We investigated the effects of protons and calcium ions on the voltage-dependent gating of the hyperpolarization-activated, nonselective cation channel current, Ih, in rod photoreceptors. Ih is a cesium-sensitive current responsible for the peak-plateau sag during the rod response to bright light. The voltage dependence of Ih activation shifted about 5 mV per pH unit, with external acidification producing positive shifts and alkalinization producing negative shifts. Increasing external [Ca2+] from 3 to 20 mM resulted in a large (∼17 mV) positive shift in Ih activation. External [Ca2+] (20 mM) blocked pH-induced shifts in activation. Cytoplasmic acidification produced by 25 mM sodium acetate led to a negative shift in inactivation (−9 mV) and internal alkalinization produced with 20 mM ammonium chloride resulted in a positive shift (+6 mV). Surface charge binding and screening theory (Gouy–Chapman–Stern) accounted for the observed shifts in Ih activation, with the best fit achieved when protons and calcium ions were assumed to bind to distinct sites on the membrane. Since light induces changes in the retinal ionic environment, these results permit us to gauge the degree to which rod light responses could be modified via alterations in Ih activation.