Scottish Trade Research Articles

The Impact of the American Revolutionary War on Scottish Northern Whaling: The Dunbar Factor

A general mood of optimism pervaded British Northern whaling on the eve of the American Revolution. There was neither a naval press nor threat of enemy intervention at sea. Additionally, large numbers of experienced seamen and military vessels, both well suited for whaling, became available at the end of the Seven Years War. While these post-war incentives were important, there was also a degree of uncertainty concerning the continuation of the whaling bounty and Westminster's decision to encourage the expansion of New England whaling in order to ensure oil and bone supplies. The influx of American whale products initiated sharp reductions in oil and bone prices. It soon became apparent, however, that the New Englanders, besides providing produce inferior to that brought back by English and Scottish whalers, could not satisfy growing British demand. In the face of these complex and often conflicting forces, the Scottish trade displayed remarkable consistency throughout the entire inter-war period, 1764-1774. The organizational structure of the industry and the importance of the fledgling trade1 to restricted regional economies provided an important element of stability that permitted the size of the Scottish Northern fleet, with but two exceptions, to remain at nine vessels throughout the late 1760s and early 1770s. While not actually encouraging expansion, conditions during the brief interlude of peace were strong enough to at least promote a continued Scottish presence in Northern whaling. The outbreak of the American Revolutionary war, however, tipped the balance against the investors and the industry entered a period of retrenchment which saw not only a sharp reduction in the scale and scope of the British whaling effort (Fig. 1), but which also threatened the very survival of the trade in Scotland. The perseverance of the East Lothian and Merse Whale Fishing Company of Dunbar during the war had a profound influence on the future of Scottish Northern whaling.

Alcohol and Primary Prevention in Scotland and Sweden

This study compares primary alcohol prevention in Scotland and Sweden and the effectiveness of preventive actions with special reference to developments from the mid- or late 1970s when alcohol consumption peaked in both countries and when changes were made in their alcohol policies. A short historical overview shows many similarities between the countries, e.g. strong prohibition-oriented temperance movements, a history of alcohol (spirits) abuse and restrictive legislation. A major difference is the much more dominating role of private profit motives in Scottish alcohol trade. During the last 15-20 years, the two countries have chosen different strategies to prevent alcohol-related problems. Sweden has put heavy emphasis on restricting the availability of alcohol but also invested substantially in information, whereas Scotland has concentrated on the latter. A comparison of the trends during the last 15-20 years suggests that whereas Swedish alcohol control reduced the level of alcohol consumption and related problems in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Scottish did not, even though the upward trend was broken for most indicators. The drinking sensible message has not been powerful enough to reduce the number of non-sensible drinkers. In fact, a continuing upward trend of liver cirrhosis deaths in Scotland, especially for women, may suggest the opposite. The study also shows that, despite rather stable overall consumption for the last 10 years, the specific alcohol-related problem of drinking and driving has been decreasing in both countries. This indicates that even if consumption increases in the future, as is likely in Sweden due to current changes in alcohol control policy, drinking in specific contexts may still be preventable.

Scottish TUC in competetive tendering discussions.

The Scottish Trades Union Congress expects to meet Michael Forsyth, the Scottish Health Minister, early this month to discuss competitive tendering for ancillary services and the future of the National Health Service.

Day of action against tendering.

Scottish trade unions are planning a mass day of action next month against the implementation of competitive tendering for ancillary hospital services throughout the country.

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviews in this article:Engllishness: Politics and Culture, 1880–1920. Edited by Robert Colls and Philip Dodd.The Scottish Trades Union Congress. The First Eighty Years: 1897–1977. By Angela Tuckett.Scotland: The Case for Optimism. By Jim Sillars.Atrocity and Amnesia: The Political Novel Since 1945. By Robert Boyers.Thinkers of the New Left. By Roger Scruton.Bringing the State Back In. Edited by Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer and Theda Skocpol.The Nation‐State and Violence. By Anthony Giddens.The Political Economy of Corporatism. Edited by Wyn Grant.A World in Crisis? Geographical Perspectives. Edited by R. J. Johnston and P. J. Taylor.The Artful Albanian: The Memoirs of Enver Hoxha. Edited by Jon Halliday.Margaret Cole 1893–1980: A Political Biography. By Betty D. VernonDuff Cooper: The Authorized Biography. By John Charmley.

REVIEWS

REVIEWS

Genetical analysis of a barley mutant with reduced height and increased diastatic power

The United Kingdom produces enough barley grain to meet its needs for animal feed and brewing. The Scottish grain whisky trade, however, imports large quantities of high-diastase barley from Canada (Hayter & Allison, 1975). The breeding of highdiastase cultivars which could be grown in Scotland and so replace these imports has been pursued at the Scottish Crop Research Institute (SCRI).

L.E. COCHRAN; Scottish Trade with Ireland in the Eighteenth Century (Edinburgh, John Donald, 1985, pp. viii and 199. £16.00).

L.E. COCHRAN; <i>Scottish Trade with Ireland in the Eighteenth Century</i> (Edinburgh, John Donald, 1985, pp. viii and 199. £16.00).

Review: Scottish Trade with Ireland in the Eighteenth Century

Review: Scottish Trade with Ireland in the Eighteenth Century

Scottish Trade with Ireland in the Eighteenth Century.

Scottish Trade with Ireland in the Eighteenth Century.

Reviews

Book reviewed in this articleREVIEW OF PERIODICAL LITERATURE, 1984A selective survey of periodical literature on British economic and social history published in other journals.GREAT BRITAINT. F. T. Baker (Ed.)‐ The Victoria History of the Counties of England: A History of the County of Middlesex, Vol. VIII.K. J. Stringer. Earl David of Huntingdon, 1152‐1219: A Study in Anglo‐Scottish History.Jo Ann Hoeppner Moran. The Growth of English Schooling, 1340‐1548: Learning, Literacy, and Laicization in P re‐re formation York Diocese.Mary Prior (Ed.). Women in English Society, 1500‐1800.Philip Riden (Ed.). George Sitwell's Letterbook, 1662‐66.Philip Riden. History of Chesterfield, Volume II, Part I, Tudor and Stuart Chesterfield.Margaret Spufford. The Great Reclothing of Rural England: Petty Chapmen and their Wares in the Seventeenth Century.Patrick McGrath. (Ed.). A Bristol Miscellany.Roger Burt. The British Lead Mining Industry.John Cannon. Aristocratic Century: The Peerage of Eighteenth‐century England.L. E. Cochran. Scottish Trade with Ireland in the Eighteenth Century.Jeffrey G. Williamson. Did British Capitalism Breed Inequality?Richard Dennis. English Industrial Cities of the Nineteenth Century: A Social Geography.Royden Harrison and Jonathan ZeitlinRoger Penn. Skilled Workers in the Class Structure.David J. V. Jones. The Last Rising: The Newport Insurrection of 1839.M.J. Daunton. House and Home in the Victorian City: Working‐Class Housing, 1850‐1914.Martha Vicinus. Independent Women: Work and Community for Single Women, 1850‐1920.Alun Howkins. Poor Labouring Men: Rural Radicalism in Norfolk, 1870‐1923.Michael Sanderson. From Irving to Olivier: A Social History of the Acting Profession in England, 1880‐1983.R. P. T. Davenport‐Hines, Dudley Docker: The Life and Times of a Trade Warrior.Jim Tomlinson. British Macroeconomic Policy since 1940Alec Cairncross. Wars of Recovery: British Economic Policy, 1945‐51.B. A. Holderness. British Agriculture since 194S‐L. S. Pressnfxl and John Orbell. A Guide to the Historical Records of British Banking.GENERALL. A. Clarkson and E. M. Crawford. Ways to Wealth: The Cust Family of Eighteenth‐century Armagh.William H. Sewell. Structure and Mobility: The Men and Women of Marseilles, 1820‐70.Arndt Fleischer. Patentgesetzgebung und Chemisch‐Pharmazeutische Industrie im Deutschen Kaiserreich, 1871‐1918.Hknry Ashby Turner Jr. German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler.Manuel Martin Rodriguez. Pensamiento ecónomico espaol sobre la Poblacidn.Kathleen Burk. Britain, America and the Sinews of War, 1914‐1918.Hal S. Barron. Those Who Stayed Behind: Rural Society in Nineteenth‐century New England.Charles W. Cheape. Family Firm to Modern Multinational: Norton Company, a New England Enterprise.Norman B. Wilkinson. Lammot du Pont and the American Explosives Industry, 1850 84.Steven Hahn. The Roots of Southern Populism: Yeoman Farmers and the Transformation of the Georgia Upcountry, 1850‐90.James C. Cobb. Industrialization and Southern Society, 1877‐1984.Gilbert C. Fite. Cotton Fields No More: Southern Agriculture, 1865‐1980.Richard B. Sheridan. Doctors and Slaves: A Medical and Demographic History of Slavery in the British West Indies, 1680‐1834.Jean Stubbs. Tobacco on the Periphery: A Case Study in Cuban Labour History, 1860‐1958.Srinivasa Ambirajan. Political Economy and Monetary Management: India, 1766‐1914.Peter Greenhalgh. West African Diamonds, 1919‐83: An Economic History.J. C. Russell. Late Ancient and Medieval Population Control.R. J. Holton. The Transition, from Feudalism to Capitalism.Robert I. Rotberc and Theodore K. Rabb

L. E. Cochran. Scottish Trade with Ireland in the Eighteenth Century. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers' Ltd.; distributed by Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, N. J. 1985. Pp. viii, 199. $30.50.

L. E. Cochran. Scottish Trade with Ireland in the Eighteenth Century. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers' Ltd.; distributed by Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, N. J. 1985. Pp. viii, 199. $30.50.

A Comparative Study of the Women's Trade Union Conference and the Scottish Women's Trade Union Conference

The intention of this article is to make a comparative study of women's activity in trade unions in Scotland and in Britain as a whole, and to discuss women's demands for better representation in the unions. It is important to point out that this is not a straightforward comparison between Scotland and England (in case it should be taken to be so), since Scottish trade unionists participate in unions organizing workers throughout Britain, and in the Trades Union Congress (TUC) and Women's TUC. This comparison will focus mainly on the women's conferences of the TUC and the Scottish Trades Union Congress (STUC), the reasons for this choice will be elucidated later in the text. Firstly, in order to establish how much ground there is for comparison I wish to briefly indicate the similarities and differences existing between Scotland and the rest of Britain, relevant to the issue under discussion. This entails outlining the pattern of women's employment in Scotland, and the way in which the particular characteristics of the Scottish economy affect that pattern. The general level of unionization of women in Scotland and in Britain will also be briefly described. Women's Work in Scotland In Britain there are over nine million women at work, forming 41.2% of the total workforce. In Scotland there are over 875,000 women workers, forming 42.2% of the Scottish workforce. The pattern for women's employment in Scotland in terms of industrial distribution does not differ significantly from that for Britain as a whole, i.e. women are concentrated in services and distribution, and are in the least skilled and the lowest paid occupations. Table 1 demonstrates the

The nineteenth century Scottish carrier trade: Patterns of decline

Abstract Scottish carrier trade declined rapidly in the period 1820–60, but the pattern is complex and growth co‐exists with contraction. Total volume of traffic is halved, but in areas peripheral to the thin rail net there are increases. Glasgow was the main carrier centre, and saw not only contraction but a change from regional to local functions.

Scottish Trade on the Eve of Union, 1660–1707. By T. C. Smout. Edinburgh and London: Oliver &amp; Boyd, 1963. Pp. xv, 320. 50s.

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Scottish Trade on the Eve of Union, 1660-1707.

Scottish Trade on the Eve of Union, 1660-1707.

Developments in the Scottish Pig Iron Trade, 1844–1848

Between 1844 and 1848 the Scottish pig iron trade occupied a particularly important place not only in British but also in world economy. In 1830 Scotland produced only 37,000 tons of pig iron, or about 5 per cent of the total British output. By the mid-1840's it produced over 300,000 tons annually, or about 25 per cent of die British output. Of this increased output only one third was used in Scotland, while no less than one quarter left the United Kingdom for abroad. Such a rapid progress rested on peculiarly favorable geological and technical conditions.

Arms of Scottish trade incorporations

Arms of Scottish trade incorporations Get access G. B. S. G. B. S. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s7-II, Issue 28, 10 July 1886, Page 37, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s7-II.28.37c Published: 10 July 1886

Arms of Scottish trade incorporations

Arms of Scottish trade incorporations Get access J. P. E. J. P. E. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s7-II, Issue 28, 10 July 1886, Page 37, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s7-II.28.37d Published: 10 July 1886

Arms of Scottish trade incorporations

Arms of Scottish trade incorporations