Sea Grape Research Articles

Mineral Content Comparison of Sea Grapes (Caulerpa lentillifera) Cultivated in Controlled and Free Waters

The availability of sea grapes is still very limited, so activities are needed to support the preservation of sea grapes that are rich in mineral content. This research aims to determine growth, water quality, and comparison of mineral content found in C. lentillifera. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. As a research model, namely the mineral content of C. lentillifera in cultivation sites and free waters. On the growth of C. lentillifera, calculate the number of ramuli and water quality, such as pH, temperature, and salinity, with a water quality checker. Data on the mineral content in C. lentillifera was obtained by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Based on the results of absorption measurements from several solutions at the cultivation location, the results for Potassium (K) were 2,592.364 mg/kg, Calcium (Ca) with a yield of 896.033 mg/kg, Iron (Fe) with a total of 174.323 mg/kg and for Zinc ( Zn) of 468.804 mg/kg. In the waters of Serangan, based on the results of absorption measurements from several standard solutions, Potassium (K) obtained results of 2,169,732 mg/kg, Calcium (Ca) with results of 1,677,829 mg/kg, Iron (Fe) with results of 1,669.607 mg /kg and for zinc (Zn) with a yield of 44,090 mg/kg.

Culturing delicacies: Potential to integrate the gastropod Babylonia areolata into pond cultures of Caulerpa lentillifera

In Van Phong Bay, Viet Nam, the economically important macroalgae sea grapes (Caulerpa lentillifera; Caulerpaceae, Bryopsidales) and the spotted babylon snail (Babylonia areolata) are cultivated in tidal ponds in close proximity. A co-culture in the same pond could benefit farmers by saving space and mitigating potential eutrophication. The study assessed the co-culture potential of sea grapes and spotted babylon snails held within the same system. In an outdoor experiment, three different treatments (algae and snails together, algae and snails spatially separated, only algae) were assessed for their effect on water quality, biomass properties and size increase of both organisms, photosynthetic efficiency, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content of the macroalgae and survival of the snails. In a second (indoor) experiment, the influence of different snail densities on the physiological state of the macroalgae was investigated. In both experiments, the presence of the snails raised the concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and phosphate (PO4). The co-culture had a positive effect on both growth and physiology of the sea grapes. Sea grapes on trays and co-cultured with Babylonia showed the highest increase in biomass. Babylonia growth and survival were not affected by spatial separation of the alga and high stocking densities could be implemented without negatively affecting the seaweed. The results are promising regarding the establishment of co-cultures and indicate the economic feasibility of integrating B. areolata snails into C. lentillifera pond cultures.

Baseline Assessment of Marine Resources Caught by Fishermen in Selected Coastal Barangays of Cawayan, Masbate, Philippines

Marine resources have been essential for human consumption and livelihood activities, particularly for small-scale fishermen in the fishing industry. This study employed a descriptive research design, utilizing interviews and structured survey questionnaires for data collection. The findings revealed the presence of 28 fish species caught by the fishermen in Cawayan, including Asian seabass, bisugo, dolphin fish, giant trevally, gold band goatfish, grouper, lattice monocle bream, mackerel tuna, mullet, needlefish, narrow barred, octopus, oxeye scad, pink shrimp, pin spotted spinefoot, pony fish, sardines, sailfish, shark, short mackerel, slip mouth fish, squid, stingray, threadfin emperor, whiting, and yellow stripe scad. The study also identified five shellfish species, namely baler shell, fierce shell, mother-of-pearl shell, scallop, and ark shell. Seaweed species, including sea moss and sea grapes, as well as the presence of blue crab, contributed to the diverse marine ecosystem. Age emerged as a significant factor in fishing, as older fishermen exhibited extensive knowledge and expertise in identifying the caught fish species. Younger individuals, on the other hand, demonstrated physical strength and minimized the risk of work-related injuries. Notably, a significant portion of fishermen (32%) operated boats they did not own, with motorboats being the preferred choice for the majority (93%). Additionally, 72% of respondents indicated that their fishing income covered only their daily expenses, while 57% lacked alternative sources of income during unfavorable weather conditions. The researchers recommend educating and equipping fishermen with the latest fishing knowledge and skills, facilitated by collaborative efforts among the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), local government units (LGUs), community extensionists, and extension workers. Sharing sustainable and advanced fishing practices will contribute to the well-being and long-term prosperity of fishing communities.

The Effect of Combination of Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera) and Shallot Crude Extract (Allium cepa L.) on the Growth of Caulerpa racemosa

Caulerpa racemosa (sea grape) widely known to the public as highly nutritious food ingredients whose availability only relies on nature. This resulted in the production of C. racemosa which was not continuous. One way to increase the production of seaweed seeds was by soaking the seaweed seeds in growth hormone. Natural growth regulators are found in many plants, such as coconut water and shallots, which contain the hormones cytokinin and auxin, respectively. This hormone is able to grow stems and roots if used in the right dosage. The treatments were soaking for 0 minutes (A), 30 minutes (B), 40 minutes (C) and 50 minutes (D). Seeds used as much as 600 g. Rearing was carried out for 30 days in a concrete pond filled with substrate in the form of sandy mud and sea water. The data obtained during the study included morphology, absolute weight growth, specific growth rate (SGR) and water quality. Data analysis with ANOVA and Duncan’s test was performed. Soaking C. racemosa in a combination of 25% coconut water and 10% crude extract of shallots for different lengths of time gave significantly different results (P<0.05). Treatment C showed the highest yield with absolute weight growth value of 214.33±9.4g. Water quality parameters within the appropriate range for the growth of C. racemosa.

The Effect of Maltodextrin Concentration and Roasting Time on the Physicochemical and Sensory Characteristics of Nori Snack Made from Sea Grape (Caulerpa sp.)

Nori snack is dried edible seaweed, which is made from drying and roasting so its texture is crispy and thin. Commercial nori snack is usually made from Porphyra seaweed which cannot be cultivated in Indonesia. Sea grapes (Caulerpa sp.), a local seaweed that is widely cultivated in Indonesia, have the potential to be used as an alternative material for nori snacks. The formation of nori with the addition of Eucheuma cottonii gives a nori snack texture that tends to be elastic and less crunchy. Crispness is the main parameter to consider in choosing nori snacks. The addition of maltodextrin as a texture enhancer is needed to give a compact and crispy texture, and roasting time can also increase the level of crispness in nori products. This study aims to determine the physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of sea grape nori snacks (Caulerpa sp.). Factorial completely randomized design (CDR) with two factors. Factor I was the maltodextrin concentration (1, 2, and 3%), while factor II was a roasting time (1, 2, and 3 minutes) and two replications. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and followed by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at the 5% significance level. The best treatment was the addition of 3% maltodextrin and a roasting time of 3 minutes. The results obtained were a moisture content of 6.13%, ash content of 12.45%, protein content of 17,07%, a yield of 6.22%, a breaking strength of 5.23%, and an average score of preference for the aroma of 2.8 (dislike), the colour of 3.5 (standard), the taste of 4.05 (like), and crispness of 4.10 (like).&#x0D;

Abundance and distribution of microplastics in seawater, sediment, and macroalgae sea grapes Caulerpa racemosa from Semak Daun Island, Jakarta Bay, Indonesia

Abstract. Patria MP, Kholis N, Anggreini D, Buyong F. 2023. Abundance and distribution of microplastics in seawater, sediment, and macroalgae sea grapes Caulerpa racemosa from Semak Daun Island, Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 3424-3430. Microplastic pollution in marine ecosystems poses a significant global concern, specifically regarding the security of food derived from the sea. Macroalgae, as a food source from the sea, can be susceptible to contamination by microplastics. This research assessed the abundance and forms of microplastics in macroalgae sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa (Forssk.) J.Agardh) collected from Semak Daun Island within the Seribu Island National Park. Additionally, the impact of washing and stirring on microplastic abundance was examined in macroalgae. The average number of microplastics and their identification showed that the washed, stirred, and NaOH-treated macroalgae samples contained an average abundance of 3.28±0.31 particles/g, 5.06±0.59 particles/g, and 2.0±0.81 particles/g, respectively. Furthermore, microplastics were detected in seawater and sediment samples, with an average abundance of 8.2±2.19 particles/L and 15,200±4,932 particles/Kg, respectively. Fragmented microplastics were the predominant form in macroalgae, while fibrous microplastics dominated seawater and sediment samples. Significant differences were observed between the washed and stirred samples (p = 0.009), where the stirred sample exhibited a higher reduction percentage. Microplastics in edible macroalgae indicated the potential hazards of exposure and subsequent accumulation in the human body.

Bioecology study of Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) in the northern coastal area of Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara

Holothuroidea is one of the marine biotas with crucial economic value in Asia and is usually served fresh or dried in various cuisines. Although it has significant market demand, the potential of sea cucumbers in the northern part of Timor Island has yet to be investigated. This study was carried out to understand existing bioecological conditions and investigate the location’s suitability to support the development of sea cucumber farming in this area. The method employed in the bioecology study followed a line transect and quadrants perpendicular to the beach. Various water quality measurements were applied to quantify the location suitability index. The results observed four species in the Poanboun coastal area: Holothuria leucospilota, H. hilla, Bohadschia argus, and H. atra (the order indicates the highest to lowest density and abundance). The substrate types in the area were a combination of sandy, muddy sand, coral fragments, and surrounded sea grapes macroalgae. The region has a high location suitability index where secluded area, water depth and bed, temperature, salinity, pH, DO, and wave conditions are prime indicators to support the suitability, followed by water clarity and current as secondary (quite supportive indicators).

Sea grape (Caulerpa lentillifera) aquaculture in Van Phong Bay, Viet Nam: Evaluation of the post-harvest quality

Caulerpa lentillifera, known as `sea grapes´ or `green caviar´, is increasingly in demand as a sea vegetable for human consumption. The seaweed is cultivated in ponds in the Khánh Hòa province in Van Phong Bay, Viet Nam, during the dry season (March-October). The harvested sea grape fronds are graded into different qualities based on their physical characteristics for retail on the local market or for export. Based on systematic observations of sea grape fronds of two different qualities, the frond weight, frond length and rachis coloration were identified as physical characteristics important for grading. Fronds of the best quality had significantly longer (12.59 ± 2.89 vs 10.01 ± 2.51 cm) and heavier (2.37 ± 0.59 vs 1.60 ± 0.5 g) fronds with darker rachis than the other quality group. However, a logistic regression model revealed that frond weight was the best predictor of frond quality. The physiological parameter of Fv/Fm was slightly different between the qualities, but always with means > 0.7, whereas the antioxidant activity and the total phenolic content were similar (98.34 ± 19.22 vs 95.96 ± 24.98 mmol TE (100 g)−1 DW and 163.8 ± 20.14 vs 149.85 ± 15.44 mg GAE (100 g)−1 DW). To the best of our knowledge, this study took a first approach to identify quality characteristics of sea grape fronds from Van Phong Bay, Viet Nam, which can serve as a basis for adjusting cultivation parameters to improve the harvest quality by developing cultivation and post-harvest protocols. However, further research is needed to investigate the effect of certain cultivation parameters on the specific frond characteristics.

The Analysis of Antioxidant Capacities and Sensory in Sea Grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) Powdered Drink as a Therapeutic Obesity

Background: Obesity is a global problem which increasing simultaneously. The high-fat accumulation in the body will result from mild chronic inflammation. Developing a local drink based on seagrapes (Caulerpa racemose) is thought to have a high antioxidant capacity and the potential to become an alternative therapeutic drink for obese people. Seagrapes are easily damaged, so proper drying is needed to maintain antioxidant potential and assisted by adding gum arabic to increase the acceptability. Objectives: To analyze the antioxidant capacity and sensory of sea grapes powder drink (Caulerpa racemose). Methods: The design experiment research was utterly randomized and only used one gum Arabic treatment with a 2.5, 5, and 10% concentration and three replication as sea grapes powder drink samples. The samples were analyzed to seek the antioxidant capacity of DPPH (2,2-diphenyi-1-picrylhydrazyl), CUPRAC (Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity), and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power). Then research data were analyzed by employing ANOVA and Duncan's follow-up test. Results: The higher concentration of gum Arabic has significantly increased the antioxidant capacity. DPPH, CUPRAC, and FRAP values in 10% gum Arabic concentration were 13.21±0.1 mg/100 g, 25.26±0.5 mg, and 2.89±0.3mg/g. Based on the sensory test results, the panelists preferred the 10% gum Arabic concentration because the color is lighter, can minimize odor and viscosity, and taste better. Conclusions: Seagrapes powder drink with a concentration of 10% gum Arabic has the potential as a therapeutic obesity with the highest antioxidant capacity and is sensory acceptable.

The effect of extraction methods on total phenolics and antioxidant activities in Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh extracts

Background: The edible green algae Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh (Caulerpaceae), also known as “sea grape”, is an excellent source of phenolic compounds known for their activity to reduce free radicals.Objectives: The research aims to evaluate the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of C. racemosa (70% ethanol extracts) obtained from different extraction methods, such as maceration, Soxhlet, and ultrasound.Methods: Total phenolics of the extracts were determined by the colorimetry method using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Total phenol content was expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per g extract. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical was used to assess the antioxidant activity of the extracts.Results: the ethanol extract of C. racemosa obtained from the ultrasonic methods had the highest phenolic content (39.38 mg GAE/g) compared to other extraction methods (Soxhlet was 37.31 mg GAE/g and maceration was 22.05 mg GAE/g). The IC50 value against DPPH of the C. racemosa ethanol extracts using ultrasonic, Soxhlet, and maceration was 352.95, 365.73, and 375.84 μg/mL, respectively.Conclusions: the variation of the extraction methods affected the total phenolics content of C. racemosa ethanol extracts and their antioxidant activity. We reported here the potential of C. racemosa extracts as an antioxidant raw material from marine plants for medicinal, nutraceutical, cosmetics, and food products; however, more research is needed.

Morphological and physiological responses of Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. seedlings of dif ferent origin to salt stress

The salinity of soils and water for irrigation is a limitation that influences the productivity of crops that has increased worldwide and af fects the morphology and physiology of plants since it causes osmotic stress and ionic toxicity and impairs the absorption of water and nutrients. The ef fect of salt stress on some morphological and physiological traits in Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. (sea grape) seedlings from dif ferent origins was evaluated and the traits whose behavior under salt stress could be used as an ef fective criterion of tolerance to salinity were determined. A completely randomized design experiment with ten repetitions was performed. The factors under study were salinity (0, 5, 15, and 25 dS m-1), which was maintained for a period of sixteen weeks, and the second factor was the origin of the plant material. The salinity level and the seedlings’ origin significantly influenced the morphological and physiological variables controlled. However, it is necessary to carry out in situ experiments to obtain more information related to the mechanisms used by sea grape to tolerate salinity conditions, because in the consulted sources no research focused on evaluating the ef fect of salinity and the origin on the morphology and physiology of C. uvifera seedlings in Cuba has been found. The results of the research provide preliminary information to understand the negative ef fect of salt stress on this type of plant. The behavior of some controlled traits under salt stress can be used as an ef fective criterion of tolerance to salinity.

Antioxidant Activity Test of Caulerpa racemosa Extract from Takalar District Using the FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) Method

Sea grapes or Caulerpa racemosa contain alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenols and steroids. These compositions work as antioxidants. Antioxidants are compounds that can contribute one or more electrons to free radicals, so that the free radicals can be suppressed. The goal of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of sea grape (Caulerpa racemosa) extract using the FRAP method. Extraction of sea grapes (Caulerpa racemosa) applied maceration and methanol methods. Absorbance of antioxidant activity was measured using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 700 nm. The results showed that sea grape extract (Caulerpa racemosa) had an antioxidant activity of 152 mg AAE/g extract. It means that in each gram of extract, it is equivalent to 152 mg of ascorbic acid.

Uji Aktivitas Sitotoksik Ekstrak Etanol Anggur Laut (Caulerpa racemosa) dengan Metode BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test)

Indonesia, especially in the Riau Islands has abundant marine biological natural resources. So that it can be used as the basic ingredient of a search for medicinal or medicinal materials. One of them is the caulerpa racemosa sea grape type from the green algae group which contains a variety of secondary metabolites with bioactive compounds that are cytotoxic to kill cancer cells. This study aims to determine the cytotoxic activity of sea grape ethanol extract originating from Terih Village, Nongsa Beach, Riau Islands. The method had been used the BSLT method with Artemia Salina Leach larvae as the test animal. The results showed that the ethanol extract of terih beach sea grape, Nongsa contains alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, saponins and phenolics. The results of the cytotoxic test of sea grape ethanol extract showed results with an LC50 value of 2,154 ppm. From this study, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of sea grapes is not cytotoxic with a value of LC50 &gt; 1000 ppm so it does not have the potential to be a basic ingredient for anticancer testing.

Financial Analysis of Sea Grape Cultivation (Caulerpa sp) Basic Plugging System Quadrant Net Method in Southeast Maluku Regency

Sea grape cultivation (Caulerpa sp) is a fishery business activity that can increase the income of coastal communities; therefore, it is necessary to project profit and business opportunities in the future on an ongoing basis based on the profitability. This study aims to analyze the financial feasibility of sea grape (Caulerpa sp) cultivation with basic plugging system quadrant net method. This study used survey research methods, the type of data needed is primary and secondary data, data collection used a purposive sampling technique, and data collection used a triangulation method. Data analysis consists of total production costs, revenue, profit, break-even point and R/C ratio. The results of the financial analysis of the sea grape cultivation business (Caulerpa sp) using the quadrant net step-by-step system method show that the total production cost is IDR 3,368,333/year, business revenue is IDR 12,600,000/year, the business owner's profit is IDR 9,231,667/year, R/C ratio is 3.74, BEP (unit) is 21 kg and BEP (sales) is IDR 317,106. Sea grape cultivation (Caulerpa sp) with basic plugging system quadrant net method is financially feasible to be developed in order to increase in the people income in the coastal areas of Southeast Maluku Regency.

AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN PADA EKSTRAK ETANOL 96% ANGGUR LAUT (Caulerpa racemosa) YANG BERASAL DARI PANTAI CIMANDIRI, KABUPATEN LEBAK-BANTEN

Seaweed is known to have the ability as an antioxidant, antibacterial, and immunostimulant. Antioxidants are compounds that can inhibit free radical oxidation reactions. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of 96% ethanol extract of sea grapes (C.racemosa). Sea grapes extract (C.racemosa) for extract characteristics (moisture content and ash content), phytochemical analysis, heavy metal test, and antioxidant analysis using the DPPH method. The results of the characteristic test of the extract obtained water content (14.49%) and ash content (0.30%), these values ??did not exceed the standard extract values. The results of the phytochemical analysis showed that 96% ethanol extract of sea grapes (C.racemosa) contained steroid/triterpenoid compounds, flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids. The levels of heavy metals found were still within safe limits, namely, lead (Pb) (TTD), mercury (Hg) (&lt;0.001 ppm), Arsenic (As) (&lt;0.001 ppm), and Cadmium (Cd) (0.005 ppm). The test results showed that the sea grape (C.racemosa) used was safe and free from heavy metal contamination. The results of antioxidant analysis on 96% ethanol extract of sea grape (C.racemosa) obtained an IC50 value of 237.51 mg/L. The IC50 value for quercetin is 9.52 mg/L. The results of antioxidant analysis on 96% ethanol extract of sea grapes (C.racemosa) were included in the moderate antioxidant range (100-250 mg/L). Sea grapes (C.racemosa) have the potential as a natural antioxidant.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Sea Grape Caulerpa Racemosa Carbon Stock Productivity with Enviteg Aquafarm Cultivation Technology

Global climate change that occurs due to various activities carried out by humans in an effort to meet the needs of life such as conversion of residential land, industrial development, mono-culture plantations and forest burning. This condition will cause the depletion of plants as free carbon absorbers. The purpose of this study was to determine the value and productivity of the carbon stock of C.racemosa sea grapes as a cultivated commodity that could be superior. The results showed that C.racemosa had carbon reserves (ash content) of 2.98% of its body and was able to contribute carbon in nature of 32.18 kg/ha to 307.31 kg/ha based on location in Bintan and 97.78 kg/ha. ha up to 130.78 Kg/ha based on the wind season. This shows that C. racemosa besides being able to be used for meeting needs can also be developed as carbon stocks in the waters.

Antifungal Activity Test of Ethanol Extracts and Ethyl Acetate and N-Hexane Fraction of Sea Grapes (Caulerpa Racemosa) on the Growth of the Fungi Trichophyton mentagrophytes

BACKGROUND: Sea grape (Caulerpa racemosa) is one of the marine plants that produce active compounds that can be used as medicinal ingredients with antifungal properties to inhibit fungal growth. AIM: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the ethanolic extract of the ethyl acetate fraction and n-Hexane of sea grapes taken from Kampung Terih, Riau Islands could inhibit the growth of the fungus Trichophyton mentagrophytes. METHODS: The antifungal activity was tested using the paper disk diffusion method with variant concentrations of ethanol extract, namely, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, ethyl acetate and n-hexane fractions were 20,000 ppm, 30,000 ppm, 40,000 ppm, and 50,000 ppm. RESULTS: The results showed that the ethanolic extract of sea grapes could inhibit the growth of T. mentagrophytes fungus with the formation of an average diameter at each concentration of 0 mm; 3.4 mm; 5.4 mm; and 8.4 mm. The ethyl acetate fraction of Sea grapes formed an average diameter at each concentration of 9.7 mm; 11.51 mm; 13.5 mm; 15.8 mm. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the ethanol extract and the ethyl acetate fraction of sea grapes could inhibit the fungus T. mentagrophytes with moderate inhibition, while the n-hexane fraction of sea grapes could not inhibit the fungus T. mentagrophytes.

Caulerpa lentillifera improves ethanol-induced liver injury and modulates the gut microbiota in rats

Caulerpa lentillifera (CL), also called sea grape, is a type of edible green alga which was reported to have antioxidative and immunomodulatory potential. This study aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of CL in a rat model of chronic ethanol exposure. Wistar rats were assigned to four groups and supplied with an isocaloric control liquid diet (group C), an ethanol liquid diet (group E), a control liquid diet supplemented with 5% CL (group CC), or an ethanol liquid diet supplemented with 5% CL (group EC) for a 12-week experimental period. Ethanol feeding induced steatosis, inflammation, and changes in the gut microbiota by the end of the study, whereas CL supplementation significantly improved liver injuries and decreased circulatory endotoxin levels. Moreover, we also found that CL reversed ethanol-induced elevation of hepatic toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), MyD88 protein expression, the phosphorylated-nuclear factor (NF)-κB-to–NF–κB ratio, and proinflammatory cytokine concentrations. Additionally, CL also increased the abundance of Akkermansia and tight junction proteins and diminished the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio. Dietary CL inhibited the progression of alcoholic liver disease, and some of the possible mechanisms may be strengthening the intestinal barrier function, alleviating dysbiosis, and modulating the TLR4 pathway.

Microencapsulation of Phenolic Extract from Sea Grape (Coccoloba uvifera L.) with Antimutagenic Activity.

This study aimed to microencapsulate the sea grape ethanolic extract by the spray drying process, characterizing the obtained powder, and evaluating its antimutagenicity activity. Microparticles showed a mean size of 6.28 μm and a spherical shape with a smooth surface. The powder had a low moisture content (4.02±0.92 %) and water activity (0.27±0.01), and high solubility (76±3.60 %). Moreover, hygroscopicity (14.75±2.63 g/100 g of powder) and bulk density (0.63±0.03 g/cm3 ) values suggested that this powder can be easily handled at a pilot or industrial scale. In addition, microencapsulation protected the extract against oxidation by ultraviolet light, improved its thermal stability, and its antimutagenicity activity was similar to fresh sea grape extract. In conclusion, the microencapsulation with maltodextrin by spray drying technique is an alternative to protect bioactive compounds from sea grapes against environmental conditions, maintaining their antimutagenic activity.

Sequential ultrasound-assisted digestion procedure for determination of cadmium and lead contaminants in sea grapes and some seaweed products

Sequential ultrasound-assisted digestion procedure for determination of cadmium and lead contaminants in sea grapes and some seaweed products