Sea Cucumber Research Articles

Identification and Analysis of the Nutrition Value of Black Teripang (Holothuriaedulis) and Sand Teripang (Holothuria Scabra) In the Waitiu Flow of Lewolema District

Indonesia is a country with a large area of ​​water, with enormous potential for marine biodiversity which is useful as food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. There are several marine biota that produce secondary metabolites that are beneficial to humans, including microorganisms, blue green algae, green algae, brown algae, red algae, sponges, coelenterates, bryozoans, molluscs and sea cucumbers (echinoderms). Sea cucumbers are marine animals classified in the phylum Echinodermata, class Holothuroidea. This animal lives on sandy substrates or can be found in coral ecosystems. Sea cucumbers have complete and quite high nutritional content, but the existence of sea cucumbers with a high population in East Flores Regency has not been utilized properly. This study aims to identify and analyze the nutritional content of Sand Sea Cucumber (Holothuria Scabra) and Black Sea Cucumber (Holothuria Edulis). Identification is based on morphology and body color and spicules of the dorsal integument tissue, while the analysis of nutritional value includes water content and ash content using the gravimetric method, protein content using the Kjeldahl method, fat content using the Soxhlet method and carbohydrate content using the by difference method. The results of the study showed that the nutritional content of Sand Sea Cucumber (Holothuria Scabra) was 5.472% water content, 51.056% ash content, 27.072% protein content, 1.449% fat content and 20.424% carbohydrate content, while the nutritional content of Black Sea Cucumber (Holothuria Edulis) was 6.214% water content, 18.864% ash content, 51.636% protein content, 0.659% fat content and 28.841% carbohydrate content.

Structural Characterization and Profiles of Saponins from Two Algerian Sea Cucumbers

Sea cucumbers are benthic marine invertebrate members of the phylum Echinodermata. Due to the absence of a rigid skeleton, these species have developed chemical defenses based on the production of saponins (triterpene glycosides). These secondary metabolites are bioactive molecules with a broad biological, ecological, and pharmaceutical spectrum. However, the saponin profiles of several species of sea cucumbers are not known yet. The present study aims to highlight the mixture of saponins in two sea cucumber species from the Algerian coast, namely Holothuria (Holothuria) algeriensis, which has been recently described in central and western Algerian waters, and Holothuria (Roweothuria) arguinensis, originating from the Atlantic Ocean and reported in Algeria for the first time in 2014. Saponin extracts from three individuals of H. (H.) algeriensis and two individuals of H. (R.) arguinensis were analyzed using mass spectrometry, i.e., Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), MALDI-High Resolution MS (MALDI-HRMS), Liquid Chromatography MS (LC-MS) and tandem MS (LC-MS/MS). These analyses allow us to detect 11 and 18 elemental compositions for H. (H.) algeriensis and H. (R.) arguinensis, respectively, each presenting several isomers. In total, 13 new saponin structures are proposed, of which four are common between the two species, six are specific to H. (H.) algeriensis and three to H. (R.) arguinensis. The saponin profiles of the two species were compared to those of other species of the same genus existing on the Algerian coast and the results showed that they share non-sulfated saponins with Holothuria (Panningothuria) forskali and Holothuria (Platyperona) sanctori and sulfated saponins with Holothuria (Holothuria) tubulosa and Holothuria (Roweothuria) poli.

Dietary allicin improves behavior, regulates intestinal microbial colonies, and improves behavioral resistance to handling stresses in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus at high temperature

Dietary allicin improves behavior, regulates intestinal microbial colonies, and improves behavioral resistance to handling stresses in the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus at high temperature

Application of the Electrical Microbial Growth Analyzer Method for Efficiently Quantifying Viable Bacteria in Ready-to-Eat Sea Cucumber Products

Accurate and efficient quantification of viable bacteria in ready-to-eat food products is crucial for food safety and public health. The rapid and accurate assessment of foodborne bacteria in complex food matrices remains a significant challenge. Herein a culture-based approach was established for easily quantifying viable bacteria in ready-to-eat sea cucumber (RSC) products. Samples of the liquid companion within the package were directly transferred into test tubes to determine bacterial growth curves and growth rate curves, utilizing the electrical microbial growth analyzer. Viable bacteria in the samples were then quantified based on the time required to attain the maximum growth rate indicated on the growth rate curve. At a concentration of 5.0 × 103 CFU/mL of viable bacteria in the liquid companion, the recovery rates were 108.85–112.77% for Escherichia coli (E. coli) and 107.01–130.54% for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), with standard deviations of 1.60 and 3.92, respectively. For the solid content in the package, the quantification was performed using the same methodology following an additional homogenization step. At a concentration of 5.0 × 103 CFU/mL of viable bacteria in the sample, the recovery rates were 91.94–102.24% for E. coli and 81.43–104.46% for S. aureus, with standard deviations of 2.34 and 2.38, respectively. In instances where the viable bacterial concentration was 5.0 × 103 CFU/mL in RSC products, the total time required for the quantification did not exceed 10.5 h. This method demonstrated advantages over traditional plate counting and PCR methods regarding simplicity and efficiency, representing a promising alternative for the quantification of viable bacteria in food like RSC products.

Transcriptome-wide methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing profiling reveals m6A modification involved in response to heat stress in Apostichopus japonicus.

Global warming-induced environmental stresses have diverse effects on gene expression and regulation in the life processes of various aquatic organisms. N6 adenylate methylation (m6A) modifications are known to influence mRNA transcription, localization, translation, stability, splicing, and nuclear export, which are pivotal in mediating stress responses. Apostichopus japonicus is a significant species in aquaculture and a representative of benthic organisms in ecosystems, thus there is a growing need for research on its heat stress mechanism. In this study, m6A-modified whole transcriptome profiles of the respiratory tree tissues of A. japonicus in the control (T18) and high-temperature stress (T32) groups were obtained using MeRIP-seq technology. The results showed that 7,211 common m6A peaks, and 9,459 genes containing common m6A were identified in three replicates T18 and T32 groups. The m6A peaks were found to be highly enriched in the 3' untranslated region, and the common sequence of the m6A peak was also enriched, which was shown as RRACH (R = G or A; H = A, C, or U). A total of 1,200 peaks were identified as significantly differentially enriched in the T32 group compared with the T18 group. Among them, 245 peaks were upregulated and 955 were downregulated, which indicated that high temperature stress significantly altered the methylation pattern of m6A, and there were more demethylation sites in the T32 group. Conjoint analysis of the m6A methylation modification and the transcript expression level (the MeRIP-seq and RNA-seq data) showed co-differentiated 395 genes were identified, which were subsequently divided into four groups with a predominant pattern that more genes with decreased m6A modification and up-regulated expression, including HSP70IV, EIF2AK1, etc. GO enrichment and KEGG analyses of differential m6A peak related genes and co-differentiated genes showed the genes were significantly associated with transcription process and pathways such as protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, Wnt signaling pathway, and mTOR signaling pathway, etc. CONCLUSION: The comparisons of m6A modification patterns and conjoint analyses of m6A modification and gene expression profiles suggest that m6A modification was involved in the regulation of heat stress-responsive genes and important functional pathways in A. japonicus in response to high-temperature stress. The study will contribute to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of m6A modification in the response of A. japonicus to environmental stress, as well as the conservation and utilization of sea cucumber resources in the context of environmental changes.

Matrikines of Sea Cucumbers: Structure, Biological Activity and Mechanisms of Action

Matrikines (MKs), the products of enzymatic fragmentation of various extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, regulate cellular activity by interacting with specific receptors. MKs affect cell growth, proliferation, and migration, can induce apoptosis and autophagy, and are also effectively used in biomedicine and functional nutrition. Recently, there has been great interest in the structural features and biological activity of MKs from various sources. This review summarized and analyzed the results of modern research on MKs from sea cucumbers, primarily from trepang (MKT). Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the existing knowledge on the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and adaptogenic activities of these MKs and the possible mechanisms of their protective action.

The Effectiveness of Biofloc Technology and Its Application Prospects in Sea Cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) Aquaculture: A Review

This review aims to advance the development of biofloc technology (BFT), providing more sustainable and efficient practices for the farming of the Japanese sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus). BFT is a sustainable aquaculture method that promotes nutrient recycling and effective carbon source management, offering significant advantages such as improving water quality, enhancing growth performance, and boosting the physiological activity and disease resistance of cultured animals. In A. japonicus farming, the optimal carbon source is glucose, and the ideal carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio ranges between 15 and 20. Microbial additives, such as the Bacillus species, have been shown to enhance biofloc formation and growth, as well as the immune responses in A. japonicus. However, the technology also faces limitations, including finding suitable biofloc culture protocols that match the physiological habits of A. japonicus and potential challenges with biofloc stability under varying environmental conditions. Based on existing research, this review discusses these limitations in the farming of A. japonicus. Additionally, it compares biofloc farming models for other economically important aquatic species. By addressing these key aspects, this review offers insights to enhance BFT performance, ultimately contributing to more efficient and sustainable A. japonicus aquaculture practices.

Resistance to temperature change, handling stress, and disease in small sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus in different color morphs

Resistance to temperature change, handling stress, and disease in small sea cucumbers Apostichopus japonicus in different color morphs

Economic viability of seaweed and sea cucumber culture using integrated multitrophic aquaculture systems in Zanzibar, Tanzania

Economic viability of seaweed and sea cucumber culture using integrated multitrophic aquaculture systems in Zanzibar, Tanzania

The Inhibitory Effect and Mechanism of the Histidine-Rich Peptide rAj-HRP from Apostichopus japonicus on Human Colon Cancer HCT116 Cells.

Colon cancer is a common and lethal malignancy, ranking second in global cancer-related mortality, highlighting the urgent need for novel targeted therapies. The sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) is a marine organism known for its medicinal properties. After conducting a bioinformatics analysis of the cDNA library of Apostichopus japonicus, we found and cloned a cDNA sequence encoding histidine-rich peptides, and the recombinant peptide was named rAj-HRP. Human histidine-rich peptides are known for their anti-cancer properties, raising questions as to whether rAj-HRP might exhibit similar effects. To investigate whether rAj-HRP can inhibit colon cancer, we used human colon cancer HCT116 cells as a model and studied the tumor suppressive activity in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that rAj-HRP inhibited HCT116 cell proliferation, migration, and adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in vitro. It also disrupted the cytoskeleton and induced apoptosis in these cells. In vivo, rAj-HRP significantly inhibited the growth of HCT116 tumors in BALB/c mice, reducing tumor volume and weight without affecting the body weight of the tumor-bearing mice. Western blot analysis showed that rAj-HRP inhibited HCT116 cell proliferation and induced apoptosis by upregulating BAX and promoting PARP zymogen degradation. Additionally, rAj-HRP inhibited HCT116 cell adhesion and migration by reducing MMP2 levels. Further research showed that rAj-HRP downregulated EGFR expression in HCT116 cells and inhibited key downstream molecules, including AKT, P-AKT, PLCγ, P38 MAPK, and c-Jun. In conclusion, rAj-HRP exhibits significant inhibitory effects on HCT116 cells in both in vitro and in vivo, primarily through the EGFR and apoptosis pathways. These findings suggest that rAj-HRP has the potential as a novel targeted therapy for colon cancer.

Marine-Derived Therapeutics for the Management of Glioblastoma: A Case Series and Comprehensive Review of the Literature

Introduction: Glioblastoma is a fatal intracranial neoplasm that is refractory to treatment, with inevitable disease recurrence and progression to death. Marine-derived compounds, including those found in nutraceutical products, may provide therapeutic benefit in the setting of glioblastoma. We present two patient cases whose courses demonstrate a compelling role for marine-derived products in the management of glioblastoma. Cases: Case 1 describes a patient with MGMT promoter unmethylated glioblastoma who went on to complete standard of care chemoradiation along with concurrent use of a majority sea cucumber (MSC) blend known as SeaCare® (SeaCare, Torrington, CT, USA). Her survival of over 2 years significantly exceeds the recognized median survival time of glioblastoma. Case 2 describes a patient with a complicated course who experienced dramatic improvement after the initiation of the MSC blend, with an exceptional survival time of over 4 years post-diagnosis. Discussion: The mechanisms of marine-derived products that underlie these dramatic clinical effects are likely multifaceted but may hinge on the modification of the tumor immune microenvironment and suppression of tumorigenic effects. Specifically, the change in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) within the tumor microenvironment is central to this complex interplay. Conclusions: Ultimately, the use of marine products in the treatment of glioblastoma may present a novel and promising therapeutic strategy that warrants further investigation.

Past and future impacts of marine heatwaves on small-scale fisheries in Baja California, Mexico

Marine heatwaves are globally occurring events that can negatively impact fisheries, but their impacts on small-scale operations remain understudied. We investigate the historical and future impacts of marine heatwaves on small-scale fisheries operating along a biogeographic transition zone in the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico. We estimate the impacts of the most intense marine heatwave regime on record on fisheries production of 43 economic units operating in a system of 55 Territorial Use-Rights for Fisheries. During this regime, aggregate landings in the lobster, sea urchin, and sea cucumber fisheries decreased between 15 and 58%. Most operations (56%) presented large reductions in landings, whose losses more than outweigh the small increase detected for the other 44%. Notably, impacts were larger for fisheries operating near an equatorward biogeographic break, and for operations in areas of high historical environmental variation and low historical variation in fisheries production. Climate models predict an increase in the frequency and intensity of exposure to marine heatwaves for all fisheries, but the change in frequency and intensity will be greater for those in the north. In the face of extreme environmental shocks such as marine heatwaves, small-scale fisheries operating near biogeographic transition zones are among the most vulnerable.

Investigating the potential effect of Holothuria scabra extract on osteogenic differentiation in preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells

The present medical treatments of osteoporosis come with adverse effects. It leads to the exploration of natural products as safer alternative medical prevention and treatment. The sea cucumber, Holothuria scabra, has commercial significance in Asian countries with rising awareness of its properties as a functional food. This study aims to investigate the effects of the inner wall (IW) extract isolated from H. scabra on extracellular matrix maturation, mineralization, and osteogenic signaling pathways on MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts. The IW showed the expression of several growth factors. Molecular docking revealed that H. scabra BMP2/4 binds specifically to mammal BMP2 type I receptor (BMPR-IA). After osteogenic induction, the viability of cells treated with IW extract was assessed and designated with treatment of 0.1, 0.5, 1, and 5 µg/ml of IW extract for 21 consecutive days. On days 14 and 21, treatments with IW extract at 1 and 5 µg/ml showed increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium deposit levels in a dose-dependent manner compared to the control group. Moreover, the transcriptomic analysis of total RNA of cells treated with 5 µg/ml of IW extract exhibited upregulation of TGF-β, PI3K/Akt, MAPK, Wnt and PTH signaling pathways at days 14. This study suggests that IW extract from H. scabra exhibits the potential to enhance osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts through TGF-β, PI3K/Akt, MAPK, Wnt and PTH signaling pathways. Further investigation into the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of IW extract on osteogenesis is crucial to support its application as a naturally derived supplement for prevention or treatment of osteoporosis.

Organic matter ingestion and assimilation rates by the sea cucumber Holothuria (Holothuria) tubulosa (Gmelin, 1788) at different temperatures and potential effects on benthic trophic status

We investigated the effects of different temperature anomalies (up to +12 °C) on the biochemical features of sediments offered to specimens of the sea cucumber Holothuria (Holothuria) tubulosa (Gmelin, 1788) and of its feces. We also estimated ingestion and assimilation rates of different classes of organic compounds after the different treatments. The exposure to temperature anomalies influenced the metabolism and organic matter assimilation efficiency of H. tubulosa. Counterintuitively, our results would suggest that H. tubulosa, irrespectively of temperature, might not be the best option for removing excess organic matter from eutrophicated sediments, though having consequences on the organic matter nutritional quality. Since oceans’ temperature is projected to further increase by 2100 along with frequency, intensity and duration of marine heatwaves, H. tubulosa will most likely experience a potential contraction of its distribution areal, with cascading consequences on benthic trophic webs dynamics.

Polypeptides from Sea Cucumber Acaudina molpadioides Ameliorate Glucolipid Metabolism Disorder and Reverse Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Type 2 Diabetic Rats

ABSTRACT The therapeutic effects of polypeptides isolated from sea cucumber Acaudina molpadioides (AP) on the intestinal flora and glycolipid metabolic disturbance in high-fat diet/STZ-induced T2DM rats were investigated. The results showed that AP intervention notably ameliorated blood glucose, lipid levels, and pancreas injuries in T2DM rats. The diversity of intestinal microbial communities in T2DM rats was also enhanced by AP. Moreover, microbially derived short-chain fatty acids concentrations markedly improved in the feces of diabetic rats after AP treatment. These results suggest that AP played a protective role in T2DM rats by regulating glucose, lipid metabolism, and altering intestinal microbial.

Revealing the adaptation mechanism of different color morphs of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus to light intensities from the perspective of metabolomics

Global warming has multi-dimensional and complex impacts on the Earth's system, among which changes in light intensities cannot be overlooked. Sea cucumbers are a marine biological resource with significant economic and ecological value. Their presence and activity help maintain the balance and stability of marine ecosystems. The variation in light intensities have important ecological effects on sea cucumbers. Light intensities can alter the synthesis and degradation of metabolic substances within the bodies of Apostichopus japonicus by changing their body color. Their changes affect the production of microorganisms in the environment, thereby achieving the goal of bioremediation. This study investigated metabolic variations in green, purple, and white sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus under different light conditions (0 lx and 910 lx) with a 12-h light and 12-h dark photoperiod. The findings indicated that the sea cucumbers displayed more diverse metabolic alterations under 910 lx illumination compared to 0 lx. Specifically, these color morphs primarily responded to changes in light intensities through “tryptophan metabolism” and “biosynthesis of steroid hormones”. Additionally, high light intensities environment exacerbated the consumption of fatty acids by sea cucumbers. Different color morphs of sea cucumbers have differences in key metabolites in response to changes in light intensities. Green and white sea cucumbers primarily adapt to environment through phospholipids, while purple sea cucumbers mainly utilize fatty acids. These results enhance our comprehension of how sea cucumbers adapt ecologically to varying light intensities, and they offer valuable insights for systematically uncovering the regulatory processes that marine animals employ in response to environmental changes.

Cooking and salting impacts on sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) metabolome and their entanglements on anticoagulant potential as revealed by UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS analysis and chemometrics

Sea cucumbers increasingly consumed as a premium part of traditional diet in Middle East provide viable reservoir of chemical entities with potential significance. The current work aims to monitor metabolome patterns of Holothuria atra following salting and cooking treatments and their entanglements on anticoagulant potential using UPLC-MS/MS combined with chemometrics. A total of 64 peaks encompassing fatty acids, phospholipids, triterpene glycosides, flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids and phytosterols were chemically profiled. Given this analysis, fatty acids and carotenoids witnessed an obvious increasing trend in fresh and cooked sea cucumber samples. Cooked and salted samples relatively augmented phenolic acids, flavonoids and triterpene glycosides. OPLS-DA underscored clear discrimination among the comparable samples highlighting lysoPC 16:0, cucumariaxanthin B, astaxanthin and arachidonic acid as focal discriminators of fresh samples while pyrogallol, ellagic acid and kaempferol-O-rhamnoside were the determining metabolites of cooked samples. Successively, the differential markers enriched in salted ones included chlorogenic acid, holothurin B and betulinic acid. Experimentally speaking, the sea cucumber samples exerted noteworthy dose and time-dependent anti-clotting potential. OPLS derived coefficient plot portrayed that chlorogenic acid, β-tocotrienol, holothurin B and betulinic acid dramatically augmented during salting treatment synergistically mediated anticoagulant efficacy. These findings pursue concept of nutritional therapy to rectify thromboembolic disorders.

Unveiling putative modulators of mutable collagenous tissue in the brittle star Ophiomastix wendtii: an RNA-Seq analysis

Collagenous connective tissue, found throughout the bodies of metazoans, plays a crucial role in maintaining structural integrity. This versatile tissue has the potential for numerous biomedical applications, including the development of innovative collagen-based biomaterials. Inspiration for such advancements can be drawn from echinoderms, a group of marine invertebrates that includes sea stars, sea cucumbers, brittle stars, sea urchins, and sea lilies. Through their nervous system, these organisms can reversibly control the pliability of their connective tissue components (i.e., tendons and ligaments) that are composed of mutable collagenous tissue (MCT). The variable tensile properties of the MCT allow echinoderms to perform unique functions, including postural maintenance, reduction of muscular energy use, autotomy to avoid predators, and asexual reproduction through fission. The changes in the tensile strength of MCT structures are specifically controlled by specialized neurosecretory cells called juxtaligamental cells. These cells release substances that either soften or stiffen the MCT. So far, only a few of these substances have been purified and characterized, and the genetic underpinning of MCT biology remains unknown. Therefore, we have conducted this research to identify MCT-related genes in echinoderms as a first step towards a better understanding of the MCT molecular control mechanisms. Our ultimate goal is to unlock new biomaterial applications based on this knowledge. In this project, we used RNA-Seq to identify and annotate differentially expressed genes in the MCT structures of the brittle star Ophiomastix wendtii. As a result, we present a list of 16 putative MCT modulator genes, which will be validated and characterized in forthcoming functional analyses.

Decadal changes in value of dried sea cucumbers (bêche-de-mer) in Hong Kong markets

Sea cucumbers in their dried form, bêche-de-mer or trepang, have been in high demand for four decades, causing relentless exploitation pressure on fisheries. Key aspects unknown are the temporal trends in prices of different species and potential impacts of external factors. We recorded prices and measured dried specimens of 20 sea cucumber species in 38 retail shops in Hong Kong in 2022 and compared prices obtained for 15 of these species in the same market in 2011 and/or 2016. Two temperate-water species (Apostichopus japonicus and A. nigripunctatus) were the most valuable but declined slightly in price over the 11-year period. All of the tropical species rose in price. Holothuria lessoni emerged as the most valuable tropical species (average: USD$503) and was scarce in the marketplace. Two Indo-Pacific species recently enlisted on CITES Appendix II, H. nobilis and H. whitmaei, were also seldom found in the marketplace and their value had risen greater than inflationary expectations. Also rare in the marketplace was the high-valued Isostichopus badionotus. Larger specimens of A. japonicus and H. scabra demanded exponentially higher prices than small individuals, with implications for fisheries and aquaculture. Significant aquaculture production for both of these species does not appear to have greatly quelled market demand. Despite potential disruptions during the COVID pandemic, overall demand for bêche-de-mer remains strong. The increases in retail prices for certain over-exploited species, potentially exacerbated by trade restrictions from CITES listings, beckons careful resource monitoring by fishery managers and continuing opportunities for aquaculture programs.

Identification of Structure-Linked Activity on Bioactive Peptides from Sea Cucumber (Stichopus japonicus): A Compressive In Silico/In Vitro Study.

A sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus) is an invertebrate rich in high-quality protein peptides that inhabits the coastal seas around East Asian countries. Such bioactive peptides can be utilized in targeted disease therapies and practical applications in the nutraceutical industry. Bioactive peptides were isolated from Stichopus japonicus through ultrafiltration and Sephadex G-10 size exclusion chromatography. The low-molecular-weight fraction (ACSH-III) showed the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities. Subsequent purification of ACSH-III resulted in four fractions, of which ACSH-III-F3 and ACSH-III-F4 exhibited significant bioactivity. Peptides identified in these fractions, including Phenylalanine-Proline-Threonine-Tyrosine (FPTY) and Tyrosine-Proline-Serine-Tyrosine-Proline-Serine (YPSYPS), were characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS). FPTY demonstrated the most potent antioxidant and antihypertensive activities among these peptides, with IC50 values of 0.11 ± 0.01 mg/mL for hydroxyl radicals and 0.03 ± 0.01 mg/mL for ACE inhibition. Docking simulations revealed strong binding affinities of these peptides to the active site of the ACE, with FPTY displaying interactions similar to those of the synthetic inhibitor lisinopril. These findings suggest that the identified peptides, particularly FPTY, have potential applications as natural antioxidants and functional foods.