hours per pound. Sealed silver-cadmium cells are of interest because of their higher output, 24 watt-hours per pound, but they are not as far developed, nor do they as yet have the cycle life of nickel-cadmium cells. In the development of hermetically-sealed nickel-cadmium batteries, the following areas have received considerable attention: 1) Hermetic seal, 2) Continuous overcharge capability and low internal cell pressure, 3) Separator, and 4) Cycle life. In the development of hermetically-sealed silver-cadmium cells, four technical problems have received considerable attention: 1) Separator, 2) Improved silver electrode capable of delivering energy at the Ag <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+II</sup> potential, 3) Continuous overcharge capability, and 4) Cycle life. Although other direct-energy conversion systems appear to be promising and are being intensively developed, it is expected that the nickel-cadmium and silver-cadmium storage batteries will continue to be of importance for many years to come.