Sea Snail Research Articles

DYNAMICAL BEHAVIOR IN THE COMPETITIVE MODEL INCORPORATING THE FEAR EFFECT OF PREY DUE TO ALLELOPATHY WITH SHARED BIOTIC RESOURCES

This research develops a mathematical model of a natural phenomenon, namely sea snails that can release toxins (allelopathy) so that non-toxic sea snails become afraid. In addition, toxic and non-toxic sea snails share biotic resources. Based on the existing phenomenon, the model of fear effect caused by allelopathy in the competitive interaction model with shared biotic resources will be studied. In this system, three equilibrium points are obtained: extinction point of prey, extinction point of predator, and coexisting point under certain conditions. Analysis of local stability at equilibrium points by linearization shows that all equilibrium points are asymptotically stable with certain conditions. Numerical simulations at the equilibrium point show the same results as the analysis results. Then, numerical continuity was carried out by selecting variation of the fear effect parameter for Numerical continuity results show that changes in these parameters affect the population of toxic and non-toxic species, marked by the emergence of Transcritical bifurcations, Bifurcation occurs at the first Saddle-Node bifurcation at and the second Saddle-Node bifurcation at

Harvest, Export, Economic, and Legal Status of Land and Sea Snails in Türkiye

Harvest, Export, Economic, and Legal Status of Land and Sea Snails in Türkiye

Enhanced Marine Biodegradation of Polycaprolactone through Incorporation of Mucus Bubble Powder from Violet Sea Snail as Protein Fillers.

Microplastics' spreading in the ocean is currently causing significant damage to organisms and ecosystems around the world. To address this oceanic issue, there is a current focus on marine degradable plastics. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a marine degradable plastic that is attracting attention. To further improve the biodegradability of PCL, we selected a completely new protein that has not been used before as a functional filler to incorporate it into PCL, aiming to develop an environmentally friendly biocomposite material. This novel protein is derived from the mucus bubbles of the violet sea snail (VSS, Janthina globosa), which is a strong bio-derived material that is 100% degradable in the sea environment by microorganisms. Two types of PCL/bubble composites, PCL/b1 and PCL/b5, were prepared with mass ratios of PCL to bubble powder of 99:1 and 95:5, respectively. We investigated the thermal properties, mechanical properties, biodegradability, surface structure, and crystal structure of the developed PCL/bubble composites. The maximum biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) degradation for PCL/b5 reached 96%, 1.74 times that of pure PCL (≈55%), clearly indicating that the addition of protein fillers significantly enhanced the biodegradability of PCL. The surface morphology observation results through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) definitely confirmed the occurrence of degradation, and it was found that PCL/b5 underwent more significant degradation compared to pure PCL. The water contact angle measurement results exhibited that all sheets were hydrophobic (water contact angle > 90°) before the BOD test and showed the changes in surface structure after the BOD test due to the newly generated indentations on the surface, which led to an increase in surface toughness and, consequently, an increase in surface hydrophobility. A crystal structure analysis by wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) discovered that the amorphous regions were decomposed first during the BOD test, and more amorphous regions were decomposed in PCL/b5 than in PCL, owing to the addition of the bubble protein fillers from the VSS. The differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) results suggested that the addition of mucus bubble protein fillers had only a slight impact on the thermal properties of PCL. In terms of mechanical properties, compared to pure PCL, the mucus-bubble-filler-added composites PCL/b1 and PCL/b5 exhibited slightly decreased values. Although the biodegradability of PCL was significantly improved by adding the protein fillers from mucus bubbles of the VSS, enhancing the mechanical properties at the same time poses the next challenging issue.

Spatial structure and potential processes linking fish and benthic communities in a protected reef ecosystem in SE Brazil

Top-down and bottom-up processes can mediate the structuring of biological communities. Several studies have provided separate support for those processes in pelagic and benthic compartments of reef systems but studies focusing on whole-reef processes are less common. Here, we sampled 3 ‘reef compartments’ in the Alcatrazes Archipelago in Southeastern Brazil: benthic cover of colonial organisms, solitary organisms, and reef fish (i.e. pelagic) to identify the groups responsible for spatial community structure among reefs. A dynamic mosaic structure best defines the assemblages of each compartment, with substantial changes observed among sites over 2 consecutive years and at 2 depth strata, separated by a sharp thermocline. Changes in benthic cover of colonial organisms are largely due to the extent of the blooming of Sargassum canopies, algal turfs, and the zoanthid Palythoa caribaeorum. Solitary organisms show a consistent monotonic change in the abundance of sea urchins, ascidians, and snails. Fish assemblage structure differed among reefs; however, we observed that large invertivore fish tended to concentrate in warmer water above the thermocline and small fish of different feeding habits were found in deeper and colder water in all reefs. We observed a potential strong link between the reefscape and solitary organisms, with a negative relationship between the abundance of urchins and the cover of Sargassum spp. suggesting top-down control. A second link is indicated by a positive relationship between low-lying cover composed of articulated turf and P. caribaeorum and larger invertivorous fish, suggesting bottom-up control through the provision of favorable foraging grounds.

Density and Distribution Pattern of Lola Snail (Trocus niloticus) in the Coastal Waters of Malaku Village, Central Maluku

The lola snail (Trochus niloticus) is a species of sea snail that has important economic value. This research aims to determine the density and distribution patterns of lola snails in the coastal waters of Malaku Village, Central Maluku. Sampling used a stratified random sampling method with line transects, the research location was divided into 3 stations. Stations I and III have plank coral substrates and dead coral fragments, while station II has rocky substrates and coral flats. The results of the research found that the total number of lola snail individuals found at the research location was 110 individuals spread across 3 research stations. The maximum size of lola snails found was 99.41 mm in diameter and the minimum size found was 47.18 mm in diameter. The highest density of Lola snails at each research station was 0.08 ind/m2 and the lowest was 0.05 ind/m2. The distribution pattern of Lola snails at the research location is a clustered pattern.

Composition, diel dynamic and biotic-abiotic interaction of marine neustonic zooplankton in the oligotrophic South China Sea

Neuston, situated at the air-sea interface, stands as a crucial frontier in the realm of the global warming. Despite its unique habitat, there remains a need to substantiate the composition, diel dynamic and biotic-abiotic interaction of neustonic zooplankton in the tropical seas. In this study, we present rare observational data on neustonic zooplankton (0–20 cm) in the oligotrophic tropical South China Sea (SCS) during the summer of 2022. A total of eighteen samples were collected and analyzed, revealing the presence of fourteen taxa from eight phyla. The most prevalent group was Cypridina, accounting for 33.7% of the total abundance, followed by copepods (29.0%) and jellyfish (10.9%). Within copepods, the genus Pontella exhibited the highest relative abundance (38.0%). Additionally, each neuston taxon displayed unique diel distribution patterns. Cypridina was the most abundant taxon during the night (40.4%), while it shifted to copepod dominance during the day (50.4%). Among copepods, genus Pontella and larvae were dominant groups at night (44.7%) and during the day (30.0%), respectively. Moreover, a multivariate biota-environment analysis demonstrated that temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and Si(OH)4 significantly impacted neuston composition. Notably, both jellyfish and sea snails showed a significant positive correlation with temperature, suggesting their potential dominance in the neuston community in response to future global warming in the oligotrophic tropical seas. This study lays a robust foundation for recognizing the neuston community in the oceanic SCS, and helps evaluate the long-term risks to neuston habitats under climate changes.

Modeling time-varying phytoplankton subsidy reveals at-risk species in a Chilean intertidal ecosystem

The allometric trophic network (ATN) framework for modeling population dynamics has provided numerous insights into ecosystem functioning in recent years. Herein we extend ATN modeling of the intertidal ecosystem off central Chile to include empirical data on pelagic chlorophyll-a concentration. This intertidal community requires subsidy of primary productivity to support its rich ecosystem. Previous work models this subsidy using a constant rate of phytoplankton input to the system. However, data shows pelagic subsidies exhibit highly variable, pulse-like behavior. The primary contribution of our work is incorporating this variable input into ATN modeling to simulate how this ecosystem may respond to pulses of pelagic phytoplankton. Our model results show that: (1) closely related sea snails respond differently to phytoplankton variability, which is explained by the underlying network structure of the food web; (2) increasing the rate of pelagic-intertidal mixing increases fluctuations in species’ biomasses that may increase the risk of local extirpation; (3) predators are the most sensitive species to phytoplankton biomass fluctuations, putting these species at greater risk of extirpation than others. Finally, our work provides a straightforward way to incorporate empirical, time-series data into the ATN framework that will expand this powerful methodology to new applications.

Review on Seashell Ash as Partial Cement Replacement

The review paper focuses on utilizing various sea shell ashes, including cockle, clam, oyster, mollusc, periwinkle, snail, and green mussel shell ash, as partial replacements for cement. It aims to promote environmental sustainability and mitigate the issues associated with global warming. Cement production is known to have significant environmental impacts across all stages, including air pollution through dust and gases, as well as noise and vibration during quarrying and milling processes. One proposed solution is the adoption of modified cement, which refers to cementitious materials designed to match or surpass the performance of Portland cement while incorporating recycled and waste materials, thereby reducing the demand for raw materials and promoting sustainability in construction. Utilizing sea shell ash as a partial replacement for cement in concrete has the potential to yield substantial energy savings and offer significant environmental advantages. Previous investigations have explored the chemical and mechanical properties of concrete produced with sea shell ash replacements, including specific gravity, chemical composition, compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength. The results indicate that the optimal replacement percentage for sea shell ash in cement lies within the range of 4–5%.

Pharmaceutical Residues in Edible Oysters along the Coasts of the East and South China Seas and Associated Health Risks to Humans and Wildlife.

The investigation of pharmaceuticals as emerging contaminants in marine biota has been insufficient. In this study, we examined the presence of 51 pharmaceuticals in edible oysters along the coasts of the East and South China Seas. Only nine pharmaceuticals were detected. The mean concentrations of all measured pharmaceuticals in oysters per site ranged from 0.804 to 15.1 ng g-1 of dry weight, with antihistamines being the most common. Brompheniramine and promethazine were identified in biota samples for the first time. Although no significant health risks to humans were identified through consumption of oysters, 100-1000 times higher health risks were observed for wildlife like water birds, seasnails, and starfishes. Specifically, sea snails that primarily feed on oysters were found to be at risk of exposure to ciprofloxacin, brompheniramine, and promethazine. These high risks could be attributed to the monotonous diet habits and relatively limited food sources of these organisms. Furthermore, taking chirality into consideration, chlorpheniramine in the oysters was enriched by the S-enantiomer, with a relative potency 1.1-1.3 times higher when chlorpheniramine was considered as a racemate. Overall, this study highlights the prevalence of antihistamines in seafood and underscores the importance of studying enantioselectivities of pharmaceuticals in health risk assessments.

IDENTIFIKASI HEWAN INVERTEBRATA PADA FILUM MOLUSKA DI PESISIR PANTAI KENJERAN SURABAYA

One way to identify an object is to make observations to a place to find objects that will be examined, in this article we take invertebrate animal objects in the mollusca phylum on Kenjeran Beach Surabaya. Phylum mollusca are a group of soft-bodied and invertebrate animals with shell-protected bodies. Data collection was carried out using exploration and observation methods, with research data analysis techniques using descriptive analysis techniques. 5 species of mollusca were obtained on the Kenjeran Coast, namely sea snails (Bolinus brandaris), Hiatella arctica, Sorgenfreispira brachystoma, Eupleura caudata and Keoang mas (Pomacea canaliculate). The existence of this study aims to recognize invertebrate animals in the mollusk phylum and the important characteristics of the species we found there.

Red Dyes from West to East in Medieval Europe: From Portuguese Manuscript Illuminations to Romanian Textiles

Red is the color par excellence, its symbolism being linked with protection and magic through its primary attributes, fire and blood. It was the predominant color from the earliest times, certainly during the Greek and Roman periods and into Medieval Europe, until blue became a competitor around the 13th century. Mineral pigments, like iron oxides, were the first red sources, used to draw lines, dots, or spots on cave walls or stones. Later, other mineral red pigments were also exploited: Cinnabar, natural mercury sulfide, since the Neolithic, and realgar, arsenic trisulfide, in Ancient Egypt. Scientific investigation revealed that, although inorganic pigments were mainly used in painting, iron oxides and cinnabar were also the first available sources for coloring textiles. Plant dyes have been known since the Neolithic, exploited by people living in climatically mild areas rich in vegetation. Their use is strongly connected with two other fundamental textile processes: Spinning and weaving. Scholarly literature indicates Egyptian privet (henna, Lawsonia inermis) as the oldest red vegetal source used. Although widely known as a source of brown, the dried leaves, when powdered and treated with lime water, yield an intense orange red, which is efficient for dyeing the body — skin and hair — and textiles of animal origin. Madder (Rubia tinctorum or relatives) was the first dye to be reported from archaeological European Bronze and Iron Ages textiles preserved in the Hallstatt salt mines, Scandinavian bog sites, and other European burials. Apart from madder, the most widely appreciated red dye sources in the European Classical period were kermes (Kermes vermilio and K. ilicis), purple (species of sea snails from the Muricidae family), and extracts of red tree resins, as dragon’s blood (e.g. Dracaena draco, Dracaena cinnabari, and Daemonorops draco). These sources were used for textile dyeing and as organic pigments in paintings.

Identification of histon H2A protein and amino acid profiles gonggong sea snails (Leavistrombus turturella) as antimicrobial peptides candidate

Previous study showed that Gonggong sea snail (GSS) meat extracts as natural antibiotic inhibited Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, but the type of protein is not yet known. The characteristic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of gastropods are generally the histon H2A protein, which is consist of cationic (lysine, arginine) and hydrophobic (leucine, proline, alanine, phenylalanine, and valine) amino acids. This research aimed to explore of potency of GSS meat extract as alternative source of AMPs via amino acid profiles and identification of phylogenetic trees of the histone H2A proteins. The amino acid profiles were analysed using the HPLC. The phylogenetic tree of the histone H2A proteins were analyzed using the MEGA X. The histone H2A proteins of GSS were clustered with the histone H2A proteins from the other gastropods. The histon H2A protein of GSS had 80% similarity with the clade of Molluskin (histon H2A protein of Fiscus gracilis). They had 19-20 amino acids and were included in histone H2A protein as AMPs. The amino acid profiles of GSS had cationic, anionic and hydrophobic amino acid. These results can be used as the first information for developing AMPs from GSS meat extract in the field of natural preservative exploration and pharmaceutical.

Processing and Nutritional Quality of Sea Snail (Rapana venosa Valenciennes, 1846) Meat

Sea snail, which is considered an invasive species in the Black Sea, has been caught by fishermen who earn their living in this area since the second half of the 1980s, as an alternative to other products, processed in factories and exported to countries with demand abroad. The fishing of sea snails, a highly sought-after delicacy in the Far East, has been limited due to declining stocks in the Sea of Japan caused by overfishing. Consequently, this has created export opportunities for several countries, including Turkey, and its significance has been steadily growing with the increasing export volumes. Due to their low cholesterol and fat content, and significant levels of protein and minerals, snails are among the healthiest foods consumed by humans. The fact that shellfish are sensitive and perishable products increases the sensitivity of the issue on issues such as the processing method, duration, and cold storage of these products. Therefore, ensuring that the quality reaches consumers without deterioration and monitoring it is of great importance in the export of shellfish. It will be possible for countries to reach a higher potential in snail exports and increase their market share in snail trade by obtaining products of appropriate quality. For this, it is necessary to improve the collection conditions in snail hunting, to monitor its transportation under appropriate conditions and to improve the processing stages. The purpose of the article was to provide an overview of the processing and quality of sea snail (Rapana venosa) meat.

Cross-examining the influence of upwelling and seaweed quality on herbivores’ feeding behavior and growth

At the regional scale, upwelling conditions are known to influence ecosystems and communities and their primary and secondary productivity. However, the influence of upwelling on local herbivore-algae interactions is less well understood. We address this question by cross-examining herbivores and seaweeds from sites associated with upwelling and downwelling conditions along the Humboldt Current System. Specifically, we quantified the feeding and benefits attained by the black sea urchin (Tetrapygus niger) and the black sea snail (Tegula atra) while consuming a widespread kelp species (Lessonia spicata). We hypothesized that food quality drives herbivores' preference, consumption, and growth rates, regardless of the origin or “prior” conditions of the consumers. Laboratory trials measured algal consumption rates with (preference) and without a choice, and consumer's growth rates, to assess the influence of food quality (algae from upwelling vs downwelling sites) and the site of origin of the consumers. Our results showed that algal quality was a prevailing factor for both herbivores: they chose, consumed more, and grew faster on high quality (upwelling) algae. By comparison, the origin of the consumer was only significant for sea snails: those coming from an upwelling site, consumed significantly more and grew faster than those from downwelling. The bulk of our results provided strong support to our hypothesis and suggest that the high nutritional quality of algae associated with upwelling centers has a strong influence on consumers' preferences, consumption, and performance (growth). The fact that origin was found to be relevant for one of the herbivores suggests that the conditions in which species grow may dictate some of their efficiency as consumers.

Deformation Characteristics of Three-Dimensional Spiral Soft Actuator Driven by Water Hydraulics for Underwater Manipulator.

The emergence of bionic soft robots has led to an increased demand for bionic soft actuating ends. In this study, a three-dimensional spiral water hydraulic soft actuator (3D-SWHSA), inspired by the winding action of an elephant's trunk, is proposed to provide a more targeted soft actuator catching method. The 3D-SWHSA is composed of multiple bending and twisting units (BATUs), which can produce winding deformation after being pressed. By using the principles of virtual work and integrating the Yeoh 3rd order model, a predictive model for winding was established to investigate the bending and twisting characteristics of BATUs with varying structural parameters through finite element simulation. Following the selection of an optimal set of structural parameters for the 3D-SWHSA, its bending and deformation capabilities were simulated using finite element analysis and subsequently validated experimentally. To validate its flexibility, adaptability, and biocompatibility, successful catching experiments were conducted in both air and underwater environments. Underwater organisms, including organisms with soft appearance such as starfish and sea cucumbers, and organisms with hard shell, such as sea snails and crabs, can also be caught harmlessly. In cases where a single 3D-SWHSA is insufficient for capturing objects with unstable centers of gravity or when the capture range is exceeded, the double 3D-SWHSAs can be utilized for cooperative winding. This study affirms the great potential of 3D-SWHSA in diverse marine applications, including but not limited to marine exploration, fishing, and operations.

Composition and Content of Carotenoids of Gastropod <i>Tritia reticulata</i> in Black Sea

The results of a two–year study of the composition and content of carotenoids of sea snails Tritia reticulata (L., 1758), living in a mixed bottom community of bivalve mollusks in the sandy zone of the upper sublitoral (depth 0–1 m) of the Cossack Bay of Sevastopol, are presented. The highest content of total carotenoids was detected in June (1.8–2.09 mg/100 g of crude mass), the average Cossack Baymples for both years was 1.54 mg/100 g of crude mass. In the qualitative composition of T. reticulata taken from the pastures of bivalves on sandy-silt soil, 15 free carotenoids were identified: b-carotene, echinenone, hydroxyechinenone, astaxanthin, didehydroastaxanthin, diadinoxanthin, diatoxanthin, fucoxanthin, halocintiaxanthin, fucoxanthinol, mactraxanthin, heteroxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, alloxanthin and esters of the last 4 carotenoids. The po-ssibility of metabolic transformations of carotenoids is discussed.

Investigations on compression behavior of fused filament fabricated hybrid biomimetic structures

The objective of this study is to design a biomimetic hybrid structure inspired by nacre, and conch shells and compare how the compressive characteristics change when key geometric design parameters are varied. Nacre, also known as mother of pearl, has a host of traits, suitable for survival, like its stiffness and strength. Conch, which is a common name for a number of sea snails, possesses a unique cross-lamellar structure which has a tough outer layer to resist penetration from the sharp-toothed attacks of predators, and a nacreous inner layer which can dissipate energy. A novel nacre–conch–nacre inspired sandwich core structure is designed and fabricated with fuse filament fabrication using acrylonitrile styrene acrylate filament according to the ASTM C365 standard for the flatwise compression test of sandwich core structures. Three key design parameters, namely the wall thickness, the thickness between two nacre walls, and the angle of conch were selected and varied to form nine different iterations of this design. An Abaqus finite element analysis was validated by experimental testing using an Instron 8801 servo-hydraulic universal testing machine. The results showed that conch-inspired structures’ compression properties depend on wall thickness and angle. The sample with 2 mm wall thickness and 45° conch angle had the highest compressive strength of 3.62 MPa, while the sample with 1 mm wall thickness and 50° conch angle had the lowest at 2.09 MPa. These findings suggest this structure could be used in lightweight armor, car, and aerospace parts.

Unveiling novel RNA viruses in trematodes parasitizing common periwinkle: Implications for host-parasite interactions

This study characterized novel RNA viruses, parasites of parasites, or hyperparasites identified during transcriptomic analyses of two trematode species, Cryptocotyle lingua and Himasthla elongata, infecting a sea snail, Littorina littorea. According to the viral genome structures and phylogenetic analysis, Cryptolin alternavirus (ClRNAV1), Cryptolin calicivirus (ClRNAV2) and Himastelon rhabdovirus 1 (HeRNAV1) were respectively classified within the families Alternaviridae, Caliciviridae and Rhabdoviridae. They replicate species-specifically in two studied phases of trematode live cycle: intramolluscan parthenogenetic rediae and free-swimming cercariae. ClRNAV1 showed significantly higher expression in C. lingua cercariae relative to rediae. HeRNAV1′s similarity to rabies viruses raises questions about its potential effects on the nervous system of H. elongata. This 'trematode rabies' could enable the use of genetically modified viruses for developing new methods to control the spread and intensity of diseases caused by trematodes.

Effects of µ-Conotoxin GIIIB on the cellular activity of mouse skeletal musculoblast: combined transcriptome and proteome analysis

µ-Conotoxin GIIIB (µ-CTX GIIIB) is a polypeptide containing three disulfide bridges, produced by the sea snail Conus geographus. This study was aimed to explored the cytotoxic effects of µ-CTX GIIIB on mouse skeletal musculoblast (Sol8). Sol8 cells were exposed to ouabain and veratridine to establish the cell injury model, and then treated with µ-CTX GIIIB. CCK-8 was adopted to evaluate the cytotoxicity of µ-CTX GIIIB. Then, proteomics and transcriptome were conducted, and the explore the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) affected by µ-CTX GIIIB were found. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis was used to investigate the affected signaling pathways. µ-CTX GIIIB increased the cell survival rate of injured Sol8 cells. We found and identified 1,663 DEGs and 444 DEPs influenced by µ-CTX GIIIB. 106 pairs of correlated DEGs and DEPs were selected by combining transcriptome and proteome data. The results of KEGG and GO analysis showed that µ-CTX GIIB affected the cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA damage and repair, lipid metabolism and other biological processes of Sol8 cells. µ-CTX GIIIB could affected cell cycle regulation, DNA damage repair, and activation of tumor factors, with potential carcinogenic effects. Our results provide an important basis for the study of in vitro toxicity, the mechanism of toxicity and injury prevention by µ-CTX GIIIB.

Antioxidant Effects of Turbo cornutus By-Products Visceral Extract against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress by Regulating MAPK and Akt Signaling Pathways in Vero Cells.

Turbo cornutus, a marine gastropod mollusk commonly called sea snail, is found along the southern coast of Korea and holds considerable importance as a marine food resource, particularly on Jeju Island, Korea. Data are scarce on the antioxidant activity of hot water extracts from T. cornutus visceral tissue. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the antioxidant activities of T. cornutus visceral tissue hot water extract (TVE) and the underlying mechanisms against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in Vero cells. The amino acid composition and antioxidant effects of TVE were evaluated. Furthermore, the impact of TVE on the expression of proteins within the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is investigated. TVE showed a concentration-dependent enhancement in its scavenging activities against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals (IC50 = 1.07 ± 0.06 mg/mL) and hydrogen peroxide (IC50 = 0.33 ± 0.03 mg/mL). TVE reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and maintained cell viability under H2O2-induced oxidative stress by suppressing apoptosis in Vero cells. Additionally, TVE demonstrated regulatory effects on the MAPK and protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathways activated by H2O2. In conclusion, the findings from our study propose that TVE holds potential as a bioactive component in the formulation of functional foods.