Score Method Research Articles

Architecture selection for 5G-radio access network using type-2 neutrosophic numbers based decision making model

Fifth-generation (5G) technology provides new possibilities for a variety of applications, but it also comes with challenges influenced by distinct aspects, such as the size of organizations that use such technology. Therefore, it is important to understand which architecture of 5G-radio access networks (RANs) is best for a given purpose; this requires an evaluation platform for assessment. This paper tackles this problem by presenting a novel multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) solution based on a new integrated fuzzy set. The proposed integrated approach, which is based on a Type-2 neutrosophic fuzzy environment, is developed to address the application challenges of 5G-RANs architecture evaluation, as also to face the MCDM theoretical challenge represented by ambiguities and inconsistencies among decision makers within the decision making context of the presented case study. Many MCDM techniques for weighting and selection were presented from the literature, yet many of them still suffer from inconsistencies and uncertainty. Therefore, the chosen methods in this research are unique in a way that previous issues are addressed, making them suitable for integration with Type-2 neutrosophic fuzzy environment, and therefore creating a more robust decision platform for the presented challenge in this research, as a theoretical contribution. First, a new “Type-2 Neutrosophic Fuzzy-Weighted Zero-Inconsistency” (T2NN-FWZIC) technique is formulated for weighting the evaluation criteria of RAN architectures. Second, another new method, namely, “Type-2 Neutrosophic Fuzzy Decision by Opinion Score Method” (T2NN-FDOSM), was formulated to select the optimal RAN architecture using the obtained weights. The weighting results by T2NN-FWZIC for the (n = 25) evaluation criteria revealed that (C21latency and C22reliability) as the most important criteria, with 0.06 value for each as opposed to (C15Data Processing) as the lowest weighted criteria with 0.0186 value. As for T2NN-FDOSM, a total of four 5G-RAN architectures were evaluated, including “virtualized cloud RAN” coming as the optimal one, followed by “fog RAN,” “cloud RAN,” and finally “heterogeneous cloud RAN.” The results were confirmed by carrying out a sensitivity analysis. The outcome of this study can be used to assist future 5G-RAN developments according to business needs and to establish an assessment platform for 5G technology in different domains and applications.

A novel subjective scoring method for evaluation of uterine echotexture of Holstein cows and heifers

In the study, it has been aimed to develop a scoring scale, graded from 1 to 5, to identify different gray tones of the ultrasonographic images of uterus, and the pregnancy determination in cows has been tried to made by the scoring technique, in the first 20 days after artificial insemination. Sixty Holstein cows (n:30) and heifers (n:30) were enrolled in the study. For each animal, at least two ultrasonographic images were taken (totally 1615 images) starting from the day of the artificial insemination (D0) until the 20th day (D20) on alternate days. At the same time that images were taken, subjective scoring were made. Then, the images were evaluated to determine MGV values by ImageJ (ImageJ 1.53k; NIH, ABD) software. The obtained data at the end of the evaluations were analyzed in terms of age of animals (cow or heifer), the days of examinations (alternate days between D0 and D20) and the 28th day pregnancy status (pregnant or non-pregnant). Also score rates were given by one experienced and one inexperienced indepentednt operators to determine scoring agreement level in terms of epxerience on the ultrasonographic examinations. The mean MGV values indicated statistically significant differences only between days of sampling (p0.05). It has been determined that experienced (Rater 1) and inexperienced (Rater 2) raters have agreement (p0.05). In conclusion, it has been observed that the 256 different shades of gray (MGV) which is analyzed by computer assissted image analysis could be identifed by human eye in a 5 graded scale. However, the endometrium of the ovulation side cornu uteri reflects the same differentation in the presence or absence of pregnancy, in the first 20 days.

Designing effective front-of-package warning labels for prepackaged food in China:based on Delphi method

To design front-of-package warning labels for prepackaged food adapted to the Chinese context. Delphi method was used to evaluate the first graft of indicatorsof the front-of-package warning labels. The front-of-package warning labels suitable for China's national conditions was selected according to the direct scoring method. 4 sets of front-of-package warning labels for prepackaged food were selected after two rounds of Delphi expert method. The final draft of the front-of-package warning labels for prepackaged food is in line with expectations.

Did implementation of no-fault auto-insurance in British Columbia, Canada, impact return to work following road trauma? Protocol for a before–after survival analysis

IntroductionRoad trauma (RT) is a major public health problem that often results in prolonged absenteeism from work. Limited evidence suggests that recovery after RT is associated with automobile insurance compensation...

The effect of the Bank of Japan's Exchange‐Traded Fund purchases on firm performance

AbstractSince December 2010, the Bank of Japan has been purchasing exchange‐traded funds (ETFs) that track the Nikkei 225 and TOPIX. In this study, we examine how the Bank of Japan's purchase of ETFs affects companies' profits, innovation investment, and governance using a difference‐in‐differences method. The results show that the ETF purchase policy lowered the return on assets for TOPIX and Nikkei 225 companies by 0.2%–1.5% and 0.8%–1.8%, respectively. As random assignment of data sources to either treatment or control groups was not possible, we also performed a propensity score method, of which the results were robust. Our study enhances the current understanding of the unintended effects of a central bank purchasing private assets. However, our findings are by no means perfect, and therefore, care will also need to be taken in interpreting the results.

Contrasting speed and accuracy approaches to measure executive functions in three low-and middle-income countries.

Executive functions (EF) can be measured by tests assessing accuracy, reaction times and by computing scores which combine these two components. Interpretation issues can arise from the use of different scoring methods across studies. Given that EF measures and their scoring methods are predominantly developed and validated in high income countries, little is known about the generalisability of such methods cross- culturally. The current paper compares two different established scoring approaches for measures of inhibition and cognitive flexibility: difference scores (which utilise reaction time only) and computed scores (combining accuracy and reaction time). We utilised data collected in adulthood from three low- and middle-income birth cohorts (Guatemala, Philippines, South Africa). Non-normal distributions were observed for both scoring methods in all three samples; however, this was more pronounced for the difference score method. Differing distribution patterns were observed across the three cohorts, which was especially evident in the Guatemala cohort, highlighting potential issues with using these methods across diverse populations. The data suggest that the computed scores may be a reliable measure of EF. However, the different ways of scoring and interpreting EF instruments need to be considered carefully for each population before use.

Antithesis of Human Rater: Psychometric Responding to Shifts Competency Test Assessment Using Automation (AES System)

This research is part of proof tests to a combination of statistical processing methods, collecting assessment rubrics in vocational education by comparing two systems, automated essay scoring and human rater. It aims to analyze the final assessment score of essays in Akademi Komunitas Negeri (AKN) Pacitan (Pacitan’s State Community College) and Akademi Komunitas Negeri (AKN) Blitar (Blitar’s State Community College) in East Java, Indonesia. The provisional assumption is that the results show an antithesis to the assessment of human feedback with an automated system due to the conversion of scores between the rubric and the algorithm design. As the hypothesis, algorithm-based score conversion affects automated essay scoring and human rater methods, which led to antithesis feedback. The validity and reliability of the measurement maintain the scoring consistency between the two methods and the accuracy of the answers. The novelty of this article is comparing between AES system and Human Rater using statistical methods. The research shows that there is a similar result using the psychometrics approach, which indicates different metaphor expressions and language systems. Thus, the objective of this study is to provide assistance in the advancement of an information technology system that utilizes a scoring mechanism merging computer and human evaluations, employing a psychological approach known as psychometric leads.

Chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention (CTO PCI) in an intractable heart failure patient: Is there any benefit?

One of the most difficult procedures in interventional cardiology is the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on a chronic total occlusion (CTO) lesion case. To rate the difficulty of guidewire crossing, several angiographic scoring methods have been developed such as the Japan CTO (J-CTO) score. Here we demonstrate the advantages of revascularization using PCI procedure in a CTO case with intractable heart failure. A 53-year-old man presented to the emergency room of Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh, Indonesia with acute decompensated heart failure. The patient had a history of past PCI with two patent drug eluting stents (DES): one in the left main (LM)-left anterior descending (LAD) artery and one in the distal left circumflex (LCX) artery. The patient had three times rehospitalizations in the last three months. According to single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging, the right coronary artery was remained functional; however, the lesion was categorized into very difficult level (J-CTO >3). The PCI was carried out on the right coronary artery and the blood vessel was successfully revascularized after applying multiple techniques. Following the procedure, the heart failure was treated and the 6-minute walking test (6MWT) that performed 12 days after the PCI increased from 220 to 260 meters. The success of this case depended on a comprehensive history taking, adequate imaging methods, and the selection of the proper tools and PCI strategy. In conclusion, despite the challenges, PCI is still an option for patients with persistent complete occlusion. The PCI requires comprehensive preparation and the use of angiographic scoring systems, such as the J-CTO score, to determine the approach and the likelihood of success.

Age-Dependent Female Survival Advantage in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Multicenter Cohort Study

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a higher incidence in males, but the association of sex with survival remains controversial. This study aimed to examine the effect of sex on HCC survival and its association with age. Among 33,238 patients with HCC from 12 Chinese tertiary hospitals, 4175 patients who underwent curative-intent hepatectomy or ablation were analyzed. Cancer-specific survival (CSS) was analyzed using Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier methods. Two propensity score methods and multiple mediation analysis were applied to mitigate confounding. To explore the effect of estrogen, a candidate sex-specific factor that changes with age, female participants' history of estrogen use, and survival were analyzed. There were 3321 males and 854 females included. A sex-related disparity of CSS was present and showed a typical age-dependent pattern: a female survival advantage over males appeared at the perimenopausal age of 45 to 54 years (hazard risk [HR], 0.77; 5-year CSS, 85.7% vs 70.6%; P= .018), peaked at the early postmenopausal age of 55 to 59 years (HR, 0.57; 5-year CSS, 89.8% vs 73.5%; P= .015), and was not present in the premenopausal (<45 y) and late postmenopausal groups (≥60 y). Consistent patterns were observed in patients after either ablation or hepatectomy. These results were sustained with propensity score analyses. Confounding or mediation effects accounted for only 19.5% of sex survival disparity. Female estrogen users had significantly longer CSS than nonusers (HR, 0.74; 5-year CSS, 79.6% vs 72.5%; P= .038). A female survival advantage in HCC depends on age, and this may be associated with age-dependent, sex-specific factors.

A "cui prodest" evaluation on the development of a minimally invasive liver surgery program: a differential benefit analysis of open and laparoscopic approach for left and right hemihepatectomies.

The correlation between technical feasibility and short-term clinical advantage provided by laparoscopic over open technique for major hepatectomies is unclear. This monocentric retrospective study investigates the possible differences in the benefit provided by minimally invasive approach between left and right hepatectomy, deepening the concept of differential benefit in the setting of anatomical major resections. All hemihepatectomies performed from January 2004 to December 2021 were identified in the institutional database. A propensity score method was used to match minimal invasive (MILS) and open pairs in the left hemihepatectomies (LH) and right hemihepatectomies (RH) groups with a 1:1 ratio to adjust any potential selection bias. The differential benefit for left and right hepatectomy provided by laparoscopic over open technique was evaluated in a pure analysis (i.e., including cases converted to open) and a risk-adjusted analysis (i.e., after excluding open conversion from the laparoscopic series). The analysis of the risk-adjusted differential benefit demonstrated better result of the MILS in the RH group than in the LH group, in terms of blood loss (∆ blood loss -150 and -350, respectively; differential benefit: 200mL, p < 0.05), morbidity (∆ rate of morbidity -11.3% and -18.1%, respectively; differential benefit: 6.8%, p < 0.05) and length of stay, LOS (∆ LOS -1day and -3days, respectively; differential benefit: 2days, p < 0.05). While MILS is associated with improved clinical outcomes both in left and right hepatectomy procedures, the greater advantage provided by laparoscopy was documented in patients undergoing right hepatectomy, i.e. for more technically demanding procedures. A MILS program should include the broadest range of liver resections to ensure the full benefits of the laparoscopic technique.

Implementation of project-based learning (PjBL) model to increase students’ creativity and critical thinking skill in vocational creative product subjects

The primary goal of education was the development of an individual's potential to foster intellectual, emotional, social, creative, and critical ways of thinking. It was important to remember that the concept and purpose of education can vary across cultures and contexts, and attitudes about education can also change over time as social, technological, and human developments occur. This research aimed to solve problems that arise in the classroom to improve students' creativity and critical thinking. This type of research used classroom action research that focuses on improving classroom learning in a practical manner pursued by a teacher by developing activities that can improve the quality of the learning process in the classroom. The data analysis results of the student product creativity assessment were 75% in the excellent creativity category and 25% at the excellent creativity level. Implementation of PjBL model had an effect on increasing student creativity as evidenced by the results of hypothesis testing, namely by testing with the Gain Score method, which there were N-gain results of 0.53 and showed a moderate increase in creativity compared to student scores before the implementation of the PjBL model, which there was an increase in the value before the model was implemented.

Non dipping pattern frequency and metabolic syndrome relationship according to two different metabolic syndrome diagnostic methods in newly diagnosed hypertensive individuals

Aim: The literature presents conflicting data regarding whether the non dipping pattern (NDP) in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) compared to those without. In our study, we aimed to investigate the MS effect of the NDP in individuals with hypertension.&#x0D; Methods: This prospective study included 117 newly diagnosed hypertensive patients (79 women and 38 men) who were not receiving any anti-hypertensive treatment. MS was evaluated according to the currently used the US National Cholesterol Education Programme Adult Treatment Panel-III definition criteria (MS-ATP-III) and a new diagnostic scoring method (MS-Score). NDP defined, nocturnal blood pressure (BP) fell by

Assessing concept mapping competence using item expansion‐based diagnostic classification analysis

AbstractConcept mapping is widely used as a tool for assessing students' understanding of science. To fully realize the diagnostic potential of concept mapping, a scoring method that not only provides an objective and accurate assessment of students' drawn concept maps but also provides a detailed understanding of students' proficiency and deficiencies in knowledge is necessary. However, few of the existing scoring methods focus on the latent constructs (e.g., knowledge, skills, and cognitive processes) that guide the creation of concept maps. Instead, they focus on the completeness of the concept map by assigning a composite score, which makes it difficult to generate targeted diagnostic feedback information for advancing students' learning. To apply the diagnostic classification model to the quantitative analysis of concept maps, this study introduced the novel application of the item expansion‐based diagnostic classification analysis (IE‐DCA) for this purpose. The IE‐DCA can not only assess students' concept mapping abilities along a continuum but also classify students according to their concept mapping attributes when constructing the concept maps. The application and benefits of this approach were illustrated using a physics concept‐mapping item related to particle and rigid body. Results showed that the estimated attribute profiles via the IE‐DCA provided more detailed information about students' latent constructs than the composite score. Overall, this study illustrates the feasibility and potential of applying IE‐DCA to analyze concept maps. Future applications of IE‐DCS in other assessments in science education are discussed.

The Influence of Stimulus Composition and Scoring Method on Objective Listener Assessments of Tracheoesophageal Speech Accuracy

Introduction: This study investigated the influence of stimulus composition for three speech intelligibility word lists and two scoring methods on the speech accuracy judgments of five tracheoesophageal (TE) speakers. This was achieved through phonemic comparisons across TE speakers’ productions of stimuli from the three intelligibility word lists, including the (1) Consonant Rhyme Test, (2) Northwestern Intelligibility Test, and (3) the Weiss and Basili list. Methodology: Fifteen normal-hearing young adults served as listeners; all listeners were trained in phonetic transcription (IPA), but none had previous exposure to any mode of postlaryngectomy alaryngeal speech. Speaker stimuli were presented to all listeners through headphones, and all stimuli were transcribed phonetically using an open-set response paradigm. Data were analyzed for individual speakers by stimulus list. Phonemic scoring was compared to a whole-word scoring method, and the types of errors observed were quantified by word list. Results: Individual speaker variability was noted, and its effect on the assessment of speech accuracy was identified. The phonemic scoring method was found to be a more sensitive measure of TE speech accuracy. The W&amp;B list yielded the lowest accuracy scores of the three lists. This finding may indicate its increased sensitivity and potential clinical value. Conclusions: Overall, this study supports the use of open-set, phonemic scoring methods when evaluating TE speaker intelligibility. Future research should aim to assess the specificity of assessment tools on a larger sample of TE speakers who vary in their speech proficiency.

Latent class analysis identifies a promising combination of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-Education interventions for improving student cardiorespiratory fitness

ObjectiveTo inform Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP-Ed) and other school-based interventions aiming to improve youth cardiorespiratory fitness, this study aimed to identify which SNAP-Ed school-based physical activity intervention combinations were associated with better student cardiorespiratory fitness. MethodsThis study, utilizing cross-sectional secondary data, included 5th and 7th grade students who attended SNAP-Ed-eligible public schools in California (n = 442,743 students; 4271 schools) and had complete 2016–17 state-mandated fitness test results. Latent class analysis was used to identify underlying school-based intervention combinations. Propensity score methods were used to ensure comparability of intervention and comparison schools, by calculating inverse probability weights. Multilevel models, using those inverse probability weights, assessed the associations between the identified intervention combinations and student cardiorespiratory fitness, as measured by VO2max. The models were adjusted for school-level variables (urbanicity, percent of students eligible for free- or reduced-price meals, total enrollment, and school type), child-level variables (age, gender, and race/ethnicity), and for clustering of students within schools. ResultsWe found that students attending schools with interventions focusing on comprehensive policy changes along with improving opportunities for physical activity had, on average, 1.17 mL/kg/min (95% CI: 0.72, 1.62) greater VO2max than students attending schools without any intervention. They also had statistically significantly greater VO2max compared to students attending schools with any other type of intervention combination. ConclusionOur results suggest that comprehensive school-based physical activity interventions that include policy changes along with improving physical activity opportunities may be the most effective approach for improving fitness and may warrant prioritization in SNAP-Ed efforts.

Top-Down Protein Analysis by Tandem-Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (Tandem-TIMS/MS) Coupled with Ultraviolet Photodissociation (UVPD) and Parallel Accumulation/Serial Fragmentation (PASEF) MS/MS Analysis.

"Top-down" proteomics analyzes intact proteins and identifies proteoforms by their intact mass as well as the observed fragmentation pattern in tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments. Recently, hybrid ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry (IM/MS) methods have gained traction for top-down experiments, either by allowing top-down analysis of individual isomers or alternatively by improving signal/noise and dynamic range for fragment ion assignment. We recently described the construction of a tandem-trapped ion mobility spectrometer/mass spectrometer (tandem-TIMS/MS) coupled with an ultraviolet (UV) laser and demonstrated a proof-of-principle for top-down analysis by UV photodissociation (UVPD) at 2-3 mbar. The present work builds on this with an exploration of a top-down method that couples tandem-TIMS/MS with UVPD and parallel-accumulation serial fragmentation (PASEF) MS/MS analysis. We first survey types and structures of UVPD-specific fragment ions generated in the 2-3 mbar pressure regime of our instrument. Notably, we observe UVPD-induced fragment ions with multiple conformations that differ from those produced in the absence of UV irradiation. Subsequently, we discuss how MS/MS spectra of top-down fragment ions lend themselves ideally for probability-based scoring methods developed in the bottom-up proteomics field and how the ability to record automated PASEF-MS/MS spectra resolves ambiguities in the assignment of top-down fragment ions. Finally, we describe the coupling of tandem-TIMS/MS workflows with UVPD and PASEF-MS/MS analysis for native top-down protein analysis.

Comparative approaches to the assessment of writing: Reliability and validity of benchmark rating and comparative judgement

In the past years, comparative assessment approaches have gained ground as a viable method to assess text quality. Instead of providing absolute scores to a text as in holistic or analytic scoring methods, raters in comparative assessments rate text quality by comparing texts either to pre-selected benchmarks representing different levels of writing quality (i.e., benchmark rating method) or by a series of pairwise comparisons to other texts in the sample (i.e., comparative judgement; CJ). In the present study, text quality scores from the benchmarking method and CJ are compared in terms of their reliability, convergent validity and scoring distribution. Results show that benchmark ratings and CJ-ratings were highly consistent and converged to the same construct of text quality. However, the distribution of benchmark ratings showed a central tendency. It is discussed how both methods can be integrated and used such that writing can be assessed reliably, validly, but also efficiently in both writing research and practice.

Unsupervised Multitaper Spectral Method for Identifying REM Sleep in Intracranial EEG Recordings Lacking EOG/EMG Data.

A large number of human intracranial EEG (iEEG) recordings have been collected for clinical purposes, in institutions all over the world, but the vast majority of these are unaccompanied by EOG and EMG recordings which are required to separate Wake episodes from REM sleep using accepted methods. In order to make full use of this extremely valuable data, an accurate method of classifying sleep from iEEG recordings alone is required. Existing methods of sleep scoring using only iEEG recordings accurately classify all stages of sleep, with the exception that wake (W) and rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep are not well distinguished. A novel multitaper (Wake vs. REM) alpha-rhythm classifier is developed by generalizing K-means clustering for use with multitaper spectral eigencoefficients. The performance of this unsupervised method is assessed on eight subjects exhibiting normal sleep architecture in a hold-out analysis and is compared against a classical power detector. The proposed multitaper classifier correctly identifies 36±6 min of REM in one night of recorded sleep, while incorrectly labeling less than 10% of all labeled 30 s epochs for all but one subject (human rater reliability is estimated to be near 80%), and outperforms the equivalent statistical-power classical test. Hold-out analysis indicates that when using one night's worth of data, an accurate generalization of the method on new data is likely. For the purpose of studying sleep, the introduced multitaper alpha-rhythm classifier further paves the way to making available a large quantity of otherwise unusable IEEG data.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON FEATURE SELECTION METHODS IN QSAR

A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) relates quantitative chemical structure attributes (molecular descriptors) to a biological activity. QSAR studies have now become attractive in drug discovery and development because their application can save substantial time and human resources. Several parameters are important in the prediction ability of a QSAR model. On the one hand, different statistical methods may be applied to check the linear or nonlinear behavior of a data set. On the other hand, feature selection techniques are applied to decrease the model complexity, to decrease the overfitting/overtraining risk, and to select the most important descriptors from the often more than calculated. The selected descriptors are then linked to a biological activity of the corresponding compound by means of a mathematical model. Different modeling techniques can be applied, some of which explicitly require a feature selection. A QSAR model can be useful in the design of new compounds with improved potency in the class under study. Only molecules with a predicted interesting activity will be synthesized. In the feature selection problem, a learning algorithm is faced with the problem of selecting a relevant subset of features upon which to focus attention, while ignoring the rest. This paper studied the comparative analysis of the Chi-square, Mutual Information, Anova F-value, Fisher Score and SHAP feature selection methods used in QSAR modeling. The Python code written to get experimental results in this article has been uploaded to Github.

Analisis Pemanfaatan Ruang Pada Daerah Resapan Air Di Kecamatan Poasia Kota Kendari

The increase in the population in Poasia District Has an impact on the expansion of development land. This can affect the reduction in water catchment areas. This study aims to examine the use of space in water catchment areas in Poasia District. The parameters used to determine the condition of water absorption in this study, namely soil permeability, rainfall, land use and slope then processed using the Scoring, OBIA, and Overlay methods. The results of this study include the condition of water catchment in 2017 was dominated by the critical starting category of 2.850,34 acre (66,42%) while in 2021 the water catchment condition is dominated by the natural normal category covering an area of 1.920,554 acre (44,75%). Land use in water catchment areas in Poasia District in 2017-2021 which experienced the highest increase in area was settlements covering an area of 53,61 acre (36,51%) from an area of 670,91 Ha to 617,31 Ha, while land use which occurred the highest reduction in forest area of 68,26 Ha (46,50%) from an area of 2.570,05 Ha to 2.501,79 acre. Keywords: Water Infiltration, Space Utilization, GIS, Catchment area