Scorpion Bite Research Articles

Purification and characterization of a novel type of neurotoxic peptides from the venom of the Iranian scorpion Hemiscorpius lepturus.

Objective(s):Scorpion venom has toxic effects on mammals, insects and crustaceans. Toxicogenic peptides are major contributors to the scorpion venom, which make it toxic. The Hemiscorpius lepturus (H. lepturus) is one of the most common scorpion bites agent, and responsible for 95% of scorpion bite deaths cases in Iran.Materials and Methods:In this project, we fractionated the H. lepturus scorpion venom and analyzed toxic fractions of the venom. The crude venom of H. lepturus was dialyzed against distilled water and then the soluble part of the venom was isolated from the non-soluble (mucoproteins) part of the venom and loaded onto the Sephadex G-50 gel filtration column, then after determining the toxicity of the obtained fractions (fractions toxicity were detected in mice by IV injection), the resulting toxic fraction was purified with three stages of ion-exchange chromatography (anion and cationic) and RP-HPLC. The purity of the fractions was verified by SDS-PAGE electrophoreses.Results:The LD50 of H. lepturus venom was 177.01 µg/mouse. The crude venom had 7 detectable bands with molecular weights of 10-100 KDa and one band less than 10 KDa. Finally, after the different stages of chromatography, two HL2153 and HL2155 peaks were obtained from the RP-HPLC, which were depicted single bands and high purity. The electrophoretic analysis showed molecular weight 4874 Da for HL2153 and 5107 Da for HL2155 toxins.Conclusion:It is concluded that H. lepturus venom contains two HL2153 and HL2155 toxins with a relatively similar molecular weight and similar electrical charge 4874 and 5107 Da, respectively.

CULTIVATION OF COTTON IN CHINA AND IRAN WITH CONSIDERING BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND ITS HEALTH BENEFITS

Cotton (Gossypium L.) is one of the most important commercial crops and it is famous as white gold. Cotton has a diversity of applications, principally medicinal and many other usages, such as pigments, derivatives for cattle feed, different uses of the oil extracts and etc. Cottonseed oil has a ration of 2:1 of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids and generally consists of 65-70% unsaturated fatty acids, including 18-24% monounsaturated (oleic) and 42-52% polyunsaturated (linoleic), and 26-35% saturated (palmitic and stearic). The most important health benefits of cotton is treat respiratory diseases, treat skin problems, treat wounds, beneficial for breastfeeding mothers, a good cure for rat bite, an appropriate cure for scorpion bite, for joint and eye pains, for swollen legs, for removing bacteria in teeth, and alternative medicine for various diseases such as cancer, HIV and etc. Cotton seed oil mostly extracted from Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium herbaceum, that are also grown for cotton fiber and animal feed. Gossypol is one of the most effective ingredients, both in traditional pharmaceutical practices and alternative modern medicinal preparations. It is a toxic polyphenolic bisesquiterpene, which may have antifertility and antiviral properties. The obtained findings suggest potential of cotton as a natural resource in pharmaceutical industries.

Ancient Egyptian Healers

Medicine in ancient Egypt was trying to restrain all malefic beings from the action and to preserve the well-being of the individual. Thus the initial statement that magic and science were one and only, a sole concept. Papyrus Edwin Smith mentioned diseases and surgery cases, 62 in total, fourteen with known treatments, and 48 without mentioning any treatment, maybe chronical diseases difficult to treat or even unknown diseases. At the same time as Papyrus Edwin Smith was bought in 1872 by Egyptologist George Ebers who gave it his name. It contains 877 medical treatises covering physical, mental and spiritual diseases. Papyrus Hearst Housed at the Bancroft Library, the University of California has eighteen pages, concentrating on the urinary tract treatments, blood, hair and snake and scorpion bites. Written in hieratic, its prescriptions go from a tooth that has fallen out to medicine to treat the lung and even human bites. Pigs and hippopotamus bites also. The nurse in Ancient Egypt could be female or male and was a highly respected medical professional although, as with midwives, there is no evidence of a school or professional training.

Extraction, Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Secondary Metabolites of Aerial Parts of Clematis heynei and Solanum virginianum

The increasing interest in powerful biological activity of secondary metabolites outlined the necessity of determining their contents in medicinal plants. In the last few years, there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine and gaining popularity both in developing and developed countries because of their natural origin and less side effects. Clematis heynei (C. heynei, Ranunculaceae) is commonly known as Deccan clematis, Murhar, Morvel, Ranjaee and it is a somewhat woody climber very sparsely distributed in deciduous forests of Western Ghats, India. In the Indian system of medicine ‘Ayurveda’ this plant is used to eliminate malarial fever and headache. Different plant parts were used for treating various diseases. Solanum virginianum L. (S. virginianum, Solanaceae, Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & H. Wendl.) is a diffuse and very prickly under shrub. It is found growing commonly in various regions of the world on sandy soils and is distributed throughout India. The plant is used traditionally to treat asthma, chest pain, leucoderma, scorpion bite, and sterility in women. The aim of the present study is to examine C. heynei and S. virginianum aerial parts of plant for phytochemical profile. Qualitative analysis of various phytochemical constituents and quantitative analysis of total phenolics and flavonoids were determined by the well-known test protocol available in the literature. Quantitative analysis of phenolic and flavonoids was carried out by Folins Ciocalteau reagent method and aluminium chloride method respectively. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, fixed oil and fats. The total phenolics content of methanolic and aqueous extract of C. heynei was (0.592, 0.292 mg/100mg), followed by flavonoids (1.371, 0.723mg/100mg) respectively. The total phenolics content of methanolic extract of S. virginianum was (0.345mg/100mg), followed by flavonoids (0.978mg/100mg). The present study concluded that the crude extract of C. heynei and S. virginianum is a rich source of secondary phytoconstituents which impart significant antioxidant potential. The findings of the present study will be helpful to phytochemists, pharmacologists and pharmaceutical industries.

Medical Legacy of Gandhi: Demystifying Human Diseases.

Medical Legacy of Gandhi: Demystifying Human Diseases.

Macular Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion as a Rare Complication of Periocular Scorpion Bite: A Case Report and Literature Review

Macular Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion as a Rare Complication of Periocular Scorpion Bite: A Case Report and Literature Review

Envenomation cases reporting to a rural primary health care center in Maharashtra

Background: Annually in the world 1,200,000 cases of envenomation and 3,250 deaths by scorpion stings ensue. Alarming statistics are also seen for snake bites globally i.e. 421,000 envenoming and 20,000 deaths. India is the country with the highest annual number of envenoming (81,000) and deaths (nearly 11,000).Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study based on hospital record to assess the trend of diverse cases of scorpion sting and snake bite reporting to a rural primary health care center from January 2017 to December 2017. A pre-designed case record proforma was utilized to estimate the percentages of diverse cases of scorpion and snake bites attending the center and assess the demographic profile of the bite cases along with the evaluation of management protocol of these bite cases.Results: 190 cases of envenomation visited the health care center in a year where 165 were scorpion stings and 25 were snake bites. Referral to higher centres for management was established to be more in children and adolescent age groups but the mean age of envenomation was evaluated to be 33.8 years. Remarkable seasonal variation in the envenomation cases was spotted. Anti-snake venom was used for treatment of snake bites but anti-venom was not utilized for scorpion bites.Conclusions: Envenomation cases were common in adults but complications were higher in children and adolescents. We observed gender based risk and a seasonal incidence of envenomation. Most patients of envenomation were successfully managed in rural hospital with limited facilities.

Cerebrovascular Injury Following Scorpion Sting and Snake Envenomation: A Case Series.

Neurological complications following snake and scorpion bite are diverse. Literature regarding patterns of cerebrovascular injury (CVI) and outcomes among these patients is scarce. This is a descriptive study of the clinical profile, brain imaging findings, mechanisms of injury, vascular territory involvement and outcomes of CVI following scorpion and snake envenomation, in a tertiary care center in South India.MethodologyPatients with scorpion sting- and snake envenomation-related complications were retrospectively enrolled. Neuroimaging was performed on five patients with each envenomation, and they were found to have neurological involvement. On imaging, three patients were found to have a CVI. Clinical, radiological parameters and outcomes of these patients were studied. We also performed a review of the literature and analyzed the finding of all the cases.ResultIn all, three patients each had evidence of CVI in imaging. An additional 32 reports of scorpion sting-related CVI and 35 reports of snake envenomation-related CVI were identified from the literature. There was a male predominance among these patients. Mean age of the patients with scorpion sting was 42.8 years as compared with 33 years for the patients with snake envenomation. Features of severe envenomation were present in all patients. Persistently depressed sensorium and new-onset focal neurological deficits were seen in 70% of all patients. Infarcts were seen in 88% of patients with snake envenomation and 53% of patients with a scorpion sting. Mortality was 28% among patients with a scorpion sting as compared with 8% with snake envenomation. Cerebrovascular injuries are uncommon neurological manifestations following scorpion and snake envenomation. These tend to occur in younger patients. Infarcts are more common than bleeds.

Phytochemical analysis and free radical scavenging activity of Isoberlinia doka leaves

Isoberlinia doka is dominant specie in the savannah of West Africa belonging to the family Fabaceae. It is used in traditional medicine for treatment of muscular – skeletal system disorders, Jaundice scorpion bites, Convulsion, diabetes, ulcer, wounds and cough. The objectives of the study are to determine the pharmacognostic and antioxidant activity of Isoberlinia doka leaves. Three extracts of Isoberlinia doka leaves were obtained by sequential maceration using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol The extracts were screened qualitatively for the presence of saponins, carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones and alkaloids using standard procedures. Thin layer chromatography was carried out to determine the separation profile of various extracts. Antioxidant activity of the methanol leaves extract of Isoberlinia doka was determined using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) Assay. The phytochemical screening of the methanol extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides and saponins. The methanol leaves extract of Isoberlinia doka demonstrated strong radical scavenging activity and reducing power ability with concentration dependent responses. The results of this study suggest that the plant can serve as a good source of antioxidant which can aid in the management of diseases associated with oxidative stress.

<i>Astraea lobata</i> (L) Klotzsch (Euphorbiaceae): An ethnopharmacological review

This is a review on the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of A. lobata with a view to present a better understanding of the medicinal potentials of the species. Published literature on A. lobata were sourced from databases such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, SciFinder, Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, Scielo, Springerlink, Google Patents, Espacenet, BioMed Central (BMC) and Medline. Astraea lobata is native to north, central and south America, and now naturalized in Benin, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Senegal and Togo where it is used to treat numerous diseases including dysentery, malaria, menstrual problems, scorpion bite, rheumatism pain, skin cancer, sterility in women and as purgative. Multiple classes of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, anthraquinones, esters, diterpene alcohols, flavonoids, hydroxy ketones, peptides, phenolics, saponins, steroids, tannins, triterpenes and triglycerides have been isolated from fruits, leaves, roots and stems of A. lobata. Scientific studies on A. lobata indicate that it has a wide range of pharmacological activities which include antibacterial, antidiabetic, antiplasmodial, antioxidant, antitrypanosomal and leishmanicidal activities. The wide usage of A. lobata as a herbal medicine calls for detailed pharmacological and phytochemical studies aimed at correlating the documented medicinal uses of the species with its biological activities and phytochemistry. Keywords : Astraea lobata , Euphorbiaceae, herbal medicine, pharmacology, phytochemistry

Insights into an endemic medicinal plant species of Madagascar and Comoros: The case of Famelona (Chrysophyllum boivinianum (Pierre) Baehni, Sapotaceae family)

Chrysophyllum boivinianum (Pierre) Baehni is an endemic plant of Madagascar and Comoros. In Madagascar, it is known by the local name “famelona”. The wood of C. boivinianum is exploited for carpentry as material for building houses and ships. Its leaves are used in traditional medicine to treat fever, muscle pain and scorpion bites as well as to heal wounds. In Madagascar, it is widely used by the local population to treat many diseases. Thus, a deeper assessment of its valorisation strategy is becoming ever more crucial. The objective of this study was to determine the phenolic and organic compounds in the leaves and stems of C. boivinianum in relation to their biological activities and local uses. Solvents composed of methanol, water and chloridric acid were used for leaf and stem extractions. The two extracts were then compared with leaf infusions and stem decoctions by spectrophotometric and chromatographic analysis in order to determine phytochemical composition, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The results showed that the leaf extracts contained the highest amount of total polyphenolic compounds (TPC) (805.16 ± 1.08 mgGAE/100 gDW), followed by leaf infusions at 477.87 ± 38.49 mgGAE/100 gDW. The stem extracts and stem decoctions had lower TPC than did the leaf extracts, with 249.12 ± 7.11 mgGAE/100 gDW and 191.66 ± 14.88 mgGAE/100 gDW, respectively. The leaf infusions showed much higher antioxidant activity (49.67 ± 0.45 mmol Fe2+/kgDW) than did leaf extracts (27.60 ± 0.32 mmol Fe2+/kgDW). This activity was influenced by high amounts of chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid, at 217.08 ± 2.89 mgGAE/100 gDW and 13.02 ± 0.15 mgGAE/100 gDW, respectively. The leaf infusions were also rich in gallic acid (15.19 ± 1.63 mgGAE/100 gDW). The stem extracts and stem decoctions also had lower antioxidant activity, at 19.86 ± 7.35 mmol Fe2+/kgDW and 12.53 ± 0.15 mmol Fe2+/kgDW, respectively. The leaves of C. boivinianum showed a higher content of bioactive compounds than the stems, and the infusions represented the best method for extracting biomolecules with high amounts of healthy properties and antioxidant activity. Regarding antimicrobial activities, leaf extracts had higher antimicrobial activity against Salmonella typhii, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans than did stem extracts. This activity was influenced by the high rates of polyphenols in the leaves.

A prospective study of pattern of acute poisoning and treatment outcome in paediatric age group in tertiary care hospital of Konaseema region of Andhra Pradesh, India

Background: Konaseema region of Andhra Pradesh is little different from other area as it is the delta of Godavari river with agriculture and aqua main source of income to the people. This area has mainly rural establishment and no study has been conducted on children to know the pattern of acute poisoning and treatment outcome. Present study has been designed with an aim to study of the pattern of acute poisoning and treatment out come in Konaseema region of Andhra Pradesh.Methods: In present study all the children from birth to 16 years of age who has been admitted in emergency department were recruited. Patients with snake bite, scorpion bites, unknown bites, idiosyncratic reaction to prescribed drugs, food poisoning were excluded from this study. Information were obtained from mother of the patients in most of the cases but father or other guardian were also interview if mother was not available. A pre-designed questionnaire was used for collection of data. This contains demography data of the patient, profile of poisoning, symptoms of the patient presenting with and the outcome of the treatment.Results: Insecticide and pesticides poisoning patients were 122 but of that 60 were organophosphorus, 30 were organochlorines, 10 were carbamates, 20 were rat poisoning and two pts were having herbicides and fungicides poisoning. Fourteen patients were having poisoning by house hold things out of then, four having kerosene oil poisoning, 6 patients having turpentine oil poisoning, two patients with phenyl and rest two patients with KMnO4 poisoning.Conclusions: In Konaseema region pesticides, insecticides and rodenticides are used commonly in agricultural fields and easily available that is the reason for its poisoning in paediatric age group, so awareness about the proper handling of pesticides container and use is required to reduce the incidence.

Haemolytic Anemia due to Scorpion Bite: A Case Report

Scorpion bite is a common health problem in tropical and subtropical countries. It generally presents with localized, painful, tingling or burning sensation. We report a case of scorpion bite presented with haemolytic anemia. A 26-year-old female, stung by scorpion, developed jaundice and fever after 1 week. Investigations revealed haemolytic anemia and excluded its all known causes, leading us to a diagnosis of haemolytic anemia due to scorpion bite. She responded well to blood transfusion, IV fluids, and folic acid and prednisolone. Thus we conclude that haemolytic anemia should be kept in mind during the management of these patients.

ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY ON MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY THE LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN ACHANAKMAR AMARKANTAK BIOSPHERE RESERVE, CENTRAL INDIA

An ethno-botanical survey was conducted in Achanakmar Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve (AABR) of central India to document the indigenous knowledge and utilization pattern of medicinal plants for primary health care by local communities mainly comprised of Baigas, Gonds, Oraons and Pradhans. The communities still rely on herbal medicines for primary health care due to inadequate modern health care facilities. The rich wealth of traditional knowledge and repository of herbal resources are rapidly eroding due to over exploitation in unscientific manner over the last few decades. This has spurred an interest to undertake the present investigation on ethno botanical studies in biosphere reserve. Data collection was done by participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and focus group discussion methods. The different age groups, gender and communities were considered in collecting the data and gathering information on traditional knowledge. The study revealed that a sum total of 70 plants representing 37 families were identified as potential medicinal values by local communities. Out of which 31species were trees represented by18 families, 24 species of shrubs by19 families, 15 species of herbs by 11 families and 16 species of climbers belonging 10 families. The highest number individuals were recorded in Fabaceae family.Seventeen (17) plants are used in home remedies by local communities.There are traditional healers popularly known as Baiga Vaids had rich knowledge of herbal medicines and utilizing almost 48 species belonging to 28 families for preparing crude drugs treating the various ailments like diarrhoea, wounds, fever, cough, cold, jaundice, snake and scorpion bite, infections, malaria, filarial, digestive, gynaecological problems etc. Besides, the local communities were using herbal drugs as home remedies for primary health problems. The study also documented a list of ten rare, endangered and threatened (RET) medicinal flora, which require special attention for their protection and conservation. The study further suggests exploiting potential medicinal flora by detailed pharmacological investigations to design and synthesize novel drugs. Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/mijst.2017.32.577587 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.

Scorpion bite-induced ischaemic stroke

We report a 54-year-old woman with scorpion bite. After 3 hours of admission, the patient developed sudden onset tachycardia with hypotension. Cardiac evaluation showed raised creatine kinase MB isoenzyme was...

Acute Pancreatitis due to Cephalexin: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Acute pancreatitis (AP) due to medication represents 0.3% to 1.4% of all cases of AP and is the fourth most common cause of pancreatitis after alcohol, gallstones, and hypertriglyceridemia. Although more than 500 drugs have been reported as a culprit medication triggering AP, Cephalosporins are rarely reported. Moreover, Cephalexin has never been reported as a cause of AP. A 55 years old female patient with past medical history significant for multiple sclerosis (MS), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), history laparoscopic cholecystectomy due to gallstones had excision of BCC done in a dermatology clinic and received a dose of 500 mg Cephalexin for prophylaxis. Three hours later, she presented to the emergency department (ED) for sudden onset of upper abdominal pain radiating to her back. The pain was associated with severe nausea and poor appetite. She denied history of drinking alcohol, trauma, insect or scorpion bite and previous history of pancreatitis. Her medication list included Fingolimod (Gilenya) and Oxcarbazepine both of which she was taking for years without any side effects. The patient was afebrile and hemodynamically stable on presentation. Abdominal examination revealed epigastric tenderness, with no rebound or palpable masses. Initial laboratory workup revealed lipase of 889 Units/L (6 times upper normal limit which confirmed the diagnosis of AP. The patient denied taking any other new medication except Cephalexin. AST was slightly elevated (66 IU/L) and the rest of liver enzymes within normal. Serum triglyceride was 68 mg/dl. IgG subclasses were normal. Ultrasound showed unremarkable liver, absent gallbladder, and extrahepatic duct measured 10 mm. Gastroenterology was consulted, and MRCP was obtained, which showed mild extrahepatic duct up to 11 mm, and central intrahepatic biliary dilation compatible with reservoir effect of cholecystectomy. No choledocholithiasis or dominant stricture were identified. Cephalexin has been discontinued. Four days later, her appetite has improved and she was discharged home on low fat diet. In the absence of other causes of AP, cephalosporins such as Cephalexin should be considered as a potential cause of AP in patients who present with abdominal pain and elevated serum lipase levels.Figure: Coronal MRCP image demonstrating mild extra-hepatic (Blue arrow) and central intrahepatic (Red arrow) biliary dilatation compatible with reservoir effect status post cholecystectomy. There is no choledocholithiasis or dominant stricture identified.

Acute Pancreatitis due to Cephalexin: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Acute pancreatitis (AP) due to medication represents 0.3% to 1.4% of all cases of acute pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis due to cephalosporins is rarely reported with only five cases reported in literature thus far. Cephalexin is a Beta lactam antibiotic which is classified as a first-generation cephalosporin. Although GI side effects including nausea, vomiting, transient hepatitis, and pseudomembranous colitis have been reported, acute pancreatitis has never been reported.To our knowledge, this is the first of probable primary Cephalexin-induced acute pancreatitis. A 55 years old female patient with past medical history significant for multiple sclerosis (MS), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), history laparoscopic cholecystectomy due to gallstones had excision of BCC done in dermatology clinic and received a dose of 500 mg Cephalexin for prophylaxis. Three hours later, she presented to emergency department (ED) for sudden onset of upper abdominal pain radiating to back. The pain was associated with severe nausea and poor appetite. She denied history of drinking alcohol, trauma, insect or scorpion bite and previous history of pancreatitis. Her medication list included Fingolimod (Gilenya) and Oxcabazepine both of which she was taking for years without any side effects. Abdominal examination revealed epigastric tenderness, with no rebound or palpable masses. Initial laboratory workup revealed lipase of 889 Units/L (6 times upper normal limit). However, CT abdomen in the ED was negative for peripancreatic fat stranding, fluid collection, and pancreatic focal lesions. Based on abdominal pain and elevated lipase three-time upper normal limit, the patient was diagnosed with acute pancreatitis. She was admitted and started on aggressive intravenous hydration. Further work up showed normal liver enzymes and serum triglyceride of 68 mg/dl. IgG subclasses were normal. Ultrasound showed unremarkable liver, absent gallbladder, and extra hepatic duct measured 10 mm. MRCP was obtained, which showed mild extrahepatic duct dilatation up to 11 mm without any dominant stricture or stone. Cephalexin was discontinued. Four days later her appetite improved and pain resolved and she was discharged home on low fat diet. In the absence of other causes of acute pancreatitis, cephalosporins such as Cephalexin should be considered as a potential etiologic factor of acute pancreatitis in patients who present with abdominal pain and elevated serum lipase levels.Table: Characteristics findings of published case reports of Cephalosporin induced pancreatitis.

Munchausen syndrome as scorpion biting: a misdiagnosis

Factitious disorder as Munchausen syndrome is a time and money consuming condition that is presented with different signs and symptoms. In emergent situations, it is not a differential diagnosis with high priority, but when it becomes recurrent with atypical symptoms, factitious disorder and malingering should be considered as well. In this survey, we report an odd and interesting presentation of a factitious disease as a scorpion sting which misled some professional healthcare providers until the patient finally confessed that she used turmeric to mimic the signs of a scorpion sting. She exaggerated her symptoms when asked about the details of the mechanism of the scorpion bite. When encountering an emergent condition, after ruling out the critical conditions especially when the symptom is recurrent, factitious disorders should be considered. Consultation with a psychiatrist help the team manage the patient properly.

Ethnobotanical study on Medicinal Plants used by Traditional Health Practitioners and Villagers of Garhphulghar Gram, Chhattisgarh, India

An ethnobotanical survey of various medicinal plants used in curing some diseases in villagers of Garhphulghar Gram, Chhattisgarh, was carried out between September - October 2014. Ethnobotanical data were collected by oral interview with local villagers, traditional medical practitioners (TMPs), and herb sellers. From the survey, a total of 30 plant species belonging to 20 families were found to be useful in the treatment of skin problems, cold, fever, cough, headache, diarrhoea, toothache, stomach ache, wounds, diabetes, rheumatism, asthma, dysentery, hair loss and poisoning (snake, scorpion and insect bites). Residents in the study area find the Ayurvedic traditional medicine cheaper as compared to orthodox medicines. It is therefore implicated that attempts should be made on how to explore on documentation, conservation and standardization of the medicinal plants. Also, attention of the researcher and health officials should be drawn towards the importance medicinal and different uses of the medicinal plants and they should intensify the research to reveal other concealed potential of the medicinal plants.

Local Anesthesia Failure Cases with Scorpion Bite History in Third Molar Surgery- A Challenge

Local Anesthesia Failure Cases with Scorpion Bite History in Third Molar Surgery- A Challenge