Sea Border Research Articles

Migration Preferences Under Economic and Geopolitical Uncertainty: An Asymmetric Approach

Abstract This paper aims at assessing asymmetric dynamics among migration preferences and various security and economic factors, focusing on the movements from Syria to Turkey and then to the EU via the Greek sea borders (2010M1−2022M12). We perform an economic analysis by developing a utility model, according to which migration preferences depend on security and employment and empirically test asymmetric responses of migration to corresponding shocks. We contribute to the literature by finding that migration is downwards sticky. Despite that theories of international relations may not be monolithic, the magnitude of security impact on migration implies that the state remains the primary actor responsible for managing this phenomenon, which brings us closer to neo-realism theory of International Relations (IR). Our findings reveal the factors that lead to the downwards stickiness of migration thus contributing to a better understating of the incentives for migration and to the formulation of more efficient policies.

Exposure to Transnational Maritime Crime in the Pacific Islands Region

Although the Pacific Islands are strategically located alongside important trade routes, between the Global North and Global South countries and among plentiful fishing grounds, this region is considered among the lowest risk for land‐based organized crime. Grouped as a uniform region, collectively, the Pacific islands are anything but. The region consists of three ethnogeographic subregions with varying colonial, cultural, and legal legacies. Geographically, the Pacific Island states are remote, with small populations dispersed across many islands, some of which are uninhabited, limiting the ability to adequately surveil and protect this extensive maritime domain, creating porous land and sea borders. These challenges increase the complexity of policing the large exclusive economic zones of the region and therefore increase its vulnerability and potential exposure to various transnational organized crimes on land and at sea. Drawing on Kelling and Wilson’s broken windows theory, this article considers from a theoretical perspective, how international law can be used as a framework to guide Pacific Island states in achieving strengthened, region‐led resilience to transnational maritime crime in the pursuit of maritime justice.

Maritime Security and the Protection of Philippine Territorial Waters

The sea acts as an essential bridge linking the Pacific and Indian oceans, holding great significance due to its major role in trade and military routes connecting East Asia to Europe and the Middle East. Covering over 3 million square kilometers (1.16 million square miles) on the western edge of the Pacific, the South China Sea (also known as the West Philippine Sea) stands as a focal point. This research aims to assess the maritime security level in Malampaya, particularly in terms of human resources. It includes the installation of EDCA sites, Philippine Rise, and southern backdoor security. Through focused group discussions, the study concludes and outlines recommendations. It highlights the limited overall capability of the AFP (Armed Forces of the Philippines) and PCG (Philippine Coast Guard) in defending against threats in maritime and air environments in the said area. Moreover, safeguarding the security of major areas such as the Camago Malampaya Petroleum Resource Area, Mindanao Southern backdoor and the Ayungin Shoal remains a challenge. Furthermore, a call for increased budget allocation to procure proper equipment and military hardware is emphasized. This investment aims to fortify deterrence against potential military intrusions, particularly from nations like China, thus safeguarding the Philippines’ sovereignty, maritime security, safety, and interests. It will also prevent future terrorist attacks, particularly in the southern Mindanao area and sea borders from our neighboring countries. Keywords: Maritime Security, Maritime Safety, Maritime Cooperation

Prototyping a Secure and Usable User Authentication Mechanism for Mobile Passenger ID Devices for Land/Sea Border Control.

As the number of European Union (EU) visitors grows, implementing novel border control solutions, such as mobile devices for passenger identification for land and sea border control, becomes paramount to ensure the convenience and safety of passengers and officers. However, these devices, handling sensitive personal data, become attractive targets for malicious actors seeking to misuse or steal such data. Therefore, to increase the level of security of such devices without interrupting border control activities, robust user authentication mechanisms are essential. Toward this direction, we propose a risk-based adaptive user authentication mechanism for mobile passenger identification devices for land and sea border control, aiming to enhance device security without hindering usability. In this work, we present a comprehensive assessment of novelty and outlier detection algorithms and discern OneClassSVM, Local Outlier Factor (LOF), and Bayesian_GaussianMixtureModel (B_GMM) novelty detection algorithms as the most effective ones for risk estimation in the proposed mechanism. Furthermore, in this work, we develop the proposed risk-based adaptive user authentication mechanism as an application on a Raspberry Pi 4 Model B device (i.e., playing the role of the mobile device for passenger identification), where we evaluate the detection performance of the three best performing novelty detection algorithms (i.e., OneClassSVM, LOF, and B_GMM), with B_GMM surpassing the others in performance when deployed on the Raspberry Pi 4 device. Finally, we evaluate the risk estimation overhead of the proposed mechanism when the best performing B_GMM novelty detection algorithm is used for risk estimation, indicating efficient operation with minimal additional latency.

Resolving Transnational Crime in the Indonesian Sea Border Area: Case Studies and Legal Effects

Resolving Transnational Crime in the Indonesian Sea Border Area: Case Studies and Legal Effects

Caspian Sea as a continuation of the history of determining the border of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The article examines the aspirations of our sovereign state to strengthen its foreign policy since 1991 and the process of demarcation of the border, maintaining good neighborly relations with neighboring countries. One of the most important achievements in solving the problem was the decision in August 2018 to demarcate the Caspian Sea border, which is of strategic importance in strengthening the state border of Kazakhstan, preserving the territorial integrity and independence of the country, ensuring national security. The main purpose of our scientific article is to reveal the historical significance of the actions taken on the Caspian Sea, the latest milestone in the actions of the Republic of Kazakhstan to strengthen the country's borders. The scientific novelty of the work is a comprehensive, concise analysis of the measures taken in the Republic of Kazakhstan to clarify the borders of the country since 1991 and the optimal use of the existing experience of Kazakh diplomacy in defining the status of the Caspian Sea. We believe that some of the results of our research can be applied to the study of this topic.

Fisherman Border Crossing Alert System using IoT

The Fisher Man Border Crossing Alert System is a innovative solution designed to enhance the safety and security of fishermen operating near maritime borders. The system integrates real-time tracking technology with border surveillance data to provide timely alerts to fishermen when they approach or cross maritime borders. Fishermen are forced to accidently cross borders where they run the risk of being murdered or captured. It is difficulty in identifying the marine borders between countries. The system is intended to prevent such accidents and to warn fisherman about border areas in advance. Maximum risks occur for fishermen in situations where they travel on a boat for fishing. In some situations, they should not move after some point and they should not enter into other countries area. It can be extensively used by people in the Sea border to find the path to reach the destination. The notification will be sent to the border security forces which act as the server to all other devices that are operated by people in ships. The fishermen crosses the sub border then the warning signal is given to both the countries and alarm is indicated to fisher men

SMS and GPS based Fisherman Tracking System using IOT

Fishermen facing more challenges because the sea border and location cannot be easily identifiable. To ensure the safety of the fishermen, the location should be tracked. In this system, the location can be displayed by latitude and longitude coordinates and also sends data through SMS to the coastal guard and fishermen mobile phone numbers.

(Non-)Institutional Manifestations of Migrant Infrastructures for Refugees in Rural Greece

The year 2015 was a turning point for the migration and asylum system in the EU and Greece.Almost 900,000 migrants and refugees crossed Turkey’s land and sea borders on their way to Europe. Theso-called ‘migration and refugee crisis’ dominated the academic and political discourse and provokeddifferent reactions from local communities, civil society and long-time resident migrants. Especially in ruralareas, the newly arriving refugees triggered different reactions from the local population. At the sametime, accommodating the refugees and facilitating their integration into rural localities created additionalinfrastructure needs. Drawing on the theoretical discussion on migrant infrastructures’ and ‘arrivalinfrastructures’, the main objective of this paper is to discuss the different manifestations of migrantinfrastructures in rural communities, in Western Greece in particular. The paper draws on a recentempirical study conducted in the framework of a project that explored territorial inequalities and the linkswith different forms of mobility in both urban (Attiki Region) and rural areas of Greece (Western GreeceRegion). While the discussion on arrival infrastructures mainly relates to urban settings, in this paperwe argue that the rural context informs and enriches the debate, allowing to be considered in termsof non-fixed assemblages of institutional (formal) and non-institutional (informal) arrangements that fulfilboth tangible and less tangible needs and requirements. Forging better links between the migrationinfrastructures approach and the formulation of imaginaries and characteristics of wellbeing will enablea better understanding of refugee agency, and one more informed by social theory.

PORT CITIES AS TRANSNATIONAL CONCEPT IN THE SPATIAL LANDSCAPE; TRANSNATIONAL TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS IN BATAM AND SINGAPORE

Transnational orientation is very important, especially how people view the transnational world and their perception of social distance between countries and regions. The concept of transnational is also understood as a form of social networks between communities and between countries. This paper seeks to see the transnational understanding between the two countries by looking at the connectivity of the relationship between the two countries which is limited by sea crossings. By using the quantitative and qualitative approaches as a form of multidisciplinary study, this paper attempts to conduct a transnational inventory, especially between the two countries, Indonesia and Singapore, specifically between Singapore and Batam. In addition, there is also similarities between the two countries with transnational background on the basis of proximity of border sea crossing transportation between countries. By using some sea ports as spatial landscape to connect the two countries which has social networks in many sections

Mobile-Based Defense Equipment Recognition Application Using Augmented Reality (AR)

Indonesia as a sovereign state has made significant progress in increasing its capacity for defense. Since then, Indonesia has continued to work together to increase the capacity of defense equipment as the main support of the Indonesian National Army. In this strategic position, Indonesia has open sea and land borders with several neighboring countries. This makes Indonesia vulnerable to security threats resulting in national instability. This research aims to develop a Mobile-Based Defense Equipment Recognition Application using Augmented Reality (AR) which is able to recognition defense equipment models in the field of education, which is used as a means of learning media, so that people who don't know about defense equipment in AR form can find out. With the ability to scan objects in three dimensions, so that they can explore the introduction of defense equipment digitally through applications and can increase knowledge.

The impact of the maritime border on the development of Po- land’s border areas in terms of expenses of foreigners and the COVID-19 pandemic

The aim of this paper is to present the issue of border traffic of foreigners and their expenses on the Polish maritime border. The study is based on quantitative data on border traffic and expenses of foreigners in Poland. The time of the study was 2014–2021. Thus, the impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on foreigners’ mobility and spending in Poland was additionally taken into account. For the purpose of this paper, the following study methods were adopted: reference literature analysis, secondary data analysis and comparative analysis. The paper mainly uses data from official statistics and the Border Guard. The study has shown that the Polish maritime border generates the smallest volume of border traffic, however, its share increased during the analysed period from 0.7% in 2014 to 0.8% in 2021. Nevertheless, it is foreigners crossing the maritime border who on average spend in Poland more than twice as much as foreigners crossing the Polish land border. In 2020, they spent the most on non-food goods (40%) and services (34.7%). As the study results reveal, their spending patterns and travel purposes are different from those of foreigners crossing the land border. The potential that foreign visitors bring is significant for the development of border areas in such sectors as tourism, services and trade. The analysis of the motivation of foreigners crossing the sea border makes it possible to shape the regional development policy of this particular area.

The effect of using new vessels on the security of the borders of the Caspian Sea

The effect of using new vessels on the security of the borders of the Caspian Sea

Social Investment Programme and Livelihood of the Vulnerable: A Focus on Nigeria Post COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: In an effort curb the effect and the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, several countries’ governments took firm decisions and actions to ensure that the pandemic was contained before vaccines were developed including the closure of sea, land, and airport borders, banning all gatherings, closure of schools, and all forms of gathering, social distancing as well as locking down their economies to restrict vehicular and human movement. Nigeria was one of the most affected African countries, the Government therefore adopted strategies to minimize the effect of the lockdown on the citizens which included the distribution of relief materials and the re-engineering of its social investment programme that was earlier established in 2016, targeting the vulnerable people including the youths, children, and women. However, lack of transparency, and accountability of the funds by the assigned government personnel have been highly reported. Therefore, this research aimed at carrying out an in-depth investigation and evaluation of the social investment programmes on the livelihood of the vulnerable in Nigeria.Methodology: The descriptive survey method was adopted as the research design for the study. The primary data from strategic community leaders who are privy to information on all financial and material support provided to any member of their communities were generated. Seventy-nine (79) communities were studied across all six geopolitical zones in the country using a structured questionnaire. The data generated were analysed using simple percentages, mean, and standard deviation.Results: The results for N-power programme, conditional cash transfer (CCT) programme, government enterprise and empowerment programme (GEEP), the home-grown-school feeding programme (HGFP) were established. The obtained results in general demonstrated a low and a moderate impact or effect of the government social programmes on the livelihood of the targeted Nigerians (vulnerable). This was evident enough across all the results discussed below with a low mean value which is a clear indication of the misappropriation, little or no transparency, dishonesty and corruption involved by the assigned government agencies or officials to carry out these tasks.

The Regulations for Management of Coastal Natural Resource Conflicts in Indonesia-Malaysia Border

<p>Indonesia and Malaysia will continue to engage in violent and protracted border conflicts over natural resources due to limited natural resources. Due to the scarcity and abundance of renewable resources, there are border disputes between Indonesia and Malaysia. Illegal fishing is a concern for both countries. This study aimed to determine the management of Indonesia-Malaysia coastal natural resource disputes. This was normative legal research that employed statutory, empirical, and case methods. The study found that Indonesia and Malaysia need to strengthen their laws as a follow-up to their bilateral agreements, considering that illegal activities often occur along land and sea borders. Another problem is that maritime regulations in Indonesia and Malaysia have different problems and challenges, ranging from the lack of specific regulations to the existence of illegal activities on the sea and land borders of each country. The laws governing maritime sector activities are vulnerable to institutional conflicts due to overlapping regulations and legislation resulting from cross-border processing at maritime borders. Therefore, from a regulatory perspective, it is necessary to strengthen various existing regulations.</p>

Urgensi Penetapan Air Defense Identification Zone Pada Kawasan Regional

Introduction: Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) is a zone for identification purposes in the air defense system for a country, which according to international custom generally extends from the territorial area of a country to reach the air space above the free sea bordering the country.Purposes of the Research: to find out the setting of the Air Defense Identification Zone and what is the urgency of establishing the Air Defense Identification Zone in the regional area. The method used in writing this thesis is a normative research method. The legal materials used are primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials.Methods of the Research: This legal research, the author uses normative research. That is, a study that primarily examines positive legal provisions, legal principles, and legal doctrines to answer legal questions faced. Results of the Research: The results obtained are that the regulation of the Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) according to international law is, based on the provisions of the 1944 Chicago Convention, customary international law and also Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, furthermore with the stipulation of ADIZ in a regional area can be considered a defensive step. to provide advance notice of potential threats and efforts to improve flight safety in the region and provide benefits to national and international aviation safety.

Bioshields as a viable solution for managing ecosystem-related disasters, offering a long-term solution to the frequent issue of sea erosion

Coastal regions of India possess high population densities. The damage faced by the coastal ecosystem, especially the land–sea border, is increasing due to natural calamities during monsoon and cyclones as well as climate change. Land erosion is a significant concern nowadays because of the loss of human life and properties. Existing practice to prevent such damage is constructing a sea wall, groynes or tetrapods. Such construction requires huge manpower and money. The study discusses the importance of a bioshield in mitigating such calamities. Bioshields consist of a patch of vegetation at the land-sea border. The composition of such vegetation can be grasses, shrubs, creepers and trees. The current study discusses a few selected species for inclusion in such a bioshield with multipurpose objectives: income generation, enriching the local ecosystem and slowing down the calamities due to waves and wind.

STUDY ON THE FAST MISSILE CRAFT OF 60 M ON THE SEASTATE CONDITION OF THE WEST AND EASTERN INDONESIAN WATER

Recently, Indonesian Navy is developing warship fleet by constructing Fast Missile Craft (KCR) 60M. The performance of KCR 60MÂ depends on the wave height of Indonesian waters. It needs to perform research on the maximum wave height for the ship length of KCR 60M and the minimum ship length of KCR 60M to cope with the highest extrem waves by statistical methods and empirical formula. The analysis result shows that KCR 60M can operate at a maximum wave height of 4,73m. Since the wave height of Indonesian water is less than 4,73m, then KCR 60M can operate throughout the year, except in Desember and January in the North areas of Indonesia near the South China Sea border due to the moonsun Asia. However, the existency of the extrem wave height >4,3m cause KCR 60M unable to operate whether in the North or South Equators as well as Inter-island waters. KCR 60M also unable to operate in the whole Naval Main Base (Lantamal) from Lantamal II (Padang) up to Lantamal XIV (Sorong). Based on the average extreme wave height of 5,1m, it can be determined that KCR 60M capable of operating has a minimum ship length of about 70m.

Urgensi Kerja Sama Tentara Nasional Indonesia Dan Forcas Defese Timor Lorosae Dalam Penanggulangan Perdagangan Ilegal Lintas Batas Antara Indonesia Dan Timor Leste

The issue of state borders is not only related to state borders but includes land borders, sea borders and air borders which related to economic problems which have an impact on cross-border illegal trade. One of the national borders that has been attracting attention is the border between Indonesia and East Timor. The problem so far has been the increase in illegal trade, particularly the smuggling of fuel oil (BBM). Considering that the problems that occur in the border area are quite complex, it is necessary to have cooperation between the Indonesian National Armed Forces and the East Timor Defense Force to tackle illegal trade that occurs in the Indonesian border area of Timor Leste. Law No. 4 of 2015, is one of the legal instruments that regulates cooperative relations between Indonesia and the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste, especially in the field of defense and security. The implementation of Law No. 4 of 2015 is by entering into an agreement to form a Joint Border Committee (JBC) institution between Indonesia and East Timor. Forms of cooperation from this committee consists of solid line of communication and coordination between the security forces of the two countries, carrying out joint patrols, improving facilities and infrastructure, efforts to strengthen the integrity of each country, building synergies with local governments in border areas, building cooperation in an effort to help reduce illicit business activities and border crossers through the narrow road which has a positive impact on the national stability of the two countries.

Ege Hava Sahası:Türkiye ve Yunanistan Sorunları

Discussions on the width of the national airspace have been a frequent topic on the agenda of Turkish-Greek relations after 1974. Discussions on this issue arise, in particular, from the difference between the width of the Greek national territorial sea and the width of its airspace. The rules of international law, while regulating the rights related to the sovereignty of the states, stipulated that the sovereignty of the state covers the territorial lands, the territorial seas forming the coasts of these lands, and the airspace over these regions as a whole. In short, the territorial sea border of a state and the width of its national airspace must be the same; It is accepted that the state has exclusive sovereign rights over these areas. Although airspace problems are not a problem that directly affects the relations between Turkey and Greece, they come to the fore at various times as a secondary problem among other problems. Airspace issues, which is a problem of international law, is a research subject that is suitable for obtaining many findings related to international politics. There are previous studies on this subject in Turkey. However, in this study, it has tried to deal with the issue from the perspective of international relations as much as possible. Keywords: Turkey, Greece, International Law, Airspace, Aegean Sea