Script Features Research Articles

Groningen Üniversitesi Kur’an’ı “uklu HANDS 468”

This article focuses on the Qurʾān, identified as an "early Qurʾānic manuscript" in Europe, cata-loged as "uklu HANDS 468" in the library of the University of Groningen. The Qurʾān is not a complete Qurʾān and is a "mixed Qurʾān". 1/4 of this Qurʾān is written in Kufic script and the rest is written in Maghribi script. All the verses are collected in a single volume. The section writ-ten in Kūfic calligraphy shows the characteristics of the 3rd Hijri period. On the other hand, the section written in Maghribī script belongs to the later period. Moreover, this Qurʾān was both transliterated and translated into Latin by Johann Heinrich Hottinger. The Qurʾān of "uklu HANDS 468" uses an ancient Qurʾān unlike previous studies. In this respect, the Qurʾān catalo-ged in "uklu HANDS 468" is significant. This article's main purpose is analyzing this Qurʾān from the point of view of "Mushaf science". It is especially important because it reveals the "Muṣḥaf history" of the Qurʾāns thought to belong to the early period. For the purpose of the article, the Qurʾān is analyzed in terms of its codicological, paleographic, orthographic and con-tent features. In conclusion, the section written in Kūfic script has has features from the last part of the third century Hijri. The section written in Maghribi script seems to be from the fifth or sixth century. Qurʾāns from different locations and time periods could be assembled and bound together by the purchaser. This Qurʾān belongs to the category of "mixed Qurʾāns". It seems to be one of the first translations using an early Qurʾānic manuscript. Based on its ornamentation, it can be said that the Qurʾān has been interfered with in some places. Considering the script featu-res of the Qurʾān, the scribe's hand was shaking, especially in the section written in Kūfic script, and this is evident in the writing. In other words, it may be a Qurʾān copied in later years based on an early Qurʾān manuscript. There is no clear information on this subject.

Towards a Broad Concept of Punctuation

Abstract This article proposes a typology of punctuation devices based on functional criteria. It argues that a broad concept of punctuation – including not only non-“alphanumeric” marks but also layout and spacing as well as script features – is needed to do justice to the diversity of material features of manuscripts and their changes over time.

Count Me Too: Sentiment Analysis of Roman Sindhi Script

Social media has given voice to people around the globe. However, all voices are not counted due to the scarcity of lexical computational resources. Such resources could harness the torrent of social media text data. Computational resources for rich languages such as English are available. More are being developed, meanwhile strengthening and enhancing the current ones. However, Roman Sindhi, a resource-poor writing style, is a phonetically rich language lacking computational resources, creating a working space for researchers. This work attempts to develop lexical sentiment resources that will help calculate the public opinion expressed in Roman Sindhi and bring their point of view into the limelight. This work is one of the initial efforts to develop lexical Roman Sindhi sentiment dictionary resources to help detect sentiment orientation in a text. Furthermore, it also developed two interfaces to leverage the lexical resources—a Roman Sindhi to English translator (RoSET) that translates a Roman Sindhi feature into an equivalent English word and a Roman Sindhi rule-based sentiment scorer ( RBRS3) that assigns sentiment score to a Roman Sindhi script features. The results obtained from the developed system accommodated the bilingual dataset (Roman Sindhi + English) more adequately. An increase of 20.8% was recorded for positive sentence detection, and a 16% increase was obtained for negative sentences, whereas neutral sentences were marginalized to a lower number (59.31% decrease). The resultant system makes those public voices expressed in the Roman Sindhi script get counted, which otherwise are in vain.

Writing letters in two graphic systems: Behavioral and neural correlates in Latin-Arabic biscripters

Biscriptuality is the ability to read and write using two scripts. Despite the increasing number of biscripters, this phenomenon remains poorly understood. Here, we focused on investigating graphomotor processing in French–Arabic biscripters. We chose the French and Arabic alphabets because they have comparable visuospatial complexity and linguistic features, but differ dramatically in their graphomotor characteristics. In a first experiment we describe the graphomotor features of the two alphabets and showed that while Arabic and Latin letters are produced with the same velocity and fluency, Arabic letters require more pen lifts, contain more right-to-left strokes and clockwise curves, and take longer to write than Latin letters. These results suggest that Arabic and Latin letters are produced via different motor patterns. In a second experiment we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to ask whether writing the two scripts relies upon partially distinct or fully overlapping neural networks, and whether the elements of the previously described handwriting network are recruited to the same extent by the two scripts. We found that both scripts engaged the so-called “writing network”, but that within the network, Arabic letters recruited the left superior parietal lobule (SPL) and the left primary motor cortex (M1) more strongly than Latin letters. Both regions have previously been identified as holding scale-invariant representations of letter trajectories. Arabic and Latin letters also activated distinct regions that do not belong to the writing network. Complementary analyses indicate that the differences observed between scripts at the neural level could be driven by the specific graphomotor features of each script. Overall, our results indicate that particular features of the practiced scripts can lead to different motor organization at both the behavioral and brain levels in biscripters.

Improved Classification of Handwritten Jawi Script Based on Main Part of Script Body

Since the entry of Islam, many ancient relics in the archipelago were written using Jawi script. Due to human or natural factors, these ancient relics will be damaged or destroyed. To avoid the loss of this ancient heritage data, the data must be stored in digital documents. In order to convert digital documents into machine-readable text format, the use of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology is inevitable. In this research, OCR technology is implemented on isolated Jawi scripts. Freeman Chain Code (FCC) is used to extract the isolated Jawi script features. Subsequently, the FCC feature is fed into Support Vector Machine (SVM) in order to classify the character. The decision rule classification is applied to the class of SVM classification in the Jawi script form. The results of the SVM classification into 19 classes reached 81.58%, while the results for merging into 15 classes produced better results with the accuracy 84.21%. Feature extraction of dot location is divided into the top, middle, and bottom. Feature extraction of the number of dotss is done by counting the number of dots, while feature extraction of the presence of holes is carried out by detecting the presence of holes in the characters. These features are applied to the class of results from SVM classification with decision-making rules. The percentage of success in applying the decision rules to the results of the classification of incorporation into 15 classes by SVM reached 92.86%. Further research will be conducted to determine the effect of the feature of the location of the dot and the number of dots on the shape of the main part of the character.

ARIAS-BADIA, Blanca. Subtitling Television Series. A Corpus-Driven Study of Police Procedurals. Oxford, Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, New York, Wien, Peter Lang, 2020, 248 pp., ISBN 978-1-78707-796-6 (print), ISBN 978-1-78707-798-0 (ePub)

The Audiovisual Translation (AVT) and Media Accessibility fields have found an ongoing interest in corpus research both for descriptive purposes (Matamala, 2008; Baños, 2013; Reviers, 2017) and for teaching purposes (Rica Peromingo, 2019; Baños, 2021). In an interdisciplinary fashion, Blanca Arias-Badia’s book Subtitling Television Series. A Corpus-Driven Study of Police Procedurals specifically takes on the task of describing the principal linguistic features of crime fiction television scripts and their corresponding Spanish subtitles. Its interdisciplinary nature lies on the combination of Television Studies, Linguistics and Translation Studies (TS). Notably, the author explores the notion of norms and patterns through the lens of these three disciplines, all by situating the source text and the target text in the spoken word to written language continuum. The book follows a clear structure of nine chapters including a theoretical and methodological contextualisation of the (quantitative and qualitative) morphosyntactic and lexical analysis of the Corpus of Police Procedurals [...]

Spontaneous Emergence of Legibility in Writing Systems: The Case of Orientation Anisotropy.

Cultural forms are constrained by cognitive biases, and writing is thought to have evolved to fit basic visual preferences, but little is known about the history and mechanisms of that evolution. Cognitive constraints have been documented for the topology of script features, but not for their orientation. Orientation anisotropy in human vision, as revealed by the oblique effect, suggests that cardinal (vertical and horizontal) orientations, being easier to process, should be overrepresented in letters. As this study of 116 scripts shows, the orientation of strokes inside written characters massively favors cardinal directions, and it is organized in such a way as to make letter recognition easier: Cardinal and oblique strokes tend not to mix, and mirror symmetry is anisotropic, favoring vertical over horizontal symmetry. Phylogenetic analyses and recently invented scripts show that cultural evolution over the last three millennia cannot be the sole cause of these effects.

Hybrid Genre Recognition Based on Movie Script Features

Hybrid Genre Recognition Based on Movie Script Features

Traditional Mongolian Script Feature Extraction based on Black Pixels in Bounding Box

Traditional Mongolian Script Feature Extraction based on Black Pixels in Bounding Box

BAHASA DAN AKSARA DALAM PENULISAN TAFSIR AL-QUR’AN DI INDONESIA ERA AWAL ABAD 20 M

Language and script in the writing of Qura’nic tafsir in Indonesia is not only used for communication tools, but it is also being a part of social and cultural cognition. This article investigates the relational and diverse interest in the practical life of Qur’anic interpretation. The local practice of Javanese script (pegon) for example, is commonly used by the community of pesantren and it is widely read by its students (santri). The practice of Cacarakan is also vastly used in the local context that is relevant to the social tradition of palace (keraton) community. On the other hand, the usage of Pegon, Bugis and Cacarakan in the writing of Qur’anic interpretation has experienced various difficulties, primarily in the issue of transforming Arabic vocabularies that however the scriptural features is not really applicable to the local features of Nusantara scripts.

Performance investigation of bandgap, gate material work function and gate dielectric engineered TFET with device reliability improvement

This script features a study of bandgap, gate material work function and gate dielectric engineering for enhancement of DC and Analog/RF performance, reduction in the hot carriers effect (HCEs) and drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) for better device reliability. In this concern, the use of band gap and gate material work function engineering improves the device performance in terms of the ON-state current and suppressed ambipolar behaviour with maintaining the low OFF-state current. With these advantages, the use of gate material work function engineering imposes restriction on the high frequency performance due to increment in the parasitic capacitances and also introduces the hot carrier effects. Hence, the gate dielectric engineering with bandgap and gate material work function engineering are used in this paper to overcome the cons of the gate material work function engineering by obtaining a superior performance in terms of the current driving capability, ambipolar conduction, HCEs, DIBL and high frequency parameters of the device for ultra-low power applications. Finally, the optimization of length for different work function is performed to get the best out of this.

Writers Identification Based on Multiple Windows Features Mining

Now a days, writer identification is at high demand to identify the original writer of the script at high accuracy. The one of the main challenge in writer identification is how to extract the discriminative features of different authors' scripts to classify precisely. In this paper, the adaptive division method on the offline Latin script has been implemented using several variant window sizes. Fragments of binarized text a set of features are extracted and classified into clusters in the form of groups or classes. Finally, the proposed approach in this paper has been tested on various parameters in terms of text division and window sizes. It is observed that selection of the right window size yields a well positioned window division. The proposed approach is tested on IAM standard dataset (IAM, Institut f?r Informatik und angewandte Mathematik, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland) that is a constraint free script database. Finally, achieved results are compared with several techniques reported in the literature.

The Identification of Balinese Scripts' Characters based on Semantic Feature and K Nearest Neighbor

script is a cultural heritage in Bali. As we know, that the papyrus is a cultural matter which is rich in valuable cultural values. Issues or problems encountered today is that the papyrus are not well maintained. Thus, many papyrus becomes damaged because it is not stored properly. Papyrus script was written using Balinese script's characters which having different features compared with Latin's characters. Balinese script can be recognized with feature extraction owned by each Balinese script. KNN is a classification algorithm based on nearest neighborhood. KNN can be used to classify Balinese script's features so that the test Balinese script's features which having nearest neighborhood value with the trained Balinese script's features will be recognized as the same Balinese script. Keywordsscripts, Feature extraction, KNN

An exploration of the examination script features that most influence expert judgements in three methods of evaluating script quality

Some methods of determining grade boundaries within examinations, such as awarding, paired comparisons, and rank ordering, entail expert judgements of script quality. We aimed to identify the features of examinees’ scripts that most influence judgements in the three methods. For contrasting examinations in biology and English, a Latin square design enabled each of three matched groups of 10 experienced examiners to use each method to determine grade boundaries in an experimental setting. Additionally, every script was rated separately for nine potentially influential features by at least two examiners working independently. All three methods generated plausible grade boundary marks. The most influential features were inferred from analyses of the relationships between script feature ratings and grading judgements. Although the three methods yielded similarities and variations in the most influential features, no influential features were deemed likely to compromise the methods’ validities.

Marginalised behaviour: digital annotations, spatial encoding and the implications for reading comprehension

Within large scale educational assessment agencies in the UK, there has been a shift towards assessors marking digitally scanned copies rather than the original paper scripts that were traditionally used. This project uses extended essay examination scripts to consider whether the mode in which an essay is read potentially influences the judgements made about it, employing qualitative and quantitative data‐gathering approaches to focus on the annotation practices of readers who are assessing extended essays, and to explore whether this might be affected by mode. The project also gathers evidence about the spatial encoding ability of these readers to suggest that mode‐related influences on annotation might influence the ability of readers to comprehend fully the material being read. Examiners had less spatial awareness about the location of script features on screen than on paper; however, annotating on screen might link to both the provision of appropriate annotations and the relative ease with which these are deployed whilst reading. There was also evidence that on‐screen annotation could contribute to the development of good mental representations of texts on screen.

Adolescents' Sexual Scripts: Schematic Representations of Consensual and Nonconsensual Heterosexual Interactions

The characteristic features of adolescents' sexual scripts were explored in 400 tenth and eleventh graders from Berlin, Germany. Participants rated the prototypical elements of three scripts for heterosexual interactions: (1) the prototypical script for the first consensual sexual intercourse with a new partner as pertaining to adolescents in general (general script); (2) the prototypical script for the first consensual sexual intercourse with a new partner as pertaining to themselves personally (individual script); and (3) the script for a nonconsensual sexual intercourse (rape script). Compared with the general script for the age group as a whole, the individual script contained fewer risk elements related to sexual aggression and portrayed more positive consequences of the sexual interaction. Few gender differences were found, and coital experience did not affect sexual scripts. The rape script was found to be close to the “real rape stereotype.” The findings are discussed with respect to the role of sexual scripts as guidelines for behavior, particularly in terms of their significance for the prediction of sexual aggression.

Flexibility in macro‐scripts for computer‐supported collaborative learning

Abstract In the field of computer‐supported collaborative learning (CSCL), scripts are designed to support collaboration among distant learners or co‐present learners whose interactions are (at least partially) mediated by a computer. The rationale of scripts is to structure collaborative learning processes in order to trigger group interactions that may be rare in free collaboration. Fixing the degree of coercion is a delicate design choice: too rigid scripts would spoil the richness of collaborative interactions; too flexible scripts would fail to induce the targeted interactions. Because of the unpredictability of how scripts will be enacted, both the teacher and the students must be allowed to modify some script features. In this article we propose a conceptual analysis of this notion of flexibility, arguing for a dissociation of constraints that are intrinsic to the pedagogical design of the script and constraints induced by the technology or contextual factors. This difference sets up the limits of flexibility both for the teacher and for the students and provides specification for the computational design. This analysis leads to the conclusion that the operationalization of CSCL scripts should be addressed by implementing script engines handling multiple representations of the script: the script to be executed, the emergent organization of teams, the set of intrinsic and extrinsic constraints and the visual representation of the script for students and teachers.

Quantification and Kansei evaluation of physical features of scripts

Quantification and Kansei evaluation of physical features of scripts

Kharosti and Brahmi

THE EMERGENCE OF WRITING' IN INDIA and relation between two early scripts, Brahm! and Kharosti, have received new attention in last several years.2 A consensus has emerged that challenges Georg Buhler's theories that had widely been accepted in Western scholarship for a century: that BrahmI script was derived for commercial use in eighth century B.C. from an Aramaic alphabet, and that later, during Achaemenid domination of Northwestern India, a more modern Aramaic script was introduced into that part of India and subsequently modified under influence of Brahm! script.3 Several Indian scholars (and some early European scholars) considered Brahmil script an indigenous development, and some tried to derive it from undeciphered script found on seals of Indus Valley Civilization that flourished before 2000 B.C.4 One of problems with Buhler's theory is oddity that Brahmi which is better equipped to write an Indian language, would have been replaced by less apt Kharosti (which would see some secondary modifications under influence of Brdhml). Buhler refers to introduction of Arabic script after Muslim conquest, but parallel is not close: massive influx of Afghans and Turks and introduction of Islam and Quran study into India cannot be compared with few Aramaic scribes who would have served Persian overlords in provinces of Gandhdra and Sindhu. In fact no Aramaic documents of any kind have surfaced from period of Achaemenid domination in India. Raj Bali Pandey5 concluded from this of Aramaic documents that Kharosti1 could not be derived from Aramaic, and that perhaps the Persians did not rule over India directly. But while no Aramaic inscriptions or other texts are known from whole eastern half of Achaemenid empire, Aramaic inscriptions of Asoka, almost a century later, found in Eastern Afghanistan prove importance of Aramaic language and script in that border area. distinctive features of both scripts are well known. Kharosti is more cursive, Brahm! more monumental. While Kharosti is written from right to left, does not differentiate between long and short vowels, and indicates initial vowels with similar signs, Brahm! is written from left to right, distinguishes between long and short vowels, and uses distinctive letters for initial vowels. Neither direction of writing offers distinct advantages-it is like driving either on right side or left side of road. other two features are now seen as improvements of Brahm! over Kharosti, but all is not well with arguments offered. Kharost-1 script used in inscriptions of Asoka, Sakas, and Kusanas does not differentiate between short and long vowels. Buhler, who considered Kharost-1 essentially a clerk's script, spoke of lack of [signs for] long vowels which are useless in everyday usage,6 and Pandey argued that The absence of long vowels in Kharosthi is due to fact that it was used for writing Prakrits which avoid long vowels ... not due to any Semitic influence. While long vowels were usually shortened in all Prakrit dialects before 1 I leave aside here undeciphered script of Indus Valley Civilization of a much earlier time. 2 Oskar von Hinilber, Der Beginn der Schrift undfruhe Schriftlichkeit in Indien, Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, 1989 nr. 11 (Mainz 1989); Harry Falk, Die Schrift im alten Indien (TUbingen 1993); Richard Salomon, Indian Epigraphy (New York 1998). 3 Georg Biuhler, Indische Palaeographie (Strassburg 1896),

When I call you up and you're not there: Application of communication accommodation theory to telephone answering machine messages

This investigation extends Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) to an everyday situation in which non‐simultaneous, temporally limited, and less information rich communication occurs. Specifically, this study explores whether callers converge to structural (script and message features) and relational (verbal immediacy cues) message aspects found in recorded answering machine messages. After comparing recorded answering machine messages and caller messages, we found that callers exhibited greater convergence to relational than to structural aspects. Both female and male callers converged with levels of immediacy in answering machine messages. Implications for future research in CAT are outlined.