Seas Of Russia Research Articles

Marine collagen extraction methods for solving regenerative medicine problems

Modern regenerative medicine widely uses collagen-based products and products, the most popular being collagen of animal origin. The use of such collagen is associated with a number of difficulties, incl. with the occurrence of active immune reactions, as well as with religious and cultural restrictions that do not allow the use of drugs made from animal tissue. Marine collagen, which does not have these disadvantages, can be a successful alternative to collagen from animal sources. The current geopolitical situation forces us to look for domestic sources of collagen. The article provides an overview of methods for extracting collagen from jellyfish biomass. Promising species of jellyfish suitable for implementing these methods are considered. It has been shown that on the territory of the Russian Federation, the most productive and promising jellyfish of the family Rhizostomatidae of the order of Rhizostoma pulmo, living in the Black Sea. The jellyfish Aurelia aurita of the order of disc jellyfish (Semaeostomeae), despite its prevalence (lives in almost all seas of Russia), has a low content of dry substances in its biomass and is difficult to catch due to the small weight of individuals. Of the extraction methods considered in relation to jellyfish biomass, mixed enzymatic and acidic extraction using organic acids should be considered the most suitable. The enzymatic method using pepsin is applicable to the biomass of Aurelia aurita jellyfish, because The jellyfish biomass is completely dissolved in the first stage of enzymatic extraction.

Assessment of potential toxic elements in soils, sediments, and vegetation in the surroundings of Anapa, Russia.

The study presented here reports the concentration of major, trace, and rare earth elements in soil, sediments, and vegetation samples collected from 13 locations around Anapa City located on the northern coast of the Black Sea in Russia. The neutron activation analysis technique has been used to fulfill this objective. Along with this, the bioconcentration and translocation factors were calculated. Overall, the content of 31 elements was detected in soil and sediments while 20 elements were determined in three types of vegetation: macroalgae (Cystoseira sp. and Ulva sp.), aquatic plants (Phragmites australis), and sea grass (Zostera sp.). The quantified concentration followed the order soil > sediment > vegetation. The phytotoxic levels for Zn, V, Mn, and Fe have been quantified as the highest. Bromine was the most abundant and accumulated in Phragmites australis. Based on the results obtained from this investigation, there is a possibility of contamination in the study area.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАСШИРЕНИЯ УЧАСТИЯ РОССИЯН В ДЕСЯТИЛЕТИИ ООН ПО НАУКАМ ОБ ОКЕАНЕ

The article considers the state of participation of representatives of the Russian Federation in the implementation of Action Plan of the UN Decade of ocean science for sustainable development. Information is provided on the number of actions taken by different countries, varying from one call to action to the next. Shown are 11 projects submitted to the Action Plan by Russian scientists under the first call to action in 2021. There is low activity of Russians in submitting applications for all the following calls to action of the UN Decade. Ways are proposed to increase the level of participation of Russian representatives in the UN Decade. A wide range of areas of scientific research in the seas of Russia and the World Ocean allows to be involved in the implementation of almost any program already included in the UN Decade Implementation Plan.

State of resources and fishery of commercial Seaweeds and Seagrasses in the Seas of Russia in 2000–2020

The aim: Stock assessment of commercial algae and seagrasses in the sea waters of Russian Federation and their fishery in 2000–2020.Method: The present article is based on original and statistical data obtained in 2000–2020 in accordance with standard methods of fisheries research.Novelty: The analysis has revealed the present status of commercial algae and seagrasses resources in the seawaters of Russian Federation as well as the reasons for low exploitation rates of these resources.Result: Algae and seagrasses resources in the seawaters of Russian Federation have hardly changed during last 20 years and remain stable. Algae harvesting is relatively well developed only in White Sea and Japan Sea. Total biomass of commercial algae and seagrasses resources in the sea waters of Russian Federation estimates at 1.6 million tons, and annual recommended catch — at 250 thousand tons.Practical significance: The results of present analysis have reveal modern trends of algae fishery development and allow to elaborate science-based approaches for conservation and sustainable management of these resources.

Fishery resources of commercial invertebrates of Russian Seas and it’s use during 2000–2020

The purpose of the work is to describe the changes of resources of commercial invertebrates in Russia and to analyze its use over the mentioned period.The research methods consisted in summarizing information on the state of the resources of commercial invertebrates in the seas of Russia and analyzing of the data of fishing statistics for 2000–2020.Results of the study are a description of the changes that have occurred with the main stocks of commercial invertebrates in the seas of Russia and the features of fishery, with an assessment of the current state of stocks.Discussion. The number of stocks for fishery prediction increased during the first two decades of the XXI century due to finding of new commercial fishery subjects. At the same time, a number of invertebrate stock units have lost their commercial significance over the past two decades of the XXI century. Сhanges in the structure of the resources and fishery of commercial invertebrates happened. The structure of invertebrates resources of the Far Eastern Fisheries basin proved to be the most conservative, while the importance of new fishing subjects significantly increased in the Northern and Azov-Black Sea fisheries basins.The novelty of the work lies in the analysis of the state invertebrates resources in the seas of Russia and their fishery in 2000–2020.Conclusion. In general, the fishery resources of invertebrates in the Russian Seas were fairly stable during 2000 to 2020, and ensured an increase in catch due to more full use.

ROLE OF MARITIME STRATEGY IN RUSSIAN FOREIGN POLICY: A CASE STUDY OF BLACK SEA

Russia is using the Black Sea as a diplomatic tool in its foreign policy to achieve its maritime and foreign policy objectives, which are also linked with the country's strategic culture. This research investigates the significance of the Black Sea in Russia's Maritime Strategy for achieving its foreign policy objectives by using the balance of interest theory. This research employs two conceptual schemas. Firstly, with the help of maritime diplomacy, it analyses a tool to achieve foreign policy objectives in the waters. Secondly, the research uses the concept of strategic culture, which helps explore the diplomatic importance of the Black Sea in Russian foreign policy through the perspective of history and attitudes of decision-makers. This research highlights the case of the Black Sea for Russian maritime strategy, which also has a great economic significance for the region and world. It also highlights the importance of the Black Sea in the Russian maritime doctrine (2022) and links between maritime strategic culture and foreign policy objectives. It concludes that Russia is successfully pursuing its cooperative, coercive, and persuasive maritime diplomacy in the Black Sea region by providing humanitarian assistance, blocking Ukrainian access, and operating a stronghold at Sevastopol port as its naval base. In conclusion, this paper argues that strategic culture plays a vital role in employing the three diplomatic dimensions for achieving maritime objectives in the Black Sea. Bibliography Entry Fatima Sherazi, Anees. 2023. "Role of Maritime Strategy in Russian Foreign Policy: A Case Study of Black Sea." Margalla Papers 27 (2): 115-124.

Количество штормов в некоторых морях России: тренды и связь с крупномасштабными атмосферными индексами

Changes in the recurrence of extreme wind waves in the World Ocean are connected with the global climate change. The end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries are characterized by significant climate warming, the reduction of the Arctic sea ice and changes in the recurrence of various extreme meteorological events. The main motivation of this research is to assess the trends of storm recurrence for the time period from 1979 up to 2020 and to analyze the connection between storminess and large-scale atmospheric circulation indexes. This research contains information about the number of storms that occurred in seven Russian Seas, including the Black, Caspian, Barents, Kara, Bering Seas, the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan/East Sea. These seas are located in different climate conditions determined by the Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic oceans. The analysis of wave climate and storm activity is based on the results of wave modelling by WAVEWATCH III with input NCEP/CFSR wind and ice data. The mean plots, maximum, and 95% percentile sig-nificant wave heights are also presented in the research. Significant linear uptrends in the number of storms were found in the Kara, Caspian, Bering, Okhotsk Seas, and in the Sea of Japan. The relationship between the inter-annual variability of the number of storms and large-scale at-mospheric indexes is considered.

Wind Waves Web Atlas of the Russian Seas

The main parameters of wind waves in the World Ocean are connected with global climate change. Renewable energy technologies, intensive shipping, fishery, marine infrastructure, and many different human marine activities in the coastal zone and open sea need knowledge about the wind-wave climate. The main motivation of this research is to share various wind wave parameters with high spatial resolution in the coastal zone via a modern cartographic web atlas. The developed atlas contains information on 13 Russian Seas, including the Azov, Black, Baltic, Caspian, White, Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi, Bering Seas, the Sea of Okhotsk, and the Sea of Japan/East Sea. The analysis of wave climate was based on the results of wave modeling by WAVEWATCH III with input NCEP/CFSR wind and ice data. The web atlas was organized using the classic three-tier architecture, which includes a data storage subsystem (database server), a data analysis and publishing subsystem (GIS server), and a web application subsystem that provides a user interface for interacting with data and map services (webserver). The web atlas provides access to the following parameters: mean and maximum significant wave height, wave length and period, wave energy flux, wind speed, and wind power. The developed atlas allows changing the map scale (zoom) for detailed analysis of wave parameters in the coastal zones where the wave model spatial resolution is 300–1000 m.

Natural degradation of spilt fuel oil on seacoasts: Modelling, mapping, and spatial analysis

In recent decades, numerous oil spills have occurred worldwide and affected coastal environments. In the present paper, we analysed the results of long-term (up to 18 years) field and laboratory studies of temporal changes in the quantity and composition of oil slicks and tar balls in different geographical environments polluted by spilt fuel oil, including the Atlantic coasts of France and Spain, the coasts of the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea in Russia. The empirical statistical model developed in this research allowed us to identify the most significant environmental parameters during the oil pollution transformation process. We used these parameters to evaluate the potential rates of natural degradation of spilt oil stranded ashore and to develop a cartographic model. This is the first time a study offers quantitative maps of the potential of spilt oil natural transformation rates. These maps can be used to identify the most vulnerable seacoasts and to optimise the clean-up techniques.

Риск-ориентированный подход как метод исследования воздействия техногенного подводного шума на морские экосистемы

Object and purpose of research. This paper discusses the effect of man-made underwater noise upon marine ecosystems. The purpose was to investigate the international practice of applying the risk-oriented approach to determination of environmental impact for man-made underwater noise in terms of marine ecosystems, as well as to discuss the introduction of risk management tools and conceptual models of ecosystem-based management of man-made underwater noise, including the Arctic areas. Subject matter and methods. This paper is based upon the methodical materials developed by KSRC, international risk management standards, as well as Russian and foreign publications in this field. The study relies on system analysis methods. Main results. The study analysed the results of international investigations regarding the assessment of man-made underwater noise effect upon marine ecosystems using the methodology of environmental risk management. It also discussed conceptual approaches to the assessment of marine noise pollution. As a case study, this paper discussed a regional environmental risk assessment in terms of shipping noise effect upon whales. The study concludes that risk-based and ecosystem-oriented approaches are possible and practicable to apply in man-made underwater noise management so as to preserve biodiversity and environmental status of Russian seas. Conclusion. International projects and programs rely on risk-based assessments in their approaches to the investigation of man-made underwater noise effect upon marine ecosystems. Russia needs its own scientific basis for man-made underwater noise management based on the methodology and practice of risk-oriented approach.

Основные источники подводного шума морских судов, морских нефтегазопромысловых сооружений и объектов портовой инфраструктуры

Object and purpose of research. This paper is a part of efforts to draft a Russian Federation national standard (Standard), including general description of the man-made underwater noise radiated from marine vessels, oil & gas production platforms and port infrastructure facilities. Materials and methods. The paper is concerned with the sources of underwater noise radiated in the process of marine industry and transportation activities across the Northern Sea Route and other Russian seas. Information about underwater radiated noise, including ice conditions, is based on the analysis of publications and mass media data on this subject, as well as experience of Krylov Centre researchers. Main results. Primary sources of man-made underwater noise radiated from marine vessels, oil & gas production platforms and port infrastructure are assessed. The results are intended to be used for preparation of a draft Standard for regulating the man-made noise across Russian seas. Conclusion. The technical description of marine structures given in the paper makes it possible to identify main vectors of standardization for their underwater noise parameters.

Coordination of Economic and Defense Activities in the Pacific Region

Europe — Eurasia — Asia. Each continent of the vast continent corresponds to a dominant continental power, respectively Germany — Russia — China; in one of them (China), in the zone of conjugation of the Eurasian and Asian continental civilizations, that is, in the Russian-Chinese borderland, a new regional entity is emerging and developing with the attributes of a maritime civilization.Aim. The aim of the study is to solve the scientific problem of matching the national interests of the two countries within this regional maritime space.Tasks. To achieve the goal of the study, the following tasks are being solved: to substantiate the structure of the allocated geopolitical entity and to identify the directions of interaction between the two countries on the basis of coordinating economic and defense activities in the Pacific region.Methods. In this work, the methodological tools of spatial economics and the theory of new economic geography are used, which make it possible to combine geopolitical and economic (geoeconomic) imperatives in a localized space when coordinating joint activities. The core of this formation is the three seas of the Pacific basin adjacent to the territory of China. However, China’s strategic interests extend further, to the north, into the water area of at least two Russian seas. Thus, Russia is also involved in joint maritime activities within the Pacific region.Results. As a result, this creates a space of common national interests, which covers the waters of the five seas and adjacent territories. The regional core of this formation tends to expand, north, east and south, and further west, into the Indian Ocean.Conclusion. The conclusions of the study are that the maritime (more precisely, naval) activities of the two continental powers are essentially becoming the basis of cooperation and cooperation between Russia and China, since Russia can contribute to the implementation of China’s vast national interests only in the defense sphere, providing, in addition, significant, political support for China. As for economic activity, first of all, while meeting the growing demand of the Chinese economy for energy resources (oil, gas and coal), the prospects in this direction lie outside the current planning horizons (until 2035) when implementing large Arctic gas projects. in the water area of the Gulf of Ob “Arctic LNG 1, 2, 3”.

Determining factors of the unconsolidated rocks of Cenomanian reservoir on the Bolshekhetskaya depression

The relevance of the article is associated with the importance of the object of the research. Dozens of unique and giant oil and gas fields, such as Urengoyskoye, Medvezhye, Yamburgskoye, Vyngapurovskoye, Messoyakhskoye, Nakhodkinskoye, Russkoye, have been identified within the Cenomanian complex. The main feature of Cenomanian rocks is their slow rock cementation. This leads to significant difficulties in core sampling and the following studies of it; that is the direct and most informative source of data on the composition and properties of rocks that create a geological section.The identification of the factors, which determine the slow rock cementation of reservoir rocks, allows establishing a certain order in sampling and laboratory core studies. Consequently, reliable data on the reservoir and estimation of hydrocarbon reserves both of discovered and exploited fields and newly discovered fields that are being developed on the territory of the Gydan peninsula and the Bolshekhetskaya depression will be obtained. This study is also important for the exploration and development of hydrocarbon resources of the continental shelf in the waters of the Arctic seas of Russia as one of the most promising areas.As a result of the analysis, it was found that the formation of rocks of the PK1-3 Cenomanian age of the Bolshekhetskaya depression happened under conditions of normal compaction of terrigenous sedimentary rocks that are located in the West Siberian basin. Slow rock cementation of reservoir rocks is associated with relatively low thermobaric conditions of their occurrence, as well as the low content of clay and absence of carbonate cements. Their lithological and petrophysical characteristics are close to the analogous Cenomanian deposits of the northern fields of Western Siberia and can be applied to other unconsolidated rocks studied areas.

Use of High-Resolution Satellite Imagery in Prospecting for Coastal Placers and Deposits of Hydrocarbons in the Northern Seas of Russia

Use of High-Resolution Satellite Imagery in Prospecting for Coastal Placers and Deposits of Hydrocarbons in the Northern Seas of Russia

Numbers and Seasonal Distribution of the Western Population of the King Eider (Somateria spectabilis): Monitoring Organization in the Northern Seas of Russia

Numbers and Seasonal Distribution of the Western Population of the King Eider (Somateria spectabilis): Monitoring Organization in the Northern Seas of Russia

Investigations of plastic contamination of seawater, marine and coastal sediments in the Russian seas: a review.

Twelve seas with an integral coastline length of about 38,000 km wash upon the Russian coasts. They belong to the basins of the Atlantic, the Arctic, and the Pacific Oceans and stretch over temperate, subpolar, and polar climate zones. This review of 32 studies published between 2015 and August 2020 analyses the available peer-reviewed scientific publications related to the topic of plastic contamination. At present, plastic contamination of the marine environments is confirmed by field investigations in 7 out of 12 Russian seas. Pollution levels vary widely: from 0.6 to 336,000 items/m3 for microplastics in water and from 1.3 to 10,179 items/kg (DW)-in sediments, while median macroplastics abundance is around 1.0 item/m2 at the coast. One monitoring survey of the Barents Sea reported mean macroplastics concentration in the upper 60 m as 0.011 mg/m3 and 2.9 kg/km2 at the sea floor. The identification of the polymer types with spectroscopy techniques is performed only in 9 studies (28%); most researchers use visual identification which makes the results difficult to compare. Most projects aimed at the plastic contamination research use their own collection and extraction methods that poorly agree with other studies. Since the pollution levels in most of the areas are relatively low, sampling is inhomogeneous in space and time. The most extensively studied areas are the beaches of the Baltic Sea, while the least examined is the Arctic region. Our study highlights the need for a discussion on harmonizing sampling methodology and identification techniques among different studies.

New and Little-Known Species of Macroalgae from the Far Eastern Seas of Russia

New and Little-Known Species of Macroalgae from the Far Eastern Seas of Russia

Рыбные ресурсы арктических морей России и возможности их эксплуатации

The article provides information on modern fishery and the state of aquatic bioresources in the seas of Russia's Arctic. The conclusion is made about the active development of fishery and aquaculture in the nearest decade. It is proposed to start fishery zoning of Russia's Arctic seas using the methodology of marine spatial planning.

A STUDY ON TREND AND GROWTH OF GRAPE IN TAMIL NADU

In this paper analysis Area, Production and Productivity of Grape in Tamil Nadu during the year from 2008-09 to 2017-18.Grape cultivation is believed to have originated in Armenia near the Caspian Sea in Russia, from where it spread westward to Europe and eastward to Iran and Afghanistan. The estimated total world production for grapes in 2018 was 79,125,982 metric tons up by 6.5 per cent from 74,276,583 tons in 2017. China was the largest producer of grapes, accounting for 16.9 per cent of global production. Italy came second at 10.8 per cent, followed by the United States at 8.7 per cent. In Tamil Nadu level, the productivity in the beginning year was 29.80 million tons and 27.27 million tons in the end year, however during middle of the period the productivity was zigzag movement respectively. The rate of decline in compounded term (CAGR = -2.81, t = -3.75, P = < 0.05) is marginally significant at 5 per cent level. The rate of decline production & productivity in compounded term (CAGR = -6.18, t = -2.00, P = < 0.01) and (CAGR = -3.74, t = -1.11, P = 0.01) are marginally significant at 1 per cent level. It is found that production and productivity are ups and down movement throughout the period.

On the identification of marine bottom macrophyte associations in the north-western Tatar Strait

Based on the analysis of algological survey materials in the northwestern Tatar Strait, a method for identifying bottom macrophyte assemblages based on the dominant-physiognomical approach was developed. An excess of abundance limits sets dominants of each association. Each association is distinguished and named by only one, the most abundant dominant of the primary vegetation layer. To describe the associations, two abundance indicators were used: projective vegetation cover (the primary) and relative biomass (the additional). Using quantitative abundance indicators makes the сharacteristics of associations verifiable, comparable, and fit for statistical processing. The proposed methodology allows identifying vegetative assemblages unambiguously and carrying out the vegetation mapping by the physiognomical outlook of assemblages. It is especially actual during surveys in severe conditions of the far eastern and north Russian seas.