The federal government is strongly committed to the early identification (screening) of individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs) and the provision of clinically appropriate brief interventions for nondependent users of alcohol and drugs (i.e., persons with alcohol or drug abuse disorders) as well as referral to specialty addictions treatment for those with dependence (alcohol or drug addiction). However, limited third-party reimbursement of healthcare providers (particularly primary care and emergency department professionals) poses significant implementation barriers and sustainability challenges for projects, including State grantees that have been awarded Screening, Brief Intervention and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT) Program funding through the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT). Although the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) authorized Medicaid program reimbursement for screening and brief intervention (SBI) serv...