Sea Transportation Research Articles

Community Empowerment-Based Border Tourism Development Strategy in Outermost Archipelago of Talaud Islands Regency

The outermost small islands in the Talaud Island Regency have the potential to be developed into a tourist destination. The purpose of this study is to identify the existing conditions of tourist attraction in the outermost small islands. The existing conditions of tourist attraction in the outermost small islands have very good potential attractions. Attractions are in the form of Mane'e culture, underwater beauty, historical heritage and landscape beauty. Accessibility to Talaud Regency can be reached by sea and air transportation. There are 3 flights and 6 sailings to Talaud Regency in 1 week. Lodging is dominated by homestays owned by local residents. Tourism management is managed by the community and assisted by BUMDes. The method used is descriptive qualitative to identify tourist attractions in the outermost small islands. FGDs were used to identify appropriate strategies and collaboration models that could be used on the islands. Qualitative data were obtained through interviews with experts consisting of the government, businessmen, academics, the public and the media. To formulate a border tourism development strategy, it is analyzed using the Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) method. Meanwhile, the collaborative model of tourism development is based on a strategy that has been formulated along with the existence of institutions (actors/actors).

STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN DAERAH PERBATASAN ANTAR NEGARA DI PROVINSI RIAU

This article aims to anlyze the regional infrastructure development strategy in border areas between countries in Riau Province. This is Consistent with the geographical importance of the regency/city in Riau Province. The approach method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. How to collect data with documentation and indepth interviews. The results of this research explain that the infrastructure development strategy carried out for the coastal districts/cities in Riau Province includes; First, developing transportation links through sea transportation services in order to improve the quality and intensity of services in the maritime border area. Second, developing economic growth poles in border areas. It is based on regional idiosyncrasy, local capabilities and takes into account market opportunities aided by changes in infrastructure and data transfer, power, water and telecommunications. Infrastructure development must be carried out through planning that is synchronized with national development. So that the use of the Special Allocation Fund (DAK) for border areas can be realized properly, but the development that has been carried out so far is not in accordance with the national development proposed by the regional government

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE P&I CLUB AS A PROTECTION FOR INDONESIAN CARRIER

Sea transportation experiences risks and material loss in its operation. The most significant risks include damage to the vessel and sea pollution due to ship collisions and accidents. The carrier should prioritize the risks. When the underwriter does not cover the risk, the shipowner should establish an association covering the loss among the members to the extent the underwriter does not cover it. This study will examine the importance of the Rule to P&I Clubs and its impact on Indonesian carriers and will also find the differences between P&I Club and Insurance. The research adopts Library Resarch Method, dogmatic legal approach, a descriptive and analytical nature. Due to the method, the following sources have been used: Convention law, domestic legislation, case law, legal textbooks, journal articles, P&I Club Rules, preparatory works, and websites of international organizations and law firms. P&I CLUB covers many accidents which are not covered by any marine insurance. In pollution accidents, P&I covers every detail of the impact of pollution. The difference between P&I Club with marine loss insurance, in general, is that P&I Club covers the loss/damage more extensively, which is not covered by any marine insurance. Keywords: Protection, Indemnity, Carrier.

Analysis of Ship Seaworthiness Factors, Health and Safety Culture, Oversight of Port Authority and Harbor Authority Offices on Shipping Safety

Shipping safety is still a problem faced by sea transportation. Empirical data collected in this study shows the number of transportation accidents and fatalities shows a fluctuating number. This means that shipping safety is still a problem faced by the marine transportation industry in Indonesia. To answer this problem, this research is aimed at knowing the effect of ship's seaworthiness, ship health and safety culture, and supervision of the Harbormaster Office and Port Authority on shipping safety performance which is carried out empirically. Every sailing ship must be in a seaworthy condition so as to ensure safety and security while the ship is sailing. Ship's seaworthiness is also assisted with shipping safety facilities and infrastructure. Occupational health is a state of physical, mental and social well-being that allows every worker to work in a healthy manner with optimal productivity without endangering himself, his family, society and the surrounding environment. Occupational health efforts are efforts to harmonize work capacity, workload and work environment so that every worker can work healthily without endangering himself or the surrounding community, in order to obtain optimal work productivity. The duties and responsibilities of a porter are very important in providing a ship's seaworthiness certificate, sailing permit, safety and security as well as all sea transportation shipping activities in Indonesian waters. 
 Based on the results of research and multiple analysis, the following equations are produced: 
 Y = 1.957 + 0.762 X1 + 0.531 X2 + 0.244 X3 + 
 shows that, Based on empirical data (the results of filling out the questionnaire) and the results of multiple linear regression, it shows that the Shipworthiness variable (X1) has a value t count (10.260) > t table (1.99045) then, H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. The Health and Safety Culture Variable (X2) has a t count (2.382) > t table (1.99045), so H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. The Port Authority and Port Authority Supervision Variable (X3) has a value of t count (2.280) > t table (1.99045), then H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. Thus, the results of the study show that there is a positive and significant influence between Shipworthiness, Health and Safety Culture, Harbormaster Supervision and Port Authority on Shipping Safety

Feasibility Analysis of Dock Capacity in Tanjung Tembaga Port (Probolinggo, East Java)

As a maritime country and also as an archipelago country, Indonesia has many ports spread troughout its region. This makes sea transportation become the community’s choice, especially for shipping goods. This is because the load capacity is greater and the price is more efficient than land or air transportation. From time to time, sea transportation continous to grow. With an increase in the flow of ship visits and cargo flows, the port as a supporting facility for sea transportation is demanded to continue to be maximized in the services of these two things. This research aims to evaluate the feasibility of the dock capacity at the Tanjung Tembaga Port in Probolinggo, East Java. The evaluation process is carried out by processing ship visit data, then measuring the dimensions and capacity of dock, and finally looking for the value of Berth Occupancy Ratio (BOR). The result showed that ship visits in Tanjung Tembaga Port still tend to be low. Then for the BOR value, it is known that the level of dock usage in Tanjung Tembaga Port in 2021 is 68%. This value is still below the maximum BOR value, which means the addition of dock length is not needed.

Tanggung Jawab Pengangkut Mengenai Pengangkutan Barang Mealui Laut

Sea transportation is the most important means of connecting one island to another in Indonesia, most of which consists of water. The obligation of the Carrier is to organize the transportation and maintain the safety of the Goods from the time they are received until they are handed over to the Recipient. From this obligation arises the responsibility of the carrier because the carrier must maintain the safety of the goods he transports, so everything that interferes with the safety of the goods he transports is the responsibility of the Carrier. This research on the responsibility of the Carrier uses a descriptive analytical research method, while the type of research is a normative research type. This research on the responsibility of the Carrier in the Transportation of Goods by the Sea is intended to answer problems regarding the system of responsibility used by the Carrier and the legal basis governing the Responsibility of the Carrier. The results of the research from the author show that the carrier's responsibility system and its restrictions cannot be separated from the provisions contained in the KUHD, especially Article 468 of the KUHD and the rules contained in the Bill of Lading.

Risk-informed collision avoidance system design for maritime autonomous surface ships

The maritime industry is paving the way towards developing Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASSs) through the adoption of key enabling technologies for safety-critical operations, which are associated with new challenges, especially at their early design phase. This study aims to develop a methodology to conduct the risk-informed design for the Collision Avoidance System (CAS) of MASSs. Pertinent regulatory instruments are reviewed to identify functional and system requirements and develop a baseline CAS configuration at the component level. Quantitative Fault Tree Analysis is performed to derive risk metrics, such as probability of failure, Importance measures, and Minimal Cut Sets, whereas criticality analysis is conducted to recommend risk-reducing measures. A Short Sea Shipping case study is investigated considering four operating modes based on various weather and illumination conditions. Results demonstrate that the developed Fault Tree diagram provides a robust representation of the CAS failure. The most critical components are found to be related to the Intention Communication and Situation Awareness Systems, the redundancy of which leads to 91% reduction of the CAS probability of failure. This study contributes towards the risk-informed design of safety-critical systems required for the development of MASSs.

The Influence of Organizational Culture and Organizational Commitment towards Organizational Performance of the Military Sealift Command in Developing the National Sea Transportation Mediated by Dynamic Capability

The main objective of this study is to analyze organizational culture and organizational commitment to the organizational performance of the Military Sealift Command in fostering the potential of national sea transportation mediated by dynamic capability. The research was carried out on warships in the Military Sealift Command’s fleet, the object of research comes from the Staff Officers of the Military Sealift Command’s Command Headquarters’ staff officers, officers and the crew of the Indonesian Warships in the Military Sealift Command’s fleet, totaling to 252 subjects. The data obtained is analyzed using SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) with SPSS version 22.0 and Smart PLS version 3. The findings of this study show that the direct organizational culture, organizational commitment, dynamic capability demonstrates that hypotheses affect the Organizational performance of the Military Sealift Command. The results of the study also demonstrate that there is an influence of the organizational culture and organizational commitment affect towards dynamic capability. While the results of the indirect hypothesis also have an effect, namely organizational culture and organizational commitment towards organizational performance of the Military Sealift Command which is mediated by dynamic capability. The results of this research can be implemented especially in organizational culture so that it can contribute to social change by creating more growth opportunities resulting, thereby providing assistance to society. It is necessary to have an organizational culture that has been implemented at the Military Sealift Command in its capacity as the sole supervisor of national sea transportation, applied to the national civilian fleet. In its service, the Military Sealift Command will always be ready to support the logistics transportation program to distribute government or private assistance to all corners of the country. So far, the distribution of disaster logistical assistance or other assistance from the central government or the private sector to those in need in the country has barely involved the national civilian fleet.

The Influence of Organizational Culture and Organizational Commitment towards Organizational Performance of the Military Sealift Command in Developing the National Sea Transportation Mediated by Dynamic Capability

The Influence of Organizational Culture and Organizational Commitment towards Organizational Performance of the Military Sealift Command in Developing the National Sea Transportation Mediated by Dynamic Capability

Numerical analysis of wake wash reduction for catamaran with hydrofoils

Catamarans are popular for fast sea transportation because of their high potential of speed and stability. However, the wake wash generated by catamarans often interfere surrounding environment. For the prevention of large waves generated by catamarans, a stern hydrofoil is known to be one of the effective devices. In the present study, the effect of hydrofoil attached at the stern of a catamaran for the wake wash reduction is investigated using CFD. The various configurations of a stern hydrofoil are designed and their performance are examined with respect to resistance in calm water and wave amplitudes. The computational domain is taken large enough to be able to analyze the wave field far downstream. In addition to the bare hull and the hull with foil cases, the bare hull cases with the attitudes fixed to those of the cases with the foil are simulated for the detailed analysis of foil effects. The inter-comparison of these cases makes it possible to separate the foil effects into the hull attitude change effect and the foil-generated wave effect. The wake wash reduction by stern foil system is achieved with the appropriate combination of hull attitude change and the interaction of hull waves and foil waves. Finally the design directions of a stern hydrofoil for the wake wash reduction are suggested.

Probability of Risk Factors Affecting Small-Scale LNG Supply Chain Activities in the Indonesian Archipelago

In Indonesia, the CoS for power supply increased from Rp. 1025 to Rp. 1334/KWh from 2016 to 2021, respectively; this indicates an inefficient process in electricity provision. One contributing factor to this inefficiency is the existence of many high speed diesel (HSD)-fueled power plants. These are distributed across the Indonesian archipelago with a supply chain that only uses sea transportation. The absence of an economical small-scale LNG (SS-LNG) supply chain also demonstrates the inadequate infrastructure for distributing LNG to refineries. This study aims to analyze the probability of risks that occur in SS-LNG supply chains in the Indonesian archipelago. The analytical methods used are descriptive statistical analysis and Delphi analysis through in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) with experts. Results showed that the SS-LNG supply chain process in Indonesia includes LNG loading, unloading, shipping, picking, storage, regasification, and distribution. There are 30 risk indicators that may occur, with the highest risks including ship accidents, equipment damage, lack of transport ships, bad weather, earthquakes, tsunami, poor safety cultures, and low levels of safety leadership. These risk indicators can be used in implementing SS-LNG.

Port Closure Due to the Covid-19 Pandemic in the Law of Carriage of Goods By Sea and Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts

Port closure as an effort to slow the spread of the Covid-19 virus has had various impacts, such as port congestion which has led to delays and drastically increased transportation costs. This study examines the impacts caused by port closures and legal remedies that can be taken based on international sea transport law. Losses due to port closures cannot be borne by the carrier based on the conventions of sea shipping law as long as the carrier can prove that the fault was not his own. The closure of the port can be categorized as a hardship, in which there are fundamental changes that affect the agreement, namely the increase in shipping costs and delays. efforts that can be made based on the UPICC are renegotiation, and if it fails, the parties can seek a dispute settlement through the courts. In implementing the agreement, the parties must prioritize the principle of good faith and prove that the losses incurred and losses did not originate from themselves.

Implementation of Criminal Sanctions Against Foreign Narcotics Courier Performers

<em>Criminal sanctions that regulate narcotics crimes have emphasized the sanctions that will be given to anyone who violates them, ranging from rehabilitation to the death penalty. However, there are still many who commit these violations, until now, there are various forms of modus operandi for committing a criminal act in distributing narcotics. Perpetrators do not run out of wits to do all kinds of ways to achieve their goals. This mode is developed because law enforcement officers are intensively carrying out prevention efforts to eradicate narcotics crimes. One form of the mode that is carried out is through drug intermediaries or couriers, by neatly wrapping and inserting into plastic capsules, stored in boxes or cans, tucked in candy or food, to places that have been specially designed so as not to be penetrated by detection equipment. The perpetrators of these drug couriers are not only carried out by Indonesian nationals, but have also been carried out between foreign countries through foreign nationals. Narcotics distribution is carried out in various ways through land, sea and air transportation. From the various modes carried out by the perpetrators of drug couriers, it is not uncommon for them to be unsuspected so that they can escape various forms of examination by the authorized law enforcement officers.</em>

ANALISIS PENENTUAN PRIORITAS PEMELIHARAAN KRI DALAM MENDUKUNG KEBERHASILAN PELAKSANAAN TUGAS ANGKUTAN LAUT MILITER

The main task of TNI is to uphold the sovereignty of the state. The success of the implementation of military sea transportation tasks cannot be separated from the readiness of KRI elements in supporting the implementation of operations. The purpose of this research is to analyze the Priority Determination of KRI Maintenance at the Depot Level at Kolinlamil to Support the Successful Implementation of Military Sea Transportation Tasks. The method used in this research is quantitative and data processing using SPSS 25 and AHP application programs. Samples will be taken from several crew members of KRI ABN-503, TMO-537, THG-538, I KBI-971 and KRI TBN-520. The research sample using AHP software amounted to 10 people and the determination of the number of samples using the Slovin formula was 90 respondents. The results of the study show that the turnaround time, airworthiness and technical conditions affect the success of carrying out the duties of Military Sea Transport. Partially rotating hours have a contribution of 31%, eligibility has a contribution of 25.3% and technical conditions have a contribution of 39.2%. Meanwhile, when tested simultaneously, the rotational hours, feasibility and technical conditions contributed 58.5% to the success of the Military Sea Transport. And for the results of the Analytical Hierarchy Process the influential variables in determining the priority of the KRI hardepo are turning hours, airworthiness and technical conditions and the alternative variables consist of KRI Teluk Amboina-503, KRI Teluk Bintuni-520, KRI Teluk Manado-537, KRI Teluk Hading-538 and KRI Tanjung Kambani-971. Based on the results, super Decision KRI Tanjung Kambani-971 became the main priority with a priority value of 0.37567 and 0.35875 based on the results of Super Decision software analysis. KRI Teluk Amboina-503 is the second priority with a priority value of 0.13454 and 0.13447 based on the results of Super Decision software analysis. KRI Teluk Bintuni-520 became the third priority with a priority value of 0.13454 based on the results of Microsoft Office Excel analysis and 0.13447 based on the results of Super Decision software analysis. KRI Teluk Manado-537 is the fourth priority with a priority value of 0.13068 based on the results of Microsoft Office Excel analysis and 0.12901 based on the results of Super Decision software analysis. KRI Tanjung Hading-538 is the fifth/last priority with a priority value of 0.11846 based on the results of Microsoft Office Excel analysis and 0.11559 based on the results of Super Decision software analysis.

Vehicle Loading System on KMP. PORT LINK III for Sea Transportation Safety

Loading is a process of loading by transferring cargo from land to ships that are carried or transported to the destination safely which is carried out according to procedures at the port by ship crews and land parties with existing loading and unloading tools, either from the ship itself or from land. This qualitative research is a descriptive approach. The data analysis used is a qualitative approach to primary data through interviews, observations, documentation and secondary data in the study of legislation, books or literature related to the vehicle loading system on board. It can be concluded about the vehicle loading system for marine transportation safety. In the implementation of transportation services, loading constraints are still found, such as vehicle loading procedures that are still not in accordance with existing regulations. This results in the process of regulating vehicle loads on the loading deck only based on feeling and the absence of lashing for securing vehicle loads.

Factors Relevant for the Development of Small Business Management in Andaman and Nicobar

The paper explores the key factors relevant to the development of micro and small businesses in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. This study specifically focused on the relevant factors from the islands' perspectives. This study used primary sources of data collected in the South Andaman Islands (Andaman and Nicobar Islands), and the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS. The findings of the study proved that tourism business and marine and wood-based businesses have huge potential in the Andaman Islands. The study's findings highlighted the significance of subsidies and incentives for island promotion and sustainable development, which could be accomplished through capital investment, as well as transportation subsidies, which are critical for new and existing businesses on islands. Cargo transportation from the mainland to islands is the primary mode of sea transportation and the only mode between island regions. Under this situation, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands totally rely on manufacturing or service businesses as a lifeline. Hence, micro- and small businesses will play a vital role in employment generation, production, investments, and the growth of a small business. As a result, the administration of the islands should implement appropriate policy measures based on the relevant factors in the islands' region. The local administration needs to support and provide easy access to finance, transportation, and other facilities for small businesses in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

The Relationship between Trade Liberalization, Sea Freight, and Carbon-Dioxide Emissions within the Perspective of EKC: The Case of Mexico

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the long-term nexus among trade liberalization, sea transportation, economic growth, energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions by considering the EKC hypothesis for Mexico from 1980 to 2021. In this context, multiple regression, ADF, PP, FMOLS, Bayer-Hanck co-integration tests are employed in order to examine both the effect of independent variables on dependent variables and the long-run relationship. According to results of multiple regression, FMOLS analysis and Bayer-Hanck co-integration test, trade liberalization, sea transportation, economic growth, energy consumption have substantial impact on CO2 emissions and there is a long-run relationship among variables from 1980 to 2021 for Mexico which verifies the EKC hypothesis. All empirical evidence demonstrates that the Mexican government should take radical steps to prevent environmental degradation. The presence of trade liberalization and the positive movement of the ecological footprint reveal the increasing effect of growth on carbon dioxide emissions, especially in a developing country such as Mexico, which aims for more economic growth. All these indicate the necessity of switching to practices aimed at reducing carbon dioxide emissions. In this sense, incentives for renewable energy sources, rate differentiation in motor vehicle tax, and regulations in the tax system for negative externalities are some of the applications that can be done. In addition, public expenditures for green infrastructure such as low-carbon energy production and energy efficiency in public buildings can be increased, investments can be made in R&D studies to support innovation, and activities can be preferred to increase environmental awareness. Besides, there are various sea transport green solutions in order to reduce emissions and pollution in maritime transport. Green energy suggest solutions such as reducing the cruise speed of the ship, reducing the use of fossil fuels, choosing new generation fuel types with cleaner content, increasing energy efficiency, and making a weather-dependent cruise plan.

Impact of globalization of the world market and internationalization of the cargo transportation process on the maritime transport system

In this study, it is substantiated that the process of globalization leads to the world economy acquiring the characteristics of a complex multi-level system, which makes it possible to use the properties of systems as tools for researching the effects of negative factors and threats to the development of the world economy and maritime transport as subsystems of the world economy. It was established that not only the rise in prices on the world's leading stock exchanges Using the systems theory methods but also the freight cost of dry cargo ships is a significant influencing factor on food prices for the whole world. It has also been established that since the cargo traffic of food with a substantial level of processing to countries where, due to the level of development of their economy, there are mostly no opportunities for processing products, this affects the increase in the cargo traffic of container transport in global sea transportation. The synergistic nature of the impact of negative factors on the worldwide economy and the maritime transport industry has been outlined. It is singled out that the synergistic negative effect led to a chain reaction to the change of international sea transport routes. The assessment of the effectiveness of management actions of the industry management on external challenges and threats was carried out. It is pointed out that the direction of the global maritime transport industry needs to dynamically adjust the operation of logistics networks to respond effectively to the growing needs of the world market. It is also indicated that the need for more efficiency and capacity of the port infrastructure still predominantly affects container transportation due to the growing demand for the volume of cargo transportation. It is emphasized that the established definition of the world transport system needs to be sufficiently corrected. The conducted research found that the world transport system, under the influence of the globalization of the world market and the internationalization of the cargo transportation process, acquires transnational features and becomes a global structure, working increasingly in the interests of the world market. Keywords: globalization, internationalization, maritime transport, crises, risks, threats, efficiency of industry management.

PREDIKSI JARAK TEMPUH KAPAL MOTOR SANGIANG MENGGUNAKAN SUPERVISED MACHINE LEARNING

As a maritime nation with thousands of islands and a vast sea area, sea transportation is the most effective transportation used by the people of Indonesia. A motorboat is one type of maritime transportation that is used to move people or commodities. In this article, we will discuss predicting the daily mileage of one of the motorboats, the Sangiang, which travels from Bitung to Ternate. Three independent variables, Anchor Time (minutes), Speed (knots/hour), and Sailing Time (minutes), are used in supervised machine learning techniques to estimate the daily mileage (mile). Of the various methods evaluated, the multiple regression model was found to be the most accurate at forecasting the Sangiang motorboat’s daily mileage.

Integrated transportation of offshore wind turbine and bucket foundation based on a U and K shaped assembled platform

The integrated transportation of offshore wind turbine (OWT) and bucket foundation (BF) has obvious advantages in the application of shallow sea (<20m) wind farm engineering. However, this approach will face more challenges when it is applied to distant and deep-sea wind farms. In this study, a U and K shaped assembled platform (U&KSAP) is proposed and introduced for the first time, which is used to transport and install the OWT and BF (OWT&BF) in deeper and farther offshore wind farms. Firstly, the integrated transportation and installation method of OWT&BF based on the novel U&KSAP is discussed. The monitoring and brief analysis of U&KSAP and BF for the first sea transportation was carried out, and some key parameters were obtained. Secondly, the integrated transportation experiments of U&KSAP and OWT&BF were carried out in a towing tank. Finally, the main factors affecting the motion behavior of the integrated transportation process were discussed. The experimental results show that the U&KSAP has good seakeeping and is capable of integrated transportation. During integrated transportation, the influence of towing speed on drag resistance is obvious. The motion behavior of OWT&BF and U&KSAP is more sensitive to wave height and period, especially near the resonant period. The increase in towing speed and the air pressure inside the BF can slightly reduce motion response. At the same time, certain control measures should be taken for the top wind turbine to reduce horizontal acceleration during integrated transportation.