SCTP Protocol Research Articles

Improving the efficiency of SCTP network software

The work presents a software system for demonstrating the operation of the SCTP transport protocol in comparison with its better-known analogues – TCP and UDP. To reproduce the operation of the chosen protocol, a socket API was created that describes the operation of SCTP, based on RFC 6458. It also describes the transport protocols that are similar to the protocol that was chosen to improve performance, namely TCP and UDP, their strengths and weaknesses, and what has been improved in SCTP. A test software model is described, which is divided into a client part and a server part, which was created to demonstrate the operation of the SCTP transport protocol. The client part consists in sending a message to the server, which will read this message and reset it. The ability to send using the SCTP protocol directly, or UDP encapsulation, thus encapsulating the SCTP packet into a UDP datagram, has been developed. The efficiency and expediency of using the software model are shown and alternative software models designed to implement the SCTP protocol are considered. The means used to implement this decision are justified as well as the platforms and operating systems on which this solution can be reproduced, other than Windows.

Simulated Performance of TFRC, DCCP, SCTP, and UDP Protocols Over Wired Networks

Multimedia applications impose different QoS requirements (e.g., bounded end-to-end delay and jitter) and need an enhanced transport layer protocol that should handle packet loss, minimize errors, manage network congestion, and transmit efficiently. Across an IP network, the transport layer protocol provides data transmission and affects the QoS provided to the application on hand. The most common transport layer protocols used by Internet applications are TCP and UDP. There are also advanced transport layer protocols such as DCCP and TFRC. The authors evaluated the performance of UDP, DCCP, SCTP, and TFRC over wired networks for three traffic flows: data transmission, video streaming, and voice over IP. The evaluation criteria were throughput, end-to-end delay, and packet loss ratio. They compared their performance to learn in which traffic flow/service each of these protocols functions better than the others. The throughput of SCTP and TFRC is better than UDP. DCCP is superior to SCTP and TFRC in terms of end-to-end delay. SCTP is suitable for Internet applications that require high bandwidth.

Simulated performance of TCP, SCTP, DCCP and UDP protocols over 4G network

Forth Generation (4G) network support for wide geographical locations proves its use as a more advanced wireless technology. The Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a 4G mobile communications standard set by International Communication Union (ITU), specifically ITU Radio communication Sector (ITU-R). At the moment, video traffic and telecommunications grow under the expansion of LTE, which is considered as the actual motivating access technology of 4G network. Throughout the deployment of LTE, various transport protocols are advised and broadly experimented, for instance, TCP, SCTP, DCCP and UDP that may execute differently on 4G networks subject to the network scenarios and parameter settings. Even though the deployment of LTE is swiftly enhanced, there is a lack of performance evaluation of its protocols. Hence, a widespread scrutiny is required for the evaluation of the operation of numerous protocols for high-end applications such as multimedia. Adopting these applications with flexible quality of service constraints with improved usage of resources is a challenging task. In this paper, the output results of different transport protocols for multimedia streaming applications, e.g., video, through extensive simulations are analyzed. The performance of an MPEG-4 video streaming is evaluated using NS-3. The performance metrics used are delay, jitter, throughput, and packet loss. These metrics are evaluated at the base station via TCP, SCTP, DCCP and UDP protocols over the 4G-LTE technology. The obtained results show that the DCCP performs the best in throughput improvement with the minimization of delay and jitter as compared to UDP, TCP, and SCTP.

SCTP-MANET New Extension of SCTP Protocol for the Optimization of MANET Performances

SCTP-MANET New Extension of SCTP Protocol for the Optimization of MANET Performances

A Method Based on RTO and Selective Acknowledgement for Improving SCTP Protocol Performance in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

With the increasing development of Mobile Ad Hoc Network usage, there will be more need to have a transport protocol with an appropriate throughput in end to end transport. Because of the design nature of TCP protocol for wired Networks, its application in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks causes a reduction in efficiency, performance and throughput.Protocols such as SCTP with sufficient validity and reliability in data transfer are proposed as solution for increasing throughput. However, in order to provide the above quality, sacrifice factors such as Network balance. In the present paper, two optimized transporting algorithm are introduced. These algorithm act based on retransmission timeout control and selective acknowledgement number for transmissions in SCTP protocol. The offered algorithms using implemented NS-2 simulator and throughput improvement and reduction of packet delay time are compared with former protocols.

Design of transport layer bandwidth aggregation scheme for wireless applications

Stream Control Transmission Protocol SCTP offers multi-homing feature that can be exploited to aggregate the bandwidth of different networks. Mobile SCTP-Concurrent Multipath Transfer mSCTP-CMT technique can improve the overall throughput in homogenous networks only. But when the difference between bandwidth of networks is large, its throughput decreases significantly. In this paper, we have proposed an mSCTP based Bandwidth Aggregation, namely, msctp-BA, technique that enables efficient use of the resources of heterogeneous network technologies like WLAN, UMTS, etc. The performance of this technique is analysed for two network applications, i.e., file download and VOIP. The design and simulation is carried in ns2 for different application usage scenarios by mobile node. The results indicate that the throughput with mSCTP-BA is comparatively higher than throughput obtained with mSCTP technique by 23% for VoIP and file download applications and hence overall increases user experience and quality of service.

Performance Simulation of the SCTP under the Multi Path Environment

This paper studies the basic features and functions of STCP. The traditional TCP protocol and the basic standard SCTP protocols are simulated respectively. We analysis that when the host has multiple network addresses and there are multiple paths between ends, how do the STCP protocol and TCP protocol perform. For practical implementation, using CWND size parameters show performance of multi path transmission in practice, and compare with the ideal case. The results of the simulation and analysis of multi path transmission under the SCTP agreement have practical significance in the future network with multi path transmission.

UW-ASNS: DESIGN CHALLENGES IN TRANSPORT LAYER

Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UW-ASN) consist of a variable number of sensors and vehicles that are deployed to perform collaborative monitoring tasks over a given area. This paper included a suggestion of using SCTP protocol in place of TCP to minimize many of the problem in transport layer of the sensor network designing part..As well as I have also suggest like an idea to improve the traffic shaping so problem like packet/data loss etc solved and regulate traffic rate is possible so temporary loss of connectivity can be solved. In this paper as possible even I have mention the challenges in various layer of UW-ASN design.

Taxonomy and Survey of Retransmission Policies for Multipath Transport SCTP Protocol

In this paper we present a taxonomy for retransmission policies that perform error recovery to offer completely reliable or partial reliable services for Multi Path Transport SCTP and quasi-SCTP. The taxonomy is drawn from a survey and an extensive analysis of the state of the art research works on retransmission policies for Multi Path Transport SCTP protocol. The taxonomy comprises two classification schemes: one that classifies retransmission policies with respect to retransmission path designation and one that classifies them with respect to their decision base scheme to select retransmission path which is the most salient feature of the retransmission policies for protocols that supports Multi Homing at the Transport layer. The sole purpose of our taxonomy is to gain valuable insights into these retransmission policies and thereby suggest baseline for future research. Based on our taxonomy, a survey is made of existing retransmission policies. The survey shows how retransmission policies are categorized according to our taxonomy, and exemplifies the majority of retransmission policies detailed in our taxonomy.

A novel network architecture for train-to-wayside communication with quality of service over heterogeneous wireless networks

In the railway industry, there are nowadays different actors who would like to send or receive data from the wayside to an onboard device or vice versa. These actors are e.g., the Train Operation Company, the Train Constructing Company, a Content Provider, etc. This requires a communication module on each train and at the wayside. These modules interact with each other over heterogeneous wireless links. This system is referred to as the Train-to-Wayside Communication System (TWCS). While there are already a lot of deployments using a TWCS, the implementation of quality of service, performance enhancing proxies (PEP) and the network mobility functions have not yet been fully integrated in TWCS systems. Therefore, we propose a novel and modular IPv6-enabled TWCS architecture in this article. It jointly tackles these functions and considers their mutual dependencies and relationships. DiffServ is used to differentiate between service classes and priorities. Virtual local area networks are used to differentiate between different service level agreements. In the PEP, we propose to use a distributed TCP accelerator to optimize bandwidth usage. Concerning network mobility, we propose to use the SCTP protocol (with Dynamic Address Reconfiguration and PR-SCTP extensions) to create a tunnel per wireless link, in order to support the reliable transmission of data between the accelerators. We have analyzed different design choices, pinpointed the main implementation challenges and identified candidate solutions for the different modules in the TWCS system. As such, we present an elaborated framework that can be used for prototyping a fully featured TWCS.

Hiding information in a Stream Control Transmission Protocol

The STCP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) is a candidate for a new transport layer protocol that may replace the TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and the UDP (User Datagram Protocol) protocols in future IP networks. Currently, the SCTP is implemented in, or can be added to, many popular operating systems (Windows, BSD, Linux, HP-UX or Sun Solaris). This paper identifies and presents the most likely “places” where hidden information can be exchanged using an SCTP. The paper focuses mostly on proposing new steganographic methods that can be applied to an SCTP and that can utilise new, characteristic SCTP features, such as multi-homing and multi-streaming. Moreover, for each method, the countermeasure is covered. When used with malicious intent, a method may pose a threat to network security. Knowledge about potential SCTP steganographic methods may be used as a supplement to RFC5062, which describes security attacks in an SCTP protocol. Presented in this paper is a complete analysis of information hiding in an SCTP, and this analysis can be treated as a “guide” when developing steganalysis (detection) tools.

무선망에서 효율적인 멀티미디어 전송을 위한 헤더압축 알고리즘 연구

MoIP is technology to transmit a variety of multimedia over IP, but compared to traditional voice services require greater bandwidth and radio resources in a wireless environment has already reached the limits. Therefore, as a way to resolve this issue for header compression is a lot of research. SCTP protocol header compression using ROHC-SCTP has been research, ROHC-SCTP packet structure of the ROHC algorithm with different types and, SCTP header compression to apply the characteristics of the poor performance of many of these have drawbacks. Therefore, in this paper to solve these problems better header compression algorithm was designed. In this paper, the proposed algorithm to evaluate the NS-2 simulation environment was modeled on the header compression operation. Evaluation results, the algorithm designed in this paper compared to ROHC-SCTP algorithms determine the overhead rate was low, the data types vary a lot better when the total header size was small.

On the security of reliable server pooling systems

In order to cope with the requirements of availability-critical internet services, reliable server pooling (RSerPool) has been developed as the new IETF standard for a lightweight server redundancy and session failover framework. While the service and pool management performance of RSerPool had already been the topic of various research papers, its security has not yet been widely examined. But security for availability-critical systems is crucial, since service outages – regardless of whether being caused by system failures or intentional denial of service (DoS) attacks – are not acceptable for the users of such systems. In this article, we first introduce RSerPool as well as the underlying SCTP protocol. In an analysis of the attack threats, we will show the possibilities of an attacker to degrade the service provided by an RSerPool system. We will furthermore introduce possible countermeasures, in order to prevent attacks and improve the robustness of the systems. We will finally show the effectiveness of our proposed countermeasures using simulations. In order to validate our simulation results, we furthermore compare them to measurements from a real-world internet setup using the PlanetLab.

A novel network mobility handoff scheme using SIP and SCTP for multimedia applications

In a heterogeneous wireless environment, seamless mobility is the basis of network support with which mobile users who roam between or among various wireless access networks are able to fully enjoy uninterrupted wireless services. When users are in a mass transportation vehicle, e.g., a bus or a train that provides network service, the vehicle can be regarded as a network which is serving users as it moves from one location to another. The movement of a network is called network mobility (NEMO). The network mobility protocol based on Mobile IPv6 as proposed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in 2005 has some fundamental drawbacks, such as header overhead and the pinball problem. In this paper, we propose a novel hybrid method for network mobility called Hybrid-NEMO, which provides a soft handoff scheme at the transport layer basically utilizing SIP and SCTP protocols to ensure a lossless packet-transmission environment and less handoff-delay variation, which are critical in providing QoS voice and multimedia applications. Experimental validation and performance evaluation were also conducted in this study.

Enhancing SCTP loss recovery: An experimental evaluation of early retransmit

To reduce cost and provide more flexible services, telecommunication operators are currently replacing traditional circuit-switched telephony networks with packet-switched IP networks. To support the stringent requirements of telephony signaling (SS7), the SIGTRAN working group of the IETF specified the transport protocol SCTP. SCTP was developed to overcome a number of problems that follow from using TCP for signaling transport. However, the design of SCTP was to a great extent still based on TCP, and some problems related to signaling transport were inherited. For example, the loss recovery mechanisms in SCTP are almost identical to those of TCP. This is a problem as signaling traffic has stringent requirements on timely message delivery. TCP was not designed to meet stringent requirements on timely message delivery, and therefore the loss recovery was not optimized for it. To optimize SCTP’s loss recovery for signaling traffic, we consider the loss recovery enhancement early retransmit. To make early retransmit even better suited for signaling traffic we propose a packet-based version, which was also recently included in the early retransmit specification. By experimentally evaluating this algorithm, we show that the packet-based early retransmit algorithm, in some cases, can reduce SCTP’s loss recovery time by 62%.

WiSE: Best-Path Selection in Wireless Multihoming Environments

This paper introduces WiSE, a sender-side, transport-layer protocol that modifies the standard SCTP protocol. WiSE aims at exploiting SCTP's multihoming capabilities by selecting in real time the best choice among available, alternate paths to the same destination. Through the use of bandwidth estimation techniques, WiSE tries to infer whether losses are due to congestion or to radio channel errors. At the same time, the available bandwidth of the current path used for transmission is matched to that of an alternate path, also probed for available bandwidth. If the current path is severely congested and the alternate path is lightly loaded, WiSE switches the transmission onto the alternate path using SCTP's flexible path management capabilities. Extensive simulations under different scenarios highlight the superiority of the proposed solution with respect to TCP and the standard SCTP implementation.

An Empirical Analysis of Handoff Performance for SIP, Mobile IP, and SCTP Protocols

Over the last decade, we have witnessed a growing interest in the design and deployment of various network architectures and protocols aimed at supporting mobile users as they move across different...

An efficient multipath structure for concurrent data transport in wireless mesh networks

Multipath routing is employed extensively in wireless mesh networks for fault tolerance, throughput enhancement, and load balancing purposes. Most existing multipath routing methods tend to establish link-disjoint or node-disjoint paths with minimal path costs. As paths created by these methods are typically close to each other, they may cause serious inter-path interference when serving for concurrent data transmissions. In this paper, we first introduce an AODV-based decoupled multipath routing protocol named AODV-DM. AODV-DM builds an insulating region around each established path to prevent new paths from being formed in the neighborhood of the established path. Multiple paths formed by this means are “isolated” from each other; thereby they are very suitable to serve for concurrent data transmissions. We also investigate the transport-layer route-coupling problem, and conclude that a path-aware SCTP scheme is a very good match to our AODV-DM protocol. The path-aware SCTP scheme enables the transport layer to make the most of the capacity provided by decoupled multipath. We simulate the AODV-DM protocol and integrate it with the path-aware SCTP protocol. The simulation results demonstrate that AODV-DM, combined with the path-aware SCTP, significantly boosts end-to-end throughput of multihop data transmissions. This decoupled multipath structure is especially beneficial to concurrent transmissions of time-constraint data in wireless mesh networks.

Enabling PVM to exploit the SCTP protocol

Recently, a new general purpose transport protocol, called SCTP, has been standardized by the IETF to be used in IP based applications. The features of SCTP, compared with TCP, better support the communication requirements of parallel applications and have motivated the development of SCTP-PVM, a PVM extension, that uses SCTP for direct communications among tasks. Using the LK-SCTP open source kernel module implementation of SCTP, we have compared the performances of SCTP-PVM with the standard version of PVM that, through the PvmRouteDirect directive, uses TCP. Due to the vast difference in the maturity level of both protocols where TCP, unlike SCTP, is able to offload checksum calculations and transport segmentations in hardware, in the tests performed, we have disabled the TCP hardware transport segmentations and we have analyzed the behaviour of SCTP-PVM both with the checksum enabled and disabled. SCTP-PVM, with the checksum disabled, resulted better as the messages exchanged among tasks increase. In addition, thanks to the SCTP multi-streaming feature, SCTP-PVM achieved higher throughput in error prone networks. On the other hand, due to the high-protocol processing cost of the checksum enabled, SCTP-PVM resulted slower. Finally, the SCTP-PVM extension has been designed to easily enable existing PVM applications to use the SCTP protocol features.

Investigation of Signalling Flow Transfer Processes based on SCTP Protocol

To establish reliable signalling information transmission over IP network is used SIGTRAN protocol containing a protocol with the transport flows. This protocol, uses signalling messages over IP network, to determine maximum time and number of repetitions. Reports contain the signalling messages transmission over IP network algorithm, which simulated a notification request over IP network, taking into account differences in SCTP message transmission time. A provisional value of transmission characteristics over IP network is determined. Ill. 8, bibl. 7, tabl. 1 (in English; abstracts in English and Lithuanian).http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eee.108.2.140