Photographic Screening Research Articles

The follow-up of patients screened for glaucoma with non-mydriatic fundus photography.

In order to evaluate the value of photographic screening in predicting progressive glaucomatous damage, we re-examined 26 subjects 5 years after the initial screening. Of the 26 patients 16 had typical glaucomatous optic disc and visual field abnormalities (n = 7), retinal nerve layer damage (n = 6), or other risk factors of glaucoma (n = 3). In 10 of 26 patients suspected of having glaucoma, no abnormalities were initially confirmed. Of the 16 eyes with initially abnormal findings, 10 (63%) showed progressive changes during the 5-year follow-up period. The 10 initially suspected cases have remained healthy throughout the follow-up, giving a false positive rate of 5.5%. The results of this study indicate that it is possible to identify correctly patients with progressive glaucomatous changes with a non-mydriatic fundus camera.

Nonmydriatic fundus photography in screening for treatable diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of both insulin-dependent (type I) and non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes. The American Diabetes Association and others recommend screening for retinopathy, beginning 5 years after onset of symptoms for patients with type I diabetes and at the time of diagnosis for patients with type II diabetes. Ideally, diabetic patients are evaluated at recommended intervals by an ophthalmologist. Realistically, however, this is often not feasable, for reasons both of cost and availability. There is evidence that many diabetic patients are being referred too late for intervention, perhaps in part due to lax screening and detection, often the responsibility of internists and other primary care physicians. Data supports the need for a cheap, widely available, easy-to-use, effective screening tool for detecting treatable diabetic retinopathy. To this end, several studies have evaluated nonmydriatic fundus photography, and compared it with more-established methods of detecting diabetic retinal disease. The real question to be considered is whether nonmydriatic fundus photography will help to detect early treatable retinopathy better than the average physician using ophthalmoscopy. Several studies support its usefulness in this regard, and are discussed in this review. Questions remain, however, and further study is warranted in evaluating its potential role.

Diabetic photographic eye screening using a mobile unit in Tayside, Scotland.

Early detection and hospital referral of patients with diabetic changes (retinopathy) is essential if laser photocoagulation is to be effective. The British Diabetic Association (BDA) have therefore funded several diabetic mobile eye screening units and donated them to areas throughout the country, the aim being to screen patients for diabetic retinopathy in those areas. This article describes the use and findings of such a unit in the Tayside area.

Comparison of oral and general health development among institutionalized elderly people

This investigation comprises a longitudinal (2 yr) study of development in oral and general health among 100 institutionalized elderly people in Gothenburg. The aim of the study was to photographically document variations in oral health in relation to variation in the general health of these individuals during the period of the project. Changes noted from one examination to the next were limited to a judgment of an "unchanged", "deteriorated", or "improved" status. Medical analyses were based upon information collected from medical charts and the subjective impressions of the care staff, and odontological analyses were based upon photographic screening according to a set of given criteria. Results demonstrated a relation between developments in oral and general health among older people. The strongest relationships were registered between changes on the tongue and general health. The project has shown that a standardized photographic follow-up of health developments in oral tissues can be a valuable aid in cooperative efforts between medical physicians and dentists regarding health supervision of the elderly.

Non-mydriatic Polaroid photography in screening for diabetic retinopathy: evaluation in a clinical setting

Because of fears that Polaroid colour prints produced with a non-mydriatic fundus camera may not detect important sight threatening lesions in diabetes a study was conducted comparing retinal images obtained on Polaroid prints taken in "field" conditions with those on 35 mm transparencies and fluorescein angiograms. Almost one in five (22/127) Polaroid prints could not be assessed owing to poor quality compared with 3 (2.4%) 35 mm transparencies and 2 (1.6%) fluorescein angiograms. The pick up rate of microaneurysms, haemorrhages, and hard and soft (cotton wool spots) exudates was equivalent for Polaroid prints and 35 mm transparencies of equivalent quality. In two cases with disc new vessels, however, these were not seen on the Polaroid prints. The widespread use of Polaroid colour prints obtained with a non-mydriatic camera without the necessary operative and interpretive skills further limits the usefulness of the technique.

Photographic Screening for Factors Leading to Amblyopia

Two types of photographic systems have been developed to screen for amblyogenic factors. Each has evolved over the past 10 to 15 years, and each has been evaluated for potential use in mass screeni...

Nonmydriatic Retinal Photography in Screening for Diabetic Retinopathy

IABETIC RETINOPATHY is the most D common cause of blindness in the working age group.’*2 The prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in a large diabetic population has been estimated at about 30%.3*4 Five percent to 10% of diabetic patients with retinopathy have maculopathy or proliferative disease that will threaten eyesight unless detected and treated. Photocoagulation may halt or reverse development of diabetic retinopathy and avert Before patients can benefit from this effective and now widely available treatment, their retinopathy has to be detected. Many patients never get the opportunity to receive treatment because they remain undetected. In one study of the effectiveness of ophthalmoscopy through dilated pupils, up to 49% of cases of proliferative retinopathy were missed by a group of physicians of the type involved in the care of most diabetic patients.* In another study, 27% to 36% of serious retinopathy was missed by a group of specially trained physicians and experienced ophthalmologist~.~ Such failure rates from studies under optimum conditions must underestimate the inadequacies of diabetic retinopathy screening as it occurs in practice. Diabetes is common

Photographic screening for strabismus among mentally retarded children.

The prevalence of squint among mentally retarded children is much higher than in the general population. A photographic screening method based on the positioning of the 1st and 4th Purkinje image was applied to 80 mentally retarded children. The method was validated against orthoptic examination of the children. Totally 320 exposures were taken. Fourth Purkinje image was visible on 73% of these. Five children were not evaluable from the 4th Purkinje image. The photographic technique was simple and easy to handle, but comparison between the clinical and photographic diagnoses were inconsistent in 12 out of 80 cases, which made the method unreliable. In some cases the clinical assessments also varied from time to time. A combination of clinical orthoptic assessment and the photographic method is suggested.

CARTE: A thematic mapping program

CARTE is the graphics display program of the LBL Computer Mapping System, producing thematic maps on microfilm at one hundredth the cost of producing negatives by hand. The program matches a geographical area with statistical data to produce graphic output on 35 mm film in the form of cross-hatched maps for single-color printing or slides, or color separation frames for multi-color printing (either computer-generated dot screens or total mask frames for photographic screening). A versatile set of directives allows the user to design the map and a corresponding report, and to specify such features as automatic placement of area names, calculation of a smooth distribution for color coding, and boundary clipping to specified limits for sectioning a map.

Multidimensional Fourier Transforms and Image Processing with Finite Scanning Apertures

The Mertz and Gray analysis of image scanning in terms of multidimensional Fourier transforms is reformulated using a different coordinate system. A simplified mathematical notation is used for this analysis leading to scanning equations that emphasize the importance of the scanning apertures. Other image processes involving scanning are described in terms of their multidimensional Fourier transforms. These include a novel two-dimensional screening technique, and its comparison with a simple screening method and with conventional photographic screening processes. The effect on video spectra of aperture filtering and an analysis of television line interlacing are also given. The conditions for the validity of the unidimensional analysis of some of these image processing systems are indicated.

Screen Photography Equipment for Easier Detail Photography with Routine Roentgen Diagnosis Work

Screen Photography Equipment for Easier Detail Photography with Routine Roentgen Diagnosis Work

Screen Photography Equipment for Easier Detail Photography with Routine Roentgen Diagnosis Work

Screen Photography Equipment for Easier Detail Photography with Routine Roentgen Diagnosis Work

Further Experiments in X-ray Screen Photography (1011 subjects with Control Direct Radiographs)

In an article published in February of this year (1941), and under a similar title, the result of the examination of eighty subjects was discussed from the point of view of both photo-radiographic technique and radiological interpretation. It was felt at the time, however, that this investigation should be extended to a much larger group of subjects to enable the diagnostic quality of the miniature radiographs to be put to a further test, particularly as applied to presumably normal subjects. In this connection, although staff and X-ray plant were available, the experimental unit concerned was not transportable, and it was necessary to bring the subjects to the unit in London. This created a difficulty which at one time seemed to be insurmountable. However, by good fortune, the Norwegian Seamen's Bureau and Medical Service Department came to our assistance, and there was no longer any dearth of suitable subjects for a mass examination. Negotiations with the Norwegian medical staff were successful, and, in...

Radiography of the Chest in Recruits

AT a meeting of the Section of Medicine of the Eoyal Society of Medicine on May 27, Dr. Philip Ellman read a paper on “Mass Radiography of the Chest in the Early Detection of Intrathoracic Disease, with Special Reference to Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Recruits”, in which he maintained that this method offers an invaluable contribution to preventive medicine. He recorded some results which he had obtained by (1) full–sized radiograms, (2) fluoroscopy and (3) miniature screen photography, the last being the most practical means of carrying out mass X–ray examination of the chest. As the result of his experience of this method with control experiments with full–sized radiograms, he suggested that for correct interpretation miniature screen photography demands a technically satisfactory film, which involves the closer co–operation of technician, radiologist and chest physician. The method offers an invaluable contribution to the detection of pre–clinical asymptomatic pulmonary lesions in a presumably healthy population. It can therefore add much to the prevention and control of pulmonary tuberculosis—in war by the examination of recruits, and in peace by the examination of selected groups of the population, for example, where pulmonary tuberculosis is known to be frequent and in certain trades where the pneumokonioses are known to be common. In dealing with the application of the method to cardiology in the detection of cardiovascular lesions, Dr. Ellman urged that serial examinations should be made, and that its general adoption in routine health examinations will be of great value.

The Rôle of Mass Radiography in Tuberculosis

The diagnosis of early tuberculosis still leaves much to be desired, in spite of the marked growth of X-ray facilities in recent years. This is largely inherent in the pathology of the disease. Radiography is only capable of recording the shadows of the moment. These may be characteristic of one or more diseases, and in the case of tuberculosis do not necessarily indicate activity. A full clinical investigation of suspicious cases is essential. Mass radiography can be carried out in various ways; of these fluoroscopy is the cheapest but does not provide a permanent record. Miniature screen photography overcomes this defect, but for use on a large scale requires special apparatus and the most careful organisation. Miniature mass radiography can provide, under favourable conditions, a rapid method of weeding out those who present abnormal skiagraphic appearances. Such suspects should be referred to a tuberculosis dispensary for detailed investigation. The re-examination of persons classed as healthy should ...

Editorial

EditorialPublished Online:29 May 2014https://doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-14-158-43SectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail AboutAbstractFor many months the medical journals have contained letters for and against mass radiography of the chest by screen photography. The fluorescent screen image is photographed on to 35-mm. ciné film as used in the modern precision miniature camera. Some of these letters show a not surprising prejudice. Those who have used, or are familiar with, these modern precision instruments, with their mechanical and optical perfections, will be less prejudiced and more ready to examine and assess the value and limitations of this innovation as a means of safeguarding the national health, be it of the armed forces or in the industries, coupled with an economic possibility in time, money, and personnel. Next article FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 14, Issue 158February 1941Pages: 43-78 © The British Institute of Radiology History Published onlineMay 29,2014 Metrics Download PDF

Experiments in X-ray Screen Photography with Control Direct Radiographs

The value, limitations, and the importance of technique in X-ray screen photography is stressed. The importance of the method in mass surveys for the detection of early pulmonary lesions in asymptomatic subjects, and its possible extension to the sphere of cardiology, is indicated. A technique for producing technically satisfactory miniature negatives is described. In 80 cases the findings from X-ray screen photography employing the technique described are compared with the findings of direct X-ray examination.

Mass Radiography. With Special Reference to Screen Photography and Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Mass Radiography. With Special Reference to Screen Photography and Pulmonary Tuberculosis