Scout Movement Research Articles

Latent Opportunities for Heritage Tourism in South Africa: Evidence from Mahikeng and Surrounds

In many parts of the global South heritage is one of the major drivers for destination development. This case study builds upon the existing international scholarship on heritage as a driver for local economic development. The focus on the study is Mahikeng and the wider Ngaka Modiri Molema District in the North West province where there is a wealth of underutilised local cultural and heritage assets. This valuable asset base stems from the area’s history of multi-cultural interactions and with important historical events that occurred in the area relating to the colonial town of Mafeking; the Siege of Mafeking, the founding of the Boy Scout movement and the Anglo-Boer War (South African War); the life of David Livingstone; the life and experiences of prominent African leaders like Sol Plaatje and Dr (Ngaka) Modiri Molema; and, African cultural heritage. However, many heritage assets in the area are underutilised due to the peripheral location of the town, poor marketing and low visitor numbers, as well as, poor maintenance. Arguably, Mahikeng and its surrounds enjoys a rich heritage asset base which offers latent opportunities for a future expansion of heritage tourism and an expanded contribution of tourism for the local economy.

VOLUNTEER’S ENGAGEMENT: FACTORS AND METHODS TO INCREASE VOLUNTEER’S PERFORMANCE AND PRODUCTIVITY IN NGOs DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC (SCOUT ORGANIZATIONS AS A MODEL)

Since the scout movement plays an important role in communities and contributes to the development of young people in many ways, it was necessary to preserve a productive team to keep the scout organization to the right way. Due to the lack of research that carried out in this field, this paper studies the best ways to increase the performance of volunteers in NGOs especially scout organizations during COVID-19. The descriptive research used a cross-sectional design, and the data was collected using quantitative and qualitative research methods. There were conducted 7 online meetings with seven top managers in different scout organizations and analyzed 154 questionnaire responses from volunteers. The results approved the research hypothesis of the positive relationship between McClelland's Human Motivation Theory which is the need for achievement, affiliation, and power, and its impact on the high performance of volunteers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Besides, training, development, enhancing skills and communication are the best ways to motivate volunteers in the team as concluded.

Scout Culture and its Relationship with Scout Curricula According to the Perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals among Scout Leaders in Iraq

The Scout movement is considered a tool for upbringing and building for generations in a way thatreflects positively on the civilized, scientific and social development of society, for it is no longer justa means to occupy the leisure time of youth, but rather has become a contribution to developing theirabilities and behaviour by developing their social skills, instilling sound values and ethics for them, andenriching their knowledge with movements and information that It can contribute to providing themwith experiences that qualify them physically, mentally and socially as individuals who are good citizensin their societies to build a generation capable of serving their homeland. Values have a great and directinfluence on the work that the mobile performs in terms of controlling his behavior and defining hisgoals And taking decisions related to its work, and the extent of the relationship of scouting curriculaaccording to the perspective of the sustainable development goals with the application of scout culturein the behavior of scouts, the research objectives. the research community was identified with leadersand scout leaders in the education directorates in the governorates of Iraq except for the Kurdistanregion for the academic year 2019-2020, and the researchers identified the research sample in a randomway, Whereas, (10) leaders and female leaders were selected for the reconnaissance experiment, (40)leaders and female leaders for the construction sample.

The Great Wall of Chinese America: Counterhegemonic boyhood masculinity and the Boy Scouts in New York’s Chinatown before World War II

ABSTRACT This article analyzes a troop newspaper entitled The Great Wall created by Chinese American Boy Scouts in New York’s Chinatown in the late 1930s. I argue that Chinatown Scouts constructed a counterhegemonic boyhood masculinity through expressions of physical strength, ethnic heritage, and binational allegiances. Although Chinatown Scouts resisted stereotypes of Chinese Americans as feeble and Chinatowns as insular, they stopped short of articulating an alternative to the BSA’s masculinist vision. The Boy Scout movement in New York’s Chinatown before World War II urges scholars to give greater attention to the intersection of race, gender, and age in Asian American history.

PENERAPAN NILAI KARAKTER DALAM KEGIATAN KEPRAMUKAAN DI SEKOLAH DASAR

APPLICATION OF CHARACTER VALUES IN SCOUTING ACTIVITIES IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS Abstract. This study aims to: (1) find out the application of character values in scouting activities at primary school, (2) find out what factors influence the application of character values in scouting activities at Primary school, and (3) find out whether activities Scouts improve the character of the students of primary school. This study uses a qualitative approach. The data in this study were obtained through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation with interactive model data analysis. The results showed that the application of character values in scouting activities at primary school was adjusted to the values of character education according to Listyarti (2012), namely: (1) religious, (2) honest, (3) tolerance, (4 ) discipline, (5) hard work, (6) creative, (7) independent, (8) democratic, (9) curiosity, (10) national spirit, (11) love for the homeland, (12) respect for achievement, (13) friendly/communicative, (14) peace-loving, (15) likes to read, (16) cares about the environment, (17) cares about social, and (18) is responsible. Meanwhile, factors that affect the application of the character values in scouting activities in primary school, namely: First, the supporting factors, namely the implementation of the mandate of Act No. 12 of 2010 concerning the Scouting movement and Decision Munas results of the Scout Movement in 2013. The second, factor barriers, namely funding, and the relatively low level of parental knowledge about Scouting activities so that parents are less motivated to actively participate in Scouting activities. Scout activities carried out primary school improve the character of students. This can be seen in the results of the study where 18 values of character education are always taught by the coach/teacher in scout extracurricular activities. In addition, giving examples of good attitudes, which contain character values through scouting materials also makes students more behave and act according to directions or rules.

Scouting Interactive Games for Scouts Based on Embodied Interaction Using Embedded System

Scouts is the scouting level after the cub scout aged 11-15 years old. In their age range, they can use logical thinking in the form of physical objects to solve a problem. The development of the Scout Movement has had ups and downs, and recently the number of children interest in scouting activities decreases. The impact is the scouting insight they get isn't optimal. One strategy to solve this problem is by developed forms, tools, and learning media of scouting. Game is one of the learning media that can be used to create effective learning. The educational game is a popular learning media and widely developed by experts, as well as in Indonesia. Unfortunately, in the field of scouting, educational games are less developed. In this research, the author will build an educational scouting game for scouts. In the scouts level, they began to be introduced about communication code, skills, natural recognition, and others. Games created using Embodied Interaction technology. This technology allows users to control the game using body movement. The purpose of this game is to increase the interest and insight of children on Scout activities. From the results of research that has been done, it can be seen that after playing the game, 95,7% of children thought it is exciting, and 87% of them became enthusiastic join scouting activity. Based on the results of the pre-test and post-test, scouting insight increased after playing the game with an average percentage of increased insight being 18.7%.

Management Model of Hizbul Wathan Extracurricular Development in Muhammadiyah Senior High School

This study aims to determine the management development of Hizbul Wathan's extracurricular coaching model to improve Muhammadiyah students' competence in Indonesia. This qualitative research involved 6 participants who represented each data variable. Methods of data collection by observation, interviews, documentation. Data analysis used an interactive model from Milles and Huberman. The study results found that the Scout Movement of Hizbul Wathan has been carried out to manage Human Resources by involving administrators from the Central Quartir to the Branch Quartirs and coaches in Qabilah throughout Indonesia. Organisation and network management to lay a solid foundation for improving students' quality as Muslim is emphasised.

Praja Muda Karana (Pramuka) Indonesia in the Indonesian State Defense System

The current dynamics of globalization resulted in a change in the social, political, economic, and national security stability dimensions. In the stabilizing dimension of state security, it can potentially cause a threat to the defense of the country. Furthermore, Indonesia's universal defense system allows the community as a supporting component to actively participate, especially in the rights and obligations in carrying out state defense and assisting the national defense. Scouting is one form of state defense organized in an official organization container, structured and clearly the legal umbrella. This study analyzes how the scout movement and the application of the values of state defense in the defense of the state? and how does the Indonesian Scout Movement function in the Indonesian state defense system?. The method in this research is descriptive qualitative by using primary data and secondary data through legislation approach, conceptual approach, and previous research findings approach. The results of the research that has been done show that the values contained in the Scout Movement and the concept of state defense have the same goal of strengthening the defense of the country. In accordance with the concept of state defense in Law No. 3 of 2003 and in Article 1 of Law No. 23 of 2019, and in accordance with Article 4 of Law No. 12 of 2010. In addition, the function of the Scout Movement in the Indonesian defense system is as a supporting component, it can be found in Article 9 of Law No. 23 of 2019 on the management of national resources that explains Article 7 paragraph (2) letter (b) that the development of state defense awareness is one of which is given to cadres of community organizations, in this case, is scout organizations.

Building a measurement for nomination to get the wooden badge by the scout leaders in Iraq.

The developing the energies of the Scout leaders in the scientific and practical life will be by perform' their works that they are assigned with more care, accuracy, and speed, take more attention honor and honesty and fairness and keep in their minds the strengthening of their bodies self-reliance and instilling the concept of cooperation with their colleagues and familiarize them to serve their local, Arabic, and global societies. The syllable, which aims to enable the individual, involved in the activities of the Scout movement to gain cognitive and emotional qualities and skills that qualify him to achieve his overall growth. The problem of researchers identified the lack of syllabus of the wood badae curriculum and the level of the wooden emblem curriculum of the Scout leaders in Iraq according to this type The aim of the research was to build an assessment of the wooden badge curriculum of the Scout leaders in Iraq, to identify their level of scale and to identify their level based on type, whether they have a difference between them. The researchers used the descriptive approach in the survey method, for itssuitabirty to the native of the stady. The research community had included leaders holders of a wooden badge in Iraq (468) are leaders and commanders deployed in the directorates of education in the governorates of Iraq. The population of research was (406) and it was selected as a leader and 247 male and female leaders of the research community, including 15 male and female leaders of the scale reconnaissance experiment and (232) form to construct. The assessment is in terms of the application sample was (159) leaders, (97) males (62) and females. The study concluded that the level of the wooden medal curriculum among male leaders (very high) while the level of the curriculum in females is (high) indicating that the level of the curriculum of the wooden emblem of males is higher than female. The two researchers recommended the reliance on the current assessment, which was built by the two researchers to detect the level of the wooden badge curriculum based on the type and to conduct a similar study in order to identify the relationship between the wooden medal curriculum and the academic achievement.

Building tests for a number of scout skills for the stage of advanced scout

The presence of special tests to measure the variables is an important and vital work that develops the scout in terms of scouting skills. Therefore, the importance of the research lies in finding means that have the scientific basis to measure an important aspect of the scout movement, which is the scouting side, as well as helping the scout leaders in choosing scouts to represent the scout teams correctly, and also can determine the current skill ability of the scout and what it will become in the future. The advanced scout stage was chosen because their ages are appropriate and at this stage they learned the arts of scout skills and have the ability to perform the tests designed by the researcher, and certainly this step will be followed by steps that concern other scout stages. Through the foregoing, the objectives of the research were as follows: - Building tests for a number of links and scout courses for the advanced scout stage. Find standard scores and levels for a number of links and scout courses for the stage of advanced scouting. The research community was represented by students of the scout teams for the preparatory stage in Nineveh governorate center, and the sample of (10) schools were taken, five of which are on the right side of the city and the other five on the left side, and they were divided into the exploratory experiment sample and the construction sample as well as the application sample. As for the scout skills tests, A scientific steps were followed in selecting and presenting them to the experienced and specialized gentlemen as well as using the scientific foundations of honesty, consistency and objectivity. The link tests and scout courses were summarized as follows: (the Closed wedge bundle ,the woodcut bundle ,the square round , and the straight round). After that, the results were reached through the statistical laws that were represented by (arithmetic mean , standard deviation , correlation coefficient law (T) for differences and standard scores). The following conclusions were reached: Obtaining aspecial tests to measure a number of links and scouting courses for the stage of advanced scouting that enjoy the scientific foundations of honesty, consistency and objectivity as well as their natural distribution, which indicates their suitability for the research sample, namely: ( Closed wedge tie test, woodcutter work test, square cycle work test, straight cycle work test) . Reaching to Tables for the standard scores and levels of the tests for the links and the courses that were built.

National Association of Russian Explorers: brief history

The subject of this research is the history of development of the National Association of Russian Explorers (NORR) – one of the youth organizations of White émigré. NORR was founded in 1928, and in the 1930s became the largest emigrant youth organization. However, after the World War II it basically ceased its activity. The first members of NORR came from the Scout movement, founding their ideology on the criticism of parent organization. Nevertheless, it did not prevent them from borrowing the most effective methods of scouting and adapt them to their ideology. The ideology was based on the Russian nationalism of imperial type, patriotism and militarism. Peter the Great was selected as the symbol of all the ideas. Leaning on the wide variety of source, including the materials introduced into the scientific discourse for the first time, the article examines the phenomenon of national upbringing in extracurricular organizations. The main conclusion consists in the thesis that the burst in popularity and subsequent decline of the National Association of Russian Explorers were associated namely with the national-patriotic component of upbringing, which was of crucial in the conditions of emigration. The fact that the leader of this association P. N. Bogdanovich, was able to offer a system of Russian national upbringing to general emigrant community was the key factor of its initial success. After World War II, NORR has lost many of its active members and winded down its activity; and the Russian Scouts implemented more national elements into their work, attracting patriotic youth. This brought the activity of NORR to an end.

Богдан Дороцький – активіст студентського руху і меценат української культури

The purpose of the article is to clarify and systematize the facts of the life of a graduate of Lviv Polytechnic, activist of the Ukrainian student movement, public figure Bohdan-Volodymyr Dorotsky (1909 – 1945). The research methodology is based on the principles of objectivity, historicism, using general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization, as well as comparative and biographical methods. The scientific novelty of the article is to make an attempt to study the biography of a graduate of Lviv Polytechnic, an active member of the Ukrainian student movement, public figure Bohdan Dorotsky against the tragic events of 30 – 40 years of the twentieth century on the basis of a critical analysis of sources and published materials. Materials from manuscript sources and periodicals revealing little-known facts from the life and work of Bohdan Dorotskiy have been introduced into the scientific circulation. Conclusions. Bohdan-Volodymyr Dorotskyi is a representative of the generation of Ukrainian figures who, in the absence of Ukrainian statehood in the 1930s and 1940s, focused their work on the development of the Ukrainian student movement and the support of culture. Both patriotic traditions of the family and studies in Ukrainian gymnasiums, participation in the Ukrainian scout movement, as well as persecution of the family by the Polish authorities had a significant influence on this area of his interests. While studying at Lviv Polytechnic, he actively worked in the governing bodies of student organizations: the student society "Osnova", the Union of Ukrainian student organizations in Poland, the Society of friends of education, the cooperative "Student Usurer". A special mission of Bohdan Dorotsky was his participation in the publication of the official magazine UUSOP - "Student Way", as well as books of young poets. Bohdan Dorotsky's active work attracted the attention of Polish, Soviet and German security agencies. He was arrested several times by the Polish authorities. Tragically died in 1945 having been killed by members of the Polish nationalist organization.

Malory’s Magic Book: King Arthur and the Child, 1862–1980 by Elly McCausland

Reviewed by: Malory’s Magic Book: King Arthur and the Child, 1862–1980 by Elly McCausland Ashley Johnson (bio) Elly McCausland. Malory’s Magic Book: King Arthur and the Child, 1862–1980. D. S. Brewer, 2019. In her study, Malory’s Magic Book: King Arthur and the Child 1862–1980, Elly McCausland tracks King Arthur’s location at what she deems “the crossing places” that inspire adaptations of Thomas Malory’s influential Morte Darthur. In doing so, she maps both Arthur’s and Malory’s places in the development of Arthuriana for children (189). As McCausland makes clear, she is not so much interested in the children who read Malory’s Morte and its adaptations as she is in the authors who invent the child-reader for those texts. Her work, which surveys an impressive number of narratives by multiple authors, fills a substantial gap by addressing the long overlooked relationship between Arthuriana and children’s literature. McCausland begins by outlining the significance of Malory’s Morte, arguing that as a case study it suggests that “shifting conceptions of the child—as bold and adventurous, socially fragile, magical and innocent—actually manifested themselves in texts that either attempted to engage with these children or were shaped by a profound authorial interest in the realm of childness. It reveals the complexities of interacting with the child as a writer, parent, teacher, or through memory of one’s own childhood” (6–7). McCausland then breaks her discussion into five chapters and a conclusion, each of which investigates either a specific selection of texts and their corresponding illustrations or an author who has either revised or reimagined Malory’s tale. Her first chapter focuses on abridgements of Malory’s narrative, and the subsequent chapters examine adaptations. Chapter 1 surveys the works of J. T. Knowles, Sidney Lanier, Charles Henry Hanson, and Margaret Vere Farrington. Here, McCausland highlights the ways that authors emphasized the enduring, moral themes of knighthood and adventure, and expanded Malory’s definition of chivalric masculinity to involve both the physical and the moral. Significant here is McCausland’s contention that these abridgements rely on Tennyson’s Idylls. Using Tennyson as a model, the authors hoped to craft a narrative appropriate for young readers by following Tennyson’s strategy of making the Morte ethically suitable for Victorian audiences. Thus, ultimately, these texts were created as attempts to popularize and moralize the Morte. Chapter 2 continues this discussion through an analysis of the works of American author Howard Pyle (1903–10) and British author Henry Gilbert (1911). Pyle and Gilbert reinterpret [End Page 124] Malory’s knightly adventures as “an example to children, specifically boys, by reformulating [Morte’s] martial adventures to emphasise a series of social and moral qualities linked to the development of idealised manhood” (57). These authors use their narratives to consider the value of adventurous manhood in early twentieth-century Britain and America by positioning the knights as youthful. Significant here is a discussion of the late Victorian and early twentieth-century trend to offer inspirational, didactic stories that would instill manly courage in the hearts of boys, suggesting that boys could be capable of heroic deeds. In line with this, McCausland juxtaposes the rise of the Boy Scout movement with the dissemination of these texts, arguing that these mechanisms worked together to offer boys a way to indulge in fantasies of risk-taking of knighthood while remaining socially responsible in their everyday lives. McCausland returns to a survey of multiple texts in chapter 4 with a review of five adaptations that demonstrate the versatility of the Arthurian narrative. These works by Phyllis Briggs, Roger Lancelyn Green, Alice Hadfield, Antonia Fraser, and Barbara Leonie Picard are obviously influenced by Malory’s Morte, but they alter his materials drastically by embellishing the narrative extensively, changing or deleting scenes, and making the narrative relatable to mid-twentieth century readers. Here, Mc-Causland assesses the strategies shaping these adaptations, from magic and mysticism, and from spirituality and psychological drama, to reveal “unstable constructions of childhood and the child reader” (117). In addition to an extensive survey of Malory-inspired texts, McCausland focuses on the lives and writings of T. H. White...

The Boy Detective in Early British Children’s Literature: Patrolling the Borders between Boyhood and Manhood by Lucy Andrew

Reviewed by: The Boy Detective in Early British Children’s Literature: Patrolling the Borders between Boyhood and Manhood by Lucy Andrew Ashley Johnson (bio) The Boy Detective in Early British Children’s Literature: Patrolling the Borders between Boyhood and Manhood. By Lucy Andrew. Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. Lucy Andrew’s thorough research in The Boy Detective in Early British Children’s Literature rivals even Sherlock Holmes’s detective work as she dives deep into the milieu of boys’ detective fiction in Britain from the mid-nineteenth to the early-twentieth century. The volume offers archival exploration of an impressive number of periodicals, articles, and short stories by multiple authors featuring a range of boy detectives and their adult counterparts, filling a hole in the field of detective and children’s fiction in her analysis of a genre that is “mostly forgotten today and largely unexplored by critics—despite their widespread influence and popularity at the time of their publication,” and her discussion of boys’ detective fiction is an effective and detailed entry point into the subgenre (2). [End Page 224] Andrew traces the transformation of the boy detective in story papers aimed at working class boys in Britain, offering clues as to why the character morphed throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Her search begins with an analysis of the “penny dreadful” tradition and chapters 1 and 2 address middle-class worries about the detrimental effects of crime literature on adolescent boys. Using serials and newspaper articles, Andrew explains that middle class adults felt that the criminal protagonists in penny stories led to criminal activity in working class boys. To combat this, the boy detective was revised from a criminal protagonist to the likes of Ernest Keen, a moral alternative to the criminal heroes found in early penny dreadfuls. As one of the earliest British texts specifically aimed at children, The Boy Detective attempted to “steer boy readers away from the path of juvenile delinquency and towards an acceptance of middle-class behavioural codes and values” (23). Thus, the aim here was to police boyhood. However, Ernest Keen was too independent and successful for adult readers; thus, the boy detective character disappears from popular reading and, when he returns around thirty years later, morphs into an assistant to adults. Andrew picks up the boy detective’s trail in chapter 3 with an analysis of the Harmsworth Brothers’ story papers of the 1890s which featured detective Sexton Blake, with his Chinese assistant We-wee, and detective Nelson Lee, with his assistant Nipper. Pertinent in this chapter is an analysis of the ways that the detective stories address anxieties about adolescent misbehavior and how they serve as colonizing works with the goal of preparing boys to be useful for the preservation of the British nation. With the future of the nation in the hands of the youth, boys’ detective fiction morphed again into a more diversified genre at the beginning of the twentieth century. The genre flipped the detective/assistant hierarchy and readers saw the introduction of the boy assistant as savior, as well as a rise in stories featuring an independent, professional boy detective. Here, society’s emphasis was on preparing boys to be defenders. However, Andrew explains that these revisions did not provide adequate role models. Thus, in 1908, Baden-Powell’s Boy Scout movement rose to fill the gap which constructed “a new boy detective model that encapsulates the core values of scouting, such as active citizenship, patriotism and teamwork” (94). This shift created a place for the boy detective in children’s fiction and he would continue to serve in his role as amateur child detective. With the arrival of World War I, society shifted from thinking about boyhood as preparation for manhood to boyhood as a time for boys to be boys, making room for the schoolboy detective. In chapter 5 Andrew explains that educational and legislative reform helped this mutation of the detective story because society became focused on improving child welfare and implementing the school as a “safe haven,” separating childhood from adulthood. Here, Andrew offers example after example of boy detectives who fulfill the role of schoolboy detective and learn from their experiences [End Page...

Особенности становления и развития Скаутского движения в России и за рубежом

Актуальность исследования данной проблемы обусловлена быстрым вхождением цифровизации во все сферы человеческой жизни, что многие процессы социальной адаптации подрастающего поколения не успевают принимать ту форму, при которой молодые люди могли гармонично развиваться как в умственном, так и в физическом, духовном и психологическом аспекте. В связи с этим, данная статья направлена на ознакомление с историей Скаутского движения в России и мира, а также возможности реализации идей Скаутинга в воспитании подрастающего поколения и развития их физических и интеллектуальных способностей, а также активного участия в жизни общества, социального взаимодействия не только в масштабах одной семьи, класса, но и всей страны, мира. В статье рассмотрены истоки зарождения Скаутинга, выделены особенности его развития за рубежом, характеризующиеся формированием экологической этики, равенства между взрослыми и детьми и подготовкой молодежи к взаимодействию с социумом. Автором предложена периодизация, и выявлены отличительные особенности в развитии Скаутского движения в отечественной практике, характеризующиеся выделением пяти этапов в развитии Скаутинга, для каждого из которых характерны свои особенности (1 этап – зарождение и развитие Скаутинга в России, 2 этап – запрет Скаутинга в России, 3 этап – зарубежный этап Российского Скаутинга, 4 этап – возрождение Скаутинга в России, 5 этап – Скаутинг в России в наши дни). В исследовании выявлена взаимосвязь временных отрезков истории Скаутинга через сохранение Обещания, Законов, девиза, лозунга, принципов, традиций и атрибутики Скаутского движения, которые тесно связаны с идей организации всестороннего развития подрастающего поколения, способного быть полезным себе и обществу. The relevance of the study of this problem is due to the rapid entry of digitalization into all spheres of human life, while many processes of social adaptation of the younger generation do not have time to take the form in which young people could develop harmoniously both in the mental and physical, spiritual and psychological aspects. In this regard, this article is aimed at acquainting with the history of the Scout movement in Russia and abroad, as well as the possibility of implementing the ideas of Scouting in the upbringing of the younger generation and the development of their physical and intellectual abilities, as well as active participation in the life of society, social interaction not only in the scale of one family, class, but the whole country, the world. The article examines the origins of Scouting, highlights the features of its development abroad, characterized by the formation of environmental ethics, equality between adults and children and the preparation of young people for interaction with society. The author proposes a periodization and reveals distinctive features in the development of the Scout movement in Russian practice, characterized by the allocation of five stages in the development of Scouting, each of which has its own characteristics (stage 1 – the emergence and development of Scouting in Russia, stage 2 – the prohibition of Scouting in Russia, stage 3 – the foreign stage of Russian Scouting, stage 4 – the revival of Scouting in Russia, stage 5 - Scouting in Russia today). The study revealed the relationship of time periods in the history of Scouting via means of preservation of the Promises, Laws, motto, slogan, principles, traditions and attributes of the Scout Movement, which are closely related to the ideas of organization in the all-round development of the younger generation capable of being useful to themselves and to society.

Scout Participation in Public Health Activities in the Jabodetabek Region in 2020

Health problems cannot be solved by health officials alone. The scout movement with millions of members throughout Indonesia clearly has a very important role in this. Scout members as millennial youth can be important agents of change, both for fellow youths, for parents and their families as well as for society as a whole. The members of the Ventura Scouts (16-20 years) andRover Scouts (20-25 years) in Indonesia number around 3.6 million (16% of 23 million). The study aims to observe the participation of the Ventura Scout and Rover Scouts who carry out various activities in the public health in the Jabodetabek area and which media cover/report on these Scouting activities.
 The research is qualitative in nature by observing news of Scout involvement in the public health activities in electronic mass media, print media and online media from January to June 2020. To complete the information, the researchers conducted in-depth interviews with several connected coaches and scouts. The analysis is carried out simply by comparing which media do the most news coverage/broadcasting about scout activities in the publicc health activities, and what motivations make scouts involved in public health activities.
 The research results showed that the of Ventura Scoutand Pandega Scouts were heavily involved in the public health activities, especially during the Covid19 pandemic, among others, distributing masks, becoming counselors, becoming role models. It turned out that online media was mostly followed by print and electronic media which covered and reported on the Ventura Scout and Rover Scout activities. This is also because the Ventura Scoutand Pandega Scouts are contributors to online media news, moreover Scouts have the tagline "Every Scout is a reporter". Meanwhile, the print and electronic media reported little about Scouting activities because they were more interesting in reporting on other youth groups. While the motivation of the Ventura Scoutsand Rover Scouts to be involved in public health activities because in accordance with Tri Satya and Dasa Darma Pramuka, among others, are helping others in life, participating in building the nation, loving nature and affection for fellow humans and being willing to help, and being responsible as citizens.
 The conclusion is that Scout involvement in the public health activities is quite often carried out in the Jabodetabek area in accordance with existing health problems in the local location. Scouts have been motivated to carry out humanitarian activities because of the pledge and promises contained in Tri Satya and Darma Pramuka. Online media reported the most on Scouting activities because the tagline "Every Scout is a reporter", while print media and electronic media reported the least on Scouting activities. The recommendation put forward is that every Scout carrying out activities in the health sector must be equipped with PPE (personal protective equipment), and the Scout Movement must continue to collaborate on an ongoing basis with the mass media, both printed, electronic and online.

Soldier-Citizen Training: The Early Boy Scout Movement in Ethiopia (1920s–1950s)

Abstract Under the motto Zǝgǝğu! (Be prepared!), Ethiopian Boy Scouts attempt to become part of an imperial, national, and global community. Since its formation a century ago, the movement changed its character and served different ends. By looking at the foundational period between the 1920s and 1950s, this article investigates to what extent the Ethiopian movement provides a lens through which we can examine the notion of citizenship. Because scouting has a militarized connotation, this article probes the possibility of applying the concept of the “soldier-citizen” as a temporary, yet specific, form of citizenship. The article argues that during the 1920s and 1930s the Ethiopian movement had a clear militaristic aim. It functioned to train cadets, not serving citizens. In the postliberation context, the movement relied on ideas about taming and disciplining young men by channeling their energy towards building a modern nation. Through its inclusion in the newly established Department of Physical Education within the Ministry of Education and Fine Arts (MoE), scouting became an integral part of the educational system. The article argues that it provided a specific kind of citizenship training at a time when other volunteer organizations (e.g., the Young Men’s Christian Association [YMCA]) were also developing the notion of citizen into an aspirational category.

Implementasi gerakan kepanduan hizbul wathan untuk meningkatkan karakter kepemimpinan siswa di mi muhammadiyah 3 penatarsewu

This study aimed to see how the implementation of the Hizbul Wathan scouting movement to improve the character of student leadership in MI Muhammadiyah 3 Penatarsewu. This type of research is to use qualitative research methods with a descriptive approach. The subjects in this study were the principal, the coach of Hizbul Wathan, the class teacher, students. Data collection is done by interviews, observations, and documentation. While in data analysis, using techniques in a way, namely data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The scouting movement of Hizbul Wathan's development in MI Muhammadiyah 3 Penatarsewu since its inception tends to be stagnant and not optimal. The obstacles that exist make the implementation of the scout movement hizbul wathan less than the maximum to improve the character of student leadership in MI Muhammadiyah 3 Penatarsewu.

From Sandwich to Santara: Frivolously Sserious Publications by Lithuanian Students in the US

Following World War II, Lithuanian academic youth, who found themselves and continued their studies at the US universities, joined various organizations, as a result active social, cultural and societal life of students took place. The main organizations uniting Lithuanian students in the US (the Lithuanian Student Union, the Catholic Student Union Ateitis, the Academic Scout Movement, the Lithuanian student group Santara) perceiving the impact of information, took special care of their press publications that had become one of the main tools in helping to gather academic youth, to disseminate organizational / ideological ideas not only among students but also among the wider society.
 This article presents and analyzes one-time and continuous publications published by Lithuanian students in the US, which have not received wider attention from researchers so far. The main attention is focused on the publications published by one of the organizations - Lithuanian student group Santara (since 1957 Santara-Šviesa Federations), as well as the analysis of the publications published by other organizations - the Lithuanian Student Union, the Academic Scout Movement, the Catholic Student Union Ateitis - their repertoire, content, significance in student life. The study covers the period of the 1950s-1960s allowing the observation of the most intensive activity of Lithuanian students in the US, their active participation in the public life of the Lithuanian community and a great deal of attention to own press problems. At that time, the main Lithuanian student organizations published various publications for their members and the general public: from one-time (humorous, occasional or camp) publications, newsletters intended for members only to successful and none too successful attempts to publish their own periodicals.
 The Lithuanian American Student Union established in 1951 for the purpose of informing members since March 1954 began publishing Lietuvių Studentų Sąjungos JAV biuletenis (the US Newsletter of the Lithuanian Student Union), which soon became a serious student magazine, Studentų gairės (Student Guidelines), published by in a printing house, and from 1954, students launched the English-language magazine Lituanus, which became an academic magazine for foreigners, published to this day. Ideological organizations (scouts, members of Ateitis and Santara), which had student columns in the major Lithuanian press, and published various one-time or continuous publications, took a very active part in the press work. The organizations had their own newsletters: the Academic Scout Movement (ASM) published the newsletter Ad meliorem for ASM members, the Catholic Student Union Ateitis in Cleveland since 1951 published Gaudeamus, in 1957-1961, Santara published the newsletter Žvilgsniai (Glances). Newsletters of separate columns (such as New Yorko Santara - New York Santara) also appeared, although they were irregular, often only published for a short time. Various one-off publications were popular among young people: occasional, humoristic (e. g. Krambambulis, Sumuštinis - Sandwich), a gathering or a camp publications (Arielkon – To Homemade Vodka, Niekšybės paslaptis - The Secret of Villainy, Po nemigos - After Insomnia etc.). These publications were self-published in a very small circulation and distributed only among members of the organization. Many of them have not survived or if survived are kept by private archives or archival institutions. The place of publication and circulation of these publications were usually not indicated, unmarked; publishers, editors, authors of articles and illustrations are left unknown, periodicity of publications and even the number of published publications – unclear.
 The content of most student published publications was analogous. The publications contained a variety of information – from serious texts analyzing issues on Lithuanian identity and social activities relevant to the young generation of the diaspora, as well as brief organizational information, humour columns, photographs and friendly banter addressed to self and colleagues. Despite their quality and sometimes seemingly insignificant content, these publications become an important, often the only one source revealing to researchers the peculiarities of the little-known American youth camping, the peculiarities of student social and community life.

The Influence of the Scout Movement as a Free Time Option on Improving Academic Performance, Self-Esteem and Social Skills in Adolescents.

The word scouting refers to the Scout movement, born more than a hundred years ago, which educates millions of young people between the ages of six and twenty-one in their leisure time. We aimed to study the effects of scouting on the academic results, social skills, and self-esteem of high school youths compared to a non-scout sample. The selected sample consisted of 430 secondary students aged between thirteen and seventeen. Self-esteem and social skills were measured, and the average mark of the total sample was analysed. After the study, it was shown that belonging to the scout movement significantly influences the improvement of academic results in formal education and conflict resolution; however, there are no statistically significant differences in self-esteem and other social skills.