Seashells Research Articles

Web-Based Local Product Sales Information System in Bajo Village, Tilamuta District, Boalemo Regency

Web-Based Local Product Sales Information System in Bajo Village, Tilamuta District, Boalemo Regency was designed using the waterfall method. Waterfall is the earliest Software Development Life cycle approach used for software development. Bajo Village is a village located on the coast which is located in Boalemo Regency, Gorontalo Province or what is commonly referred to as the Bajo tribe. The majority of the Bajo villagers make a living as fishermen. the Bajo village community began to develop their creativity by utilizing marine products such as sea shells and seaweed which were used as local products. Sales of local products are still carried out in the traditional way by visiting people's homes. This web-based local product sales information system can facilitate data processing, increase sales and facilitate product marketing and promotion to outsiders

Microplastic Contamination in Marine Fish and Shells in the Coastal Areas of Jember Regency, Indonesia

Highlight Research Fish and shellfish on the coast of Payangan and Puger Several types of microplastics were detected in their gastrointestinal tract There were microplastic types of fiber, fragments, granules, and filaments Abstract Every year, it is estimated that the Indonesian seas receive 100,000-400,000 tons of plastic waste used for human consumption. Indiscriminate disposal of plastic waste will have an impact in the future. The problem of microplastics is an illustration that the use of plastic in daily activities will cause environmental ecological damage. The purpose of the study was to describe microplastic contamination in marine fish and shells in the coastal areas of Jember Regency, Indonesia. The method used is to detect and identify the type and numbers of microplastic particles in the gastrointestinal tract content of sea fish and shells obtained from fishermen around Payangan and Puger coastal Jember, Indonesia. The gastrointestinal tract was extracted with peroxide oxidation method (WPO). A light microscope was used to examine microplastic particles of types and numbers. The results showed that marine fish and shells in the coastal area of Jember Regency, Indonesia have been contaminated with microplastic. The microplastic in each marine fish and shells sample has a different type. There were microplastic types of fiber, fragments, granules, and filaments in the shells sample, while in the marine fish samples, there were all these types except granules. Fish and shellfish on the coast of Payangan and Puger had several types of microplastics detected in their gastrointestinal tract.

Kerusakan Lingkungan Akibat Sampah Kulit Kerang di Situs Kota Cina Medan

The China Town in the past was one of the important trading ports in the archipelago, this is proven by the abundance of findings from archaeological excavations at the site. The decline of China Town as a trading city is recorded in people's memories in the form of speech stories. The story that is quite well known and developed in the community that makes China Town abandoned by its inhabitants is due to the attack of kepah (a type of sea shell) that comes from the sea. As a result, people flocked to leave the city. This story continues to this day. This paper aims to explain scientifically the speech stories that developed in the community associated with data from archaeological research that has been carried out at the site. From the results of excavations carried out, it is found that in various locations, kitchen waste is almost always found in the form of concentrations of shells. This results in environmental damage in the form of river silting, and the closure of the soil surface due to shell waste. These two things make China Town uncomfortable to live in and then abandoned.

Thermal and thermo-mechanical studies on seashell incorporated Nylon-6 polymer composites

Towards environmental sustainability, recycling and effective usage of sea wastes are encouraged to develop novel materials in engineering applications by sustainable waste management. In this research, impact of seashell (SS) particles (75 μm) of varying weight fractions (0, 3, 6, 9, 12,15 and 18%) reinforced in nylon-6 matrix is investigated experimentally by studying its thermal properties viz., vicat softening temperature (VST), heat deflection temperature (HDT), coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CLTE), and melt flow index (MFI) and thermo-mechanical properties by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) according to ASTM guidelines. The polymer matrix composite (PMC) is prepared by blending the pellets of nylon-6 and seashell particles with the help of twin-screw extruder and fabricated into the required shape and size in an injection moulding machine. Outcomes of the experimental investigation show that CLTE decreases with increase in SS content, whereas VST and HDT deflection temperature increases along with the weight % of SSs due to the reduction in plasticity of the thermoplastic until 15% addition. This makes it more resistance to load and deflection along with heat resistivity whereas MFI decreases with addition of SSs in nylon-6 matrix. From DMA analysis it is observed that with inclusion of SSs the glass transition temperature tends to increase along with loss and storage modulus. Thermal and thermo-mechanical features tend to improve until 15% addition of SS in nylon-6 matrix. With further addition, the properties tend to be lowered because of poor adhesion of SSs with Nylon-6.

Simultaneous Upcycling of Biodegradable Plastic and Sea Shell Wastes Through Thermocatalytic Monomer Recovery

Development of effective upcycling methods for biodegradable plastic waste (for example, straws made of polylactic acid (PLA)) has emerged. In this study, a catalyst derived from sea shell waste (SSC) was used for a thermocatalytic conversion of biodegradable straw (BDS) for the recovery of monomer (for example, lactic acid). In effect, a strategy for simultaneously upcycling of biodegradable plastic waste (for example, straws made of polylactic acid (PLA)) and marine waste (for example, sea shell waste) was proposed. The SSC mainly consisted of calcium carbonate; thus, it had basicity with no acidity. Notably, a temperature of 500 °C and an SSC/BDS mass ratio of 0.5 led to the highest lactic acid recovery from BDS in this study. In particular, the use of SSC under the above-mentioned temperature and SSC/BDS mass ratio resulted in a 130 times higher lactic acid recovery than noncatalytic BDS conversion, most likely because the base sites present on SSC catalyzed the thermal cracking of PLA polymer bond. However, coke deposition was the major deactivation pathway of SSC during the thermocatalytic BDS conversion. In essence, SSC has the potential to be a catalyst used to thermocatalytically recover high-value chemicals from biodegradable plastic waste. In addition, this study can offer insight into developing waste conversion processes for the simultaneous upcycling of biodegradable plastic and marine wastes.

The Effect of Eggshell and Seashell Nanoparticles Alone and Combined With Nd: YAG Laser on Occlusion and Remineralization Potential of Patent Dentinal Tubules: An In Vitro Study.

Introduction: There is an interest in developing materials with bioactive potential that could block exposed dentinal tubules. This study compared the effects of eggshell and seashell nanoparticles individually or combined with ND:YAG laser on dentinal tubules occlusion and remineralization. Methods: Fifty radicular dentin discs were prepared from freshly extracted human premolars. The smear layer created by cutting was removed using 37% phosphoric acid gel for 15 sec. The discs were divided into five groups according to the applied treatment(A) (n = 10 each): (A1) control, (A2); Nano eggshells, (A3); Nano seashells, (A4); Nano eggshells + Nd: YAG Laser, and (A5); Nano sea shell + Nd: YAG Laser. Each specimen was evaluated for tubular patency and mineral contents before and after each therapy using ESEM-EDXA energy dispersive spectroscopy for the assessment of tubule occlusion and remineralization. Results: ESEM results revealed a statistically significant decrease in the mean percent changes of the dentinal tubules number after the treatment of the experimental groups compared to the control. The greatest percent decrease was recorded in the seashell NPs + Nd: YAG laser, followed by the eggshell NPs + Nd: YAG laser, then Eggshell NPs only and then Seashell NPs only, while the lowest percentage decrease was recorded in the control group. EDXA revealed that the greatest percentage increase in Ca wt% was recorded in the Eggshell + Nd:YAG laser group, followed by Eggshell only, then Seashell only and then Seashell NPs + Nd: YAG laser, while the lowest percent increase was recorded in the control group. The post hoc test revealed no significant difference between the experimental groups. Conclusions: Both eggshell and seashell nanoparticles are effective in the occlusion and remineralization of dentinal tubules. The combined treatments with Nd: YAG laser had no benefits when compared to the effect of treatments alone.

Asbestos-Free Brake Lining Material Using Sea Shell

Due to the extreme health concerns associated with asbestos-based brake linings, researchers are looking at using ecologically friendly bio-based biomaterials as reinforcing agents in composite materials used to make brake pad linings. The goal of this study is to see whether using sea shell (SS) powder in the production of asbestos-free brake lining materials is feasible. The powders were combined with the necessary fillers to make the brake lining. The reinforcing powders compositions were varied between 20% and 35%, the resin binder s composition was changed between 58 and 43 percent, and the filler metal and curing agents compositions were kept constant. These ingredients were weighed, prepared, combined, cured, and moulded. The composite materials were tested for water and oil absorption, compressive strength, hardness, and wear. According to the findings, increasing the quantity of reinforcing components increases the water and oil absorption of the samples. With the addition of up to 35% content, the composite s compressive strength increased proportionally. The tested coefficient of friction was found to be within acceptable limits. Furthermore, when mixed with other fillers and restricted, SS powder has showed tremendous promise in the production of brake linings.

Effect of constituent content on mechanical behaviors of ultra-high performance seawater sea-sand concrete

• The variation of mechanical behavior with sea shell contents was investigated. • The preferable content of coarse aggregate for UHP-SSC matrix was 10% by volume. • The utilization of basalt FRP minibars can enhance strength and toughness of UHP-SSC. In this study, the mechanical behaviors of ultra-high performance seawater sea-sand concrete were investigated considering various constituent contents of sea shell (SH), coarse aggregate (CA), and basalt fiber reinforced polymer minibars (MB). Experimental results reveal that the mechanical strength first increased and then decreased as the SH content increased, which was attributed to the evolution of macroscopic pores. CA, which preferable content was 10%, hurt the workability and flexural strength of the matrix; in contrast, owing to its skeletal effect, the compressive strength increased at a small content of CA. Moreover, the utilization of the MB increased the compressive strength and flexural toughness and this enhancement is positively correlated with the increase in the minibar content.

Simultaneous TG-FTIR analyses on molluscan shells: Characterization and thermal stability of organic-inorganic components

Here we demonstrate simultaneous analysis of evolved gases by thermogravimetry (TG) coupled with Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy and correlate the weight losses with water, CO2 and other possible gaseous products evolved during progressive thermal degradation of shells of various mollusc species (gastropods and bivalves) in an inert atmosphere. Subsequent interpretation of the functional groups present in the sea shells is carried out. Our study infers that the water molecules and to some extent CO2 are continuously getting emitted during progressive thermal degradation of sea shells during stage-I with just about 1–2% weight loss. No peaks related to amides, carboxylic acid functionality or thermal degradation products thereof are observed during this stage. These degraded products are either from associated water and non-mineral carbonate species or from low molecular weight biomacromolecules. This, contrary to usually accepted data, shows organic matrix (mixture of organic components/proteins) do not degrade completely in the first step (lower temperature), indicating their presence with strong bonding in inter-platelet regions and also probably in the crystal lattice of mineral phase and reveals greater thermal stability of the organic matrix in mollusc shells. Our findings enable previous studies, both quantitative and qualitative, to be re-evaluated resulting in a more consistent and inclusive view of organic matrices and water with potential implications in biomineralization processes.

Hybrid Microwave Solid-Phase Synthesis of Wollastonite Based on Natural Renewable Raw Materials

A method was tested to perform the solid-phase synthesis of ceramic wollastonite under hybrid microwave heating using such natural renewable raw materials as sea shells as a source of CaCO3 with the addition of commercial SiO2 powder. The XRD, SEM, TGA, and EDS methods were used to explore the effect of the mechanical homogenization time and the conditions for the chemical interaction of raw materials, provided that the required phase composition is reached. It was studied how temperature (800–1150°C) and time (15–60 min) of sintering affect the composition and structure of the ceramic wollastonite samples, including those in the presence of the strengthening additive sodium tetraborate. The formation of an apatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) layer on the surface of the obtained samples under conditions of their contact with artificial human blood plasma was assessed to confirm the biocompatible properties of these materials. The proposed method of synthesis is promising for obtaining a chemically pure valuable biomaterial in the form of synthetic wollastonite with the possibility of rational use of biogenic raw materials.

Investigation of the usability of aggregates produced from sea shell in SMA pavements with different addition methods

ABSTRACT The usability of waste seashell aggregates instead of basalt aggregate in stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixtures was investigated. Maximum size of the seashell aggregates were choosen as 0.425 mm, 0.180 mm, and 0.075 mm. The rate of seashell aggregate was applied as 5%. In addition, the effects of the methods of adding seashell fillers to basalt aggregate by dry aggregate method, moist aggregate method, and slurry method were investigated. The use of seashell aggregates has been found to increase the stability, low temperature cracking resistance, water damage resistance, and deformation resistance of SMA mixtures. It was found that with the reduction of the seashell aggregate size, the improvement in the mechanical properties of the mixture increased, and the best properties were obtained with the use of seashell in filler size. When evaluated in terms of filler addition methods, the moist aggregate method gives better results than the slurry method and dry aggregate method.

Synthesis and characterization of nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) from Meretrix Meretrix Clam shells and its in-vitro studies for biomedical applications

Recycling of massive waste into valuable products promotes two in one advantages of waste recovery and a pollution-free environment. Preparation of Nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) and its polymer composites using waste sea shells (natural precursor) are effectively useful in making artificial bone implants, bone cement, and toothpaste additives. The present work is focused to obtain nHAp with good crystalline nature and better biocompatibility using Meretrix Meretrix Clam shells as raw materials by the Co-precipitation method. To enhance the physio-chemical properties, polymers were used as capping agents. The functional group, particle size, thermal stability, phase transition, surface morphology, and electronic transition of atoms of the synthesized samples have been analyzed by spectrographic tools such as FT-IR, XRD, TG/DTA, FESEM/EDAX, XPS and HR-TEM with EDAX mapping respectively. Furthermore, the bacterial sensitivity of the sample against bacteria, the efficiency of the sample towards the formation of an apatite layer over the surface and its hemocompatibility nature were studied by antibacterial, SBF analysis and hemolysis assay respectively. This method of synthesis is free from hard chemicals and harmful by-products. Thus, the report of the present study suggests that it is promising to achieve nHAp with enhanced surface modification which indirectly promotes bone-bonding capability with natural living bone.

Comparative Study on the Effect of Cockle Shell Powder on Laterite Soil and Clayey Soil

Soil stabilization is physical or chemical process which improves the engineering properties of the soil and increase the stability of the soil. Main objective of this investigation has been focused on index and engineering properties of laterite soil and clayey soil reinforced with locally available cockle shell powder (CSP). The admixture CSP is added at a proportion of 12 to 20 % with an increment of 2 %. Reinforced earth technique is considered as an effective ground improvement method because of its cost effective and easy availability. Cockle shell powder is the most popular reinforcement materials used in the study on the soil reinforcement for expansive soil. Both the laterite and clayey soil will gain great strength with the addition of cockle shell powder. This improvement is due to an interaction between soils and the cockle shell powder which contain calcium oxide and calcium carbonate similar to chemical composition to cement additives. The effect of admixture on dry density, moisture content, plasticity, shear strength and UCS values of the laterite soil and clayey soil are determined in the laboratory. We can say it is a little bit of effective in using sea shells powder as admixtures when compared with other stabilizing agents.

ANALISIS PENGAWASAN PETUGAS AVIATION SECURITY (AVSEC) DALAM MENDETEKSI BAHAN PELEDAK DI BANDAR UDARA KOMODO LABUAN BAJO

Aviation Security (AVSEC) officer still frequently discover dangerous goods in passenger luggage, such as scissors, knives, small gas cylinders, machetes/swords, razors, gas lighters, cutlery, a power bank that exceeds the limit, sea shells, pink sand, and marine life in the Prohibited Item category. Researchers also discovered that many passengers were bringing alcoholic beverages that were not labeled and exceeded the specified standards. This research aims 1) To discover how Aviation Security (AVSEC) officers play a part to aviation security and safety at Komodo Labuan Bajo Airport. 2) To determine what equipment is required to support Security Check Point (SCP) two in maintaining aviation security and safety at Komodo Labuan Bajo Airport. 3) To find out how Komodo Labuan Bajo Airport Aviation Security (AVSEC) officers handle dangerous explosive materials. This research uses qualitative methods. Data collection is carried out by observation methods, interviews, and documentation which are then carried out data analysis using data reduction, data presentation and conclusions. The results of this study reveal that 1) Aviation Security Officers (AVSEC) have a very important role in ensuring flight security and safety, 2) Passenger inspections on SCP 2 are carried out Security checks on SCP 2 must be supported by inspections with flight security aids, where inspections This is done by using X-Ray machine tools, Walk Through Metal Detector (WTMD), and Hand Hel Metal Detector (HHMD), 3) Aviation Security Officers (AVSEC) in handling explosives that are considered dangerous to all parties must carry out regular inspections. strict restrictions on passengers and goods that enter the area at Komodo Labuan Bajo Airport to prevent the transportation of prohibited and dangerous goods and can be used to threaten safety and security.

Performance evaluation of hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors with different inert media for sewage treatment

In this study, three HUASB reactors with different inert media viz. sea shells (R1), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel beads (R2) and coconut fiber (R3), were simultaneously investigated in continuous mode at an ambient temperature ranging from 33 °C to 41 °C for six months. The reactors were employed with varying hydraulic retention times (starting from 6 h and reduced to 2 h) and organic loading rates (0.5–6.0 kg.COD.m−3.day−1) for sewage treatment. Sludge bed samples from each reactor were collected at the end of the process, and particle size distribution was determined using ocular micrometry, as well as the number of microorganisms present per ml using the neubauer chamber. According to the chemical and microbiological analysis, along with an overall assessment, it was found that the HUASB reactor with coconut fiber inert media has proved superior in its performance compared to the HUASB reactor with PVA gel beads and sea shells.

Shells as a Costume Element of the Turkic-Ugric Population of the Saltiv Culture (Based on Materials from the Krasna Hirka Biritual Burial Ground)

In eight burials (seven inhumations and one cremation) of the Krasna Hirka burial ground in Kharkiv region, there were found the pendants made of sea shells of the mollusk «Cypraea moneta» (burials Nos. 53, 176, 180, 191, 195, 311) (figs. 1: 2, 19, 20; 2: 15, 32; 3: 11; 4: 19; 5: 9) and pendants made of the valves of river mollusks («Unió pictorum» or «Anodonta») (burials Nos. 53, 185, 309) (figs. 2: 16, 33, 34; 6: 23—29). The pendants were present in the child’s burials (burials Nos. 53, 180, 185, 191, 195, 309) and young women of childbearing age (burials Nos. 176, 311). The location of shells jewelry in the burials indicates that they were sewn on clothes and headwear (burial No. 309), they were a part of removable breast ornaments (burial No. 176) (fig. 5: 15), a handbag decoration that was hung to the belt (burial Nos. 185, 191, 311) (figs. 2: 17; 3: 1; 4: 1), also they were woven together with glass beads, bronze bells and bronze spiral beads into the braids of buried people (burials Nos. 53, 180, 195) (fig. 2: 1). The arrangement of the pendants in the burial No. 309 allows asserting that three pendants adorned the child’s cap, being sewn at the area of the temples and on the crown (fig. 7: 2). By the location of the beads, bronze beads, bells and four more pendants of mollusks shells (fig. 7: 1), it can be seen that the collar of the child’s clothes in the neck area was decorated with monochrome beads and small beads sewn on, and four shell pendants that were sewn onto the child’s clothes in the chest area (fig. 7: 3). Polychrome beads (eye-shaped and striped), together with cast bronze bells and bronze beads, were threaded into the child’s braids (fig. 7: 4). In the investigated burials, the shell pendants resembled protective amulets. The connection of these jewelry with the water element, their shape and colour (white/ pearl) indicate that they are related to the cult of the Moon and are a symbol of the Great Goddess — the mother/ progenitor of all living beings and the giver of all life’s blessings.

Fabrication, Characterization and In Vitro Assessment of Laevistrombus canarium-Derived Hydroxyapatite Particulate-Filled Polymer Composite for Implant Applications.

This paper presents the formulation, characterization, and in vitro studies of polymer composite material impregnated with naturally derived hydroxyapatite (HA) particulates for biomedical implant applications. Laevistrombus canarium (LC) seashells (SS) were collected, washed and cleaned, sun-dried for 24 h, and ground into powder particulates. The SS particulates of different weight percentages (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 wt%)-loaded high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were fabricated by compression molding for comparative in vitro assessment. A temperature-controlled compression molding technique was used with the operating pressure of 2 to 3 bars for particulate retention in the HDPE matrix during molding. The HDPE/LC composite was fabricated and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and TGA. Mechanical properties such as tensile, compression, flexural, hardness, and also surface roughness were tested as per ASTM standards. Mass degradation and thermal stability of the HDPE/LC composite were evaluated at different temperatures ranging from 10 to 700 °C using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The maximum tensile strength was found to be 27 ± 0.5 MPa for 30 wt% HDPE/LC composite. The thermal energy absorbed during endothermic processes was recorded as 71.24 J/g and the peak melting temperature (Tm) was found to be 128.4 °C for the same 30 wt% of HDPE/LC composite specimen. Excellent cell viability was observed during the in vitro biocompatibility study for EtO-sterilized 30 wt% of HDPE/LC composite specimen, except for a report of mild cytotoxicity in the case of higher concentration (50 µL) of the MG-63 cell line. The results demonstrate the potential of the fabricated composite as a suitable biomaterial for medical implant applications.

Experimental study on carbonation behavior of seawater sea sand recycled aggregate concrete

The carbonation behavior of seawater sea sand recycled aggregate concrete (SSRAC) was investigated in this study. Considering different added water, fine aggregates, and coarse aggregates, the specimens were divided into 12 groups for the accelerated carbonation test by 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days. Among them, river sand, sea sand, and mixed sand (the proportion of sea sand and shell sand was 4:1) were used as fine aggregates. The results show that the carbonation depths of concretes with different mixtures all increase over time. When the replacement ratio of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) is not less than 50%, sea sand is the most suitable fine aggregate to acquire best carbonation resistance, while river sand is the worst. On the contrary, when the replacement ratio of RCA is not more than 30%, river sand is the most suitable fine aggregate, while sea sand is the worst. It can also be speculated that the most appropriate replacement ratio of RCA is 50% when sea sand is applied as fine aggregates in SSRAC. At the same time, 30% replacement ratio of RCA is appropriate when mixed sand is applied as fine aggregates in SSRAC.

Vertical Distribution of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration at The Sea Pearl Cultivation Development Site, West Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat

Titrimetric method or Winkler Methode was applied to determine dissolved oxygen (DO) in sea waters of The Sea Pearl Cultivation Developement Site, West Lombok during southeast monsoon of June 2021. The samples were taken in three (3) different location (Gili Gede, Gili Genting and Autorei) of the cultivation site at Sekotong waters, West Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Measurement results of physical parameters at those locations were characterized with salinity was ranging at 31.9 - 32.3 PSU, temperature was ranging at 28.4 – 29.7 0 C. The concentration of dissolved oxygen measured by titration method is ranging from 3.4 - 5.2 mg / L. High oxygen content is found in the water column with a depth of 25 m or below the layer of the aquatic column where sea shell pearls are developed or cultivated. This condition indicates that the presence of cultivated sea shell pearls has utilized dissolved oxygen in the process of respiration and oxidation of organic matter. Dissolved oxygen becomes an important abiotic factor for ecosystems that support the sustainability of marine life and marine aquaculture development efforts.

Effective usage of seashell waste to improve the strength characteristics of silty sand

Proper disposal of Seashell (SS) waste is one of the major issues faced by the fishery industry all over the world. Millions of tons of SS waste are being dumped in marine waters and also along the coastal areas leading to environmental degradation. SS waste takes long period to decompose thus leading to wastage of land areas which otherwise could have been utilized for other useful purposes. To overcome this global issue of dealing with SS waste, an effort has been made in this research work to utilize SS waste as an additive with locally available Silty Sand (SM) subgrade soil to improve their strength characteristics. SS waste was added to soil in two different forms, in crushed form of size 4.75 mm to 75 µm and in uncrushed form of size 10 mm to 4.75 mm, by varying the percentage of SS waste from 10% to 40% by dry weight of soil. Soaked and unsoaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests were conducted, to optimize the quantity of SS waste to be added to SM soil for which maximum CBR strength was attained. From the results, it was observed that maximum soaked and unsoaked CBR of 6% and 9.9% respectively was attained for SM with 25% uncrushed SS. Corresponding, percentage decrease in flexible pavement thickness of about 49% and 38.5% was calculated, based on the soaked and unsoaked CBR values respectively. Similary, maximum soaked and unsoaked CBR of 6.9% and 12.9% respectively was observed for SM with 35% crushed SS. Corresponding percentage decrease in flexible pavement thickness of about 52.8% and 48.2% was calculated, based on soaked and unsoaked CBR values respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that utilization of SS waste with soil, lead to a sustainable and economical construction.