Extraversion Scores Research Articles

Personality Traits and Owner-Dog Attachment in a Canadian Sample

Abstract Much of the literature on owner-dog attachment and the influence of personality on the owner-dog relationship has originated in Europe, with few studies in North America. To address this imbalance, 29 owner-dog dyads from a Canadian population were tested in the Strange Situation Test (SST) and owners completed assessments of their own personalities (NEO-FFI-3), the personalities of their dogs (MCPQ-R), and their level of attachment to their dogs (DAQ). Attachment scores were comparable to those in previous research, and all owner-dog dyads were deemed to be securely attached. However, no predicted “matching” of seemingly analogous personality traits (e.g., human and dog Neuroticism) was found, and there was no relationship between dog personality and attachment behaviours during the SST. In contrast, owners with higher Extraversion scores initiated more contact with their dogs in the first reunion episode of the SST (following separation). Owners scoring low on Openness and/or Neuroticism had dogs with higher scores for Training Focus, suggesting that these dogs could more easily attend to a calm, stable owner. Owners who scored high in Openness had dogs with lower Amicability scores, possibly indicating more tolerance of a less desirable dog trait by such owners. Differences between the findings of this study and those conducted in Europe suggest that more emphasis should be given to the possible impact of cultural variation on the behaviours of and perceived relationships between owners and their dogs.

The relationship between personality characteristics and fear of childbirth: A descriptive study

BackgroundIt is emphasized that fear of childbirth is closely related to women's personality characteristics, anxiety levels, low self-esteem, low socialization, neuroticism, low extraversion, vulnerability. ObjectiveThe study was conducted to determine the relationship between personality traits and fear of childbirth. MethodsThis was a descriptive study. The study was carried out at the obstetrics policlinic of the research and training hospital. A sample of 853 women at the third trimester of their pregnancies completed the questionnaire. Data were collected using Questionnaire Form, Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Scale A version, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised/Abbreviated Form. ResultsThe median neuroticism score was 2.00 among those on a mild level of fear of childbirth, while it was 4.00 among those on a clinical level of fear of childbirth (p < 0.001). The median extraversion score of the pregnant women was 4.00 among those whose fear of childbirth scores were on a mild level, while it was 2.00 among those whose fear of childbirth scores were on a clinical level (p < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between the scores of fear of childbirth and the neuroticism, and a negative correlation between fear of childbirth and extraversion personality trait (p < 0.001). ConclusionsIt was concluded that pregnant women who had neuroticism personality demonstrated a higher level of fear of childbirth whereas those who had extraversion personality demonstrated a lower level of fear of childbirth.

Structural Equation Model of Personality Traits, Psychopathology, and Nonverbal Immediacy Behavior.

The aim of this study is to examine the relationships between personality traits, psychopathology, and nonverbal immediacy behaviors. The study gains importance because of the fact that personality traits, psychopathology, and the concept of nonverbal immediacy have not been studied together in Turkish culture. The research sample was created with the convenience sampling method, one of the nonrandom sampling methods. The sample consisted of 336 university students aged 18 and over. In the study, the 10-Item Personality Inventory, Nonverbal Immediacy Scale-Self Report Form (NIS-STr), Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R), and Communicator Styles Scale were used. To examine the effect of personality traits on SCL-90-R and the effect of SCL-90-R scores on nonverbal immediacy behavior, a structural equation model was used and the path analysis of the model was created. Although it was determined that the scores for conscientiousness, emotional stability, and extraversion in the scale of resilience to the scope of the study did not significantly predict the SCL-90-R scores (P > 0.05), the scores for agreeableness (β = 0.38, P < 0.05) and openness (β = 0.38, P < 0.05) predicted the SCL-90-R scores significantly and positively. In addition, it was determined that the scores of other applications from the SCL-90-R were similarly significant surrounding other predictors of NIS-STr scores (β = -0.30, P < 0.05). It can be stated that personality traits are predictors of psychopathological symptoms. Students' SCL-90-R scores positively predicted the NIS-STr scores in a statistically negative way.

Contrastive Analysis of Neuropsychology and Personality Characteristics of Male Lacunar Infarction Patients with Hazardous Drinking and Non-Hazardous Drinking.

ObjectiveTo compare the differences in neuropsychological and personality characteristics between male patients with lacunar infarction with hazardous drinking and non-hazardous drinking.MethodsFrom May to October 2016, a total of 124 male outpatients and inpatients with lacunar infarction were selected in the Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, and they were divided into a hazardous drinking group (HD group, n=52) and a non-hazardous drinking group (NHD group, n=72) according to alcohol consumption habits. General information, MoCA score, EPQ score and SCL-90 score were compared between the two groups.ResultsIncidence of cognitive disorder in the HD group and NHD group was 59.6% and 56.9% respectively, showing no significant difference (P>0.05). Scores of visuospatial and executive function, memory, attention and total MoCA score in the HD group were significantly lower than those in the NHD group (P<0.05), while no significant difference in naming, language, abstract thinking or orientation was found between the two groups (P>0.05). Scores of extroversion and introversion, neuroticism and psychoticism in the HD group were significantly higher than those in the NHD group (P<0.05), while no significant difference in lie or feint score was found between the two groups (P>0.05). Scores of somatization, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, hostility, bigotry and psychoticism factors, and total SCL-90 score in the HD group were significantly higher than those in the NHD group (P<0.05), while no significant difference in scores of obsessive-compulsive, depression and terror factors were found between the two groups (P>0.05).ConclusionCompared with male patients with lacunar infarction with non-hazardous drinking, male lacunar infarction patients with hazardous drinking showed worse visuospatial and executive function, memory, attentiveness, cognitive function and mental health status, with more obvious change of personality, thus extra attention is needed for male lacunar infarction patients with hazardous drinking.

The Value of Pedagogical Preferences: A Case of Personality and Learning Environments in Higher Education

To improve learning outcomes, research evidence has accumulated regarding the principles of teaching and learning; however, students’ perceptions of teaching methods have received little scientific investigation toward enhanced quality of their learning. To provide a demonstration of the value of researching student perceptions of the learning environments in which they find themselves, a sample of preference ratings (n = 69) was examined to test the hypothesis there exist among the Five Factor personality dimensions correlates of preference ratings for three environments: teacher-led, independent-autonomous, and groups. Results confirmed preference for group learning in our sample and statistically reliable zero-order positive correlations between group-based learning preference and both extraversion and openness scores and between preference for teacher-led environments and openness scores. First-order correlations showed no significant changes in accounted preference variation when controlling the other personality factors scores. These findings are discussed with respect to likely social-cognitive and neurodevelopmental bases of group learning effectiveness and the utility of investigating student preferences for improving the quality of learning.

Enhanced Connectivity of Thalamo-Cortical Networks in First-Episode, Treatment-Naive Somatization Disorder.

BackgroundDysfunctions of the thalamus and its projections to cortical cortices have been implicated in patient with somatization disorder (SD). However, changes in the anatomical specificity of thalamo-cortical functional connectivity (FC) in SD remain unclear.MethodsResting-state fMRI scans were collected in 25 first-episode, drug-naive patients with SD, as well as 28 sex-, age-, and education-matched healthy controls. We parcellated the thalamus with seven predefined regions of interest (ROIs) and used them as seeds to map whole-brain FC. Correlation analysis was conducted in the patients.ResultsWe found an increased pattern of thalamic ROI-cortex connectivity in patients with SD. Patients with SD demonstrated enhanced thalamic connectivity to the bilateral anterior/middle cingulum, motor/sensory cortex, visual cortex, and auditory cortex. A significantly negative correlation was found between the right occipital thalamic ROI to the anterior cingulum and EPQ extraversion scores (r=0.404, p=0.045) after the Benjamini-Hochberg correction.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that anatomical specificity of enhanced thalamo-cortical FCs exists in first-episode, drug-naive patients with SD. These findings further highlight the importance of the thalamic subregions in the pathophysiology of SD.

Demographic differences on health personality in a United States older adult sample

The purpose of this study was to explore demographic differences in health personality. Data consisted of 3907 participants, 65 years and older. Multivariate analysis of variance with post hoc testing revealed women had higher health neuroticism scores than men, but men had higher health extraversion scores than women. Those married reported higher health agreeableness than those not married and young-old participants had higher health extraversion and health openness compared to other age groups. Regional differences included Midwest participants reporting higher health openness but lower health conscientiousness scores when compared to participants from other regions. There were also significant region by ethnicity interactions. The results are helpful for healthcare providers who can tailor intervention approaches to specific populations.

Targeting Item–level Nuances Leads to Small but Robust Improvements in Personality Prediction from Digital Footprints

In the past decade, researchers have demonstrated that personality can be accurately predicted from digital footprint data, including Facebook likes, tweets, blog posts, pictures, and transaction records. Such computer–based predictions from digital footprints can complement—and in some circumstances even replace—traditional self–report measures, which suffer from well–known response biases and are difficult to scale. However, these previous studies have focused on the prediction of aggregate trait scores (i.e. a person's extroversion score), which may obscure prediction–relevant information at theoretical levels of the personality hierarchy beneath the Big 5 traits. Specifically, new research has demonstrated that personality may be better represented by so–called personality nuances—item–level representations of personality—and that utilizing these nuances can improve predictive performance. The present work examines the hypothesis that personality predictions from digital footprint data can be improved by first predicting personality nuances and subsequently aggregating to scores, rather than predicting trait scores outright. To examine this hypothesis, we employed least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression and random forest models to predict both items and traits using out–of–sample cross–validation. In nine out of 10 cases across the two modelling approaches, nuance–based models improved the prediction of personality over the trait–based approaches to a small, but meaningful degree (4.25% or 1.69% on average, depending on method). Implications for personality prediction and personality nuances are discussed. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology

Impact of Demographic Traits and Personality Traits of Investors on Their Risk-Bearing Capacity: A Study with Special Reference to Investors of Kerala

Investment decisions form a major part of every individual’s life. Behavioral finance which puts forward a new dimension in the field of finance recognizes that investment decisions are made after considering numerous psychological, economical and social factors. One of the important criteria considered while making any such decision is the risk. It includes uncertainties associated with the investment opportunity as well as the investors’ risk-bearing capacity. Investors’ risk-bearing capacity is in turn determined by numerous other aspects. An effort is made here to determine whether the risk-bearing capacities of investors are influenced by the demographic factors and personality traits. 120 investors of Kerala State were selected as the sample for this purpose. Analytical results indicated that the risk-bearing capacity is dependent on gender, occupation, and monthly income of the investors. Further, it was noticed that those who have low neuroticism scores and high scores in agreeableness, extraversion, and conscientiousness took higher risks compared to others. This indicated that neuroticism trait was found to have a negative correlation with risk-bearing capacity whereas; agreeableness, extraversion, and conscientiousness were found to have a positive relation. The study concluded that factors like demography and personality have a strong influence on an investor’s risk-bearing capacity.

Beyond the Categorical Distinction Between Borderline Personality Disorder and Bipolar II Disorder Through the Identification of Personality Traits Profiles

BackgroundThe relationship between borderline personality disorder (BPD) and type-II bipolar disorder (BDII) is not clearly understood. Nevertheless, in clinical practice and research, most efforts focus on establishing a categorical distinction between the two. We propose using personality traits as a more informative strategy to describe them.MethodsFive-Factor Model personality traits were measured in 73 individuals with either BPD or BDII. Latent class cluster analysis was applied to the sample.ResultsA three-cluster model resulted the best fit to the data, where all clusters had high neuroticism and low extraversion scores but differed widely on the other traits. The clusters’ boundaries did not match the categorical diagnosis.ConclusionsOur sample showed significant heterogeneity on personality traits, which can have a relevant effect on the outcome of each disorder and that was not captured by the categorical diagnosis. Thus, we advocate for a multivariate approach as a better way to understand the relationship between BPD and BDII.

Examining Identity Shift Effects in Virtual Reality.

Identity shift describes how individuals commit to self-presentations made in public computer-mediated contexts. This study attempts to expand identity shift effects to virtual reality. Participants were randomly assigned to present themselves as extraverted or introverted in pilot tested public or private virtual environments. The hypotheses and data analysis strategy were preregistered, and the study had sufficient a priori statistical power. The results did not support identity shift effects. Baseline extraversion predicted postmanipulation extraversion scores, thus suggesting identity stability. The discussion focuses on the empirical consistency of the identity shift effect and avenues for future research.

Japanese citizens' behavioral changes and preparedness against COVID-19: An online surveyduring the early phase of the pandemic.

The Japanese government instituted countermeasures against COVID-19, a pneumonia caused by the new coronavirus, in January 2020. Seeking “people’s behavioral changes,” in which the government called on the public to take precautionary measures or exercise self-restraint, was one of the important strategies. The purpose of this study is to investigate how and from when Japanese citizens have changed their precautionary behavior under circumstances in which the government has only requested their cooperation. This study uses micro data from a cross-sectional survey conducted on an online platform of an online research company, based on quota sampling that is representative of the Japanese population. By the end of March 2020, a total of 11,342 respondents, aged from 20 to 64 years, were recruited. About 85 percent reported practising the social distancing measures recommended by the government including more females than males and more older than younger participants. Frequent handwashing is conducted by 86 percent of all participants, 92 percent of female, and 87.9 percent of over-40 participants. The most important event influencing these precautionary actions was the infection aboard the Diamond Princess cruise ship, which occurred in early February 2020 (23 percent). Information from the central and local governments, received by 60 percent of the participants, was deemed trustworthy by 50 percent. However, the results also showed that about 20 percent of the participants were reluctant to implement proper prevention measures. The statistical analysis indicated that the typical characteristics of those people were male, younger (under 30 years old), unmarried, from lower-income households, a drinking or smoking habit, and a higher extraversion score. To prevent the spread of infection in Japan, it is imperative to address these individuals and encourage their behavioural changes using various means to reach and influence them.

Personality differences and COVID-19: are extroversion and conscientiousness personality traits associated with engagement with containment measures?

Introduction In December 2019, an outbreak of the novel coronavirus, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) probably occurred in Wuhan, China. By March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) had declared a pandemic. Containment measures such as social distancing and hand hygiene were recommended. In this study, we start from the hypothesis that engaging with containment measures in a pandemic situation should be more comfortable for some people than for other people. Thus, individual differences should be associated with engagement with containment measures. Objective To investigate to what extent two personality traits, extroversion and conscientiousness, are associated with engagement with two containment measures (social distancing and handwashing). Methods The sample consisted of 715 Brazilian adults aged 18-78 years, who answered the Big Five Inventory 2 Short (BFI-2-S) and factors from the Dimensional Clinical Personality Inventory 2 (IDCP-2). Results Higher scores for extroversion were associated with lower means for social distancing (p < 0.001) and higher scores for conscientiousness were associated with higher means for social distancing and handwashing (p < 0.05). Conclusion The findings indicate the importance of acknowledging extroversion and conscientiousness traits as relevant to people's engagement with the measures recommended for COVID-19 containment.

Evaluating self-efficacy and personality differences of nursing students in clinical simulation

Background: This present research was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a clinical simulation where senior nursing students cared for a standardized patient with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The goal of the simulation was to teach the nursing students how to work with children with autism. In addition, the study aimed to determine if individual differences in personality affect students’ abilities to complete the simulation and how a student’s personality may affect their perceptions of the simulation. Projected outcomes included learning the use of appropriate communication strategies, improved assessment skills, prioritization of care, development of problem-solving skills, and decision-making abilities when dealing with children with ASD.Methods: Simulations are verified as effective training mechanisms to increase students’ self-efficacy in multiple nursing settings. Therefore, seventy-five senior baccalaureate nursing students completed the standardized patient simulation for care of an individual with ASD. The effect on the students’ self-efficacy was measured using the Occupational and Academic Self-Efficacy for Nursing Measure, the IPEP-NEO short form, and an ASD simulation study questionnaire.Results and conclusions: Logistic regression was used to investigate the relationship between personality measures and experience with ASD. The higher the openness and extraversion scores the more likely respondents were to disclose positive benefits in relation to expectations, communication strategies, teamwork, and reflection.

T226. PSYCHOMETRIC INVESTIGATION OF SELF-REPORTED THOUGHT DISORDER IN NON-CLINICAL SAMPLES

BackgroundSome dimensional models of psychosis predict that clinical phenomena are continuous with non-clinical phenomena. As such, Barrera et al. (2015) developed a self-report questionnaire to measure experiences akin to thought disorder (TD) in non-clinical populations. However, this measure requires further psychometric investigation. The current work seeks to replicate the three-factor structure of responses to the questionnaire that have been reported previously in a non-clinical sample, and to determine whether these responses predict other measures of schizotypal experiences, as well as measures of other personality characteristics (neuroticism and extraversion), and social adversity.MethodsThe 29-item questionnaire was used within an anonymous online survey to collect self-reported TD ratings from samples of 300 university students and 166 people from the general population. The survey also included the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), neuroticism and extraversion scales from the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP), and the Social Defeat Scale.ResultsOf the self-report TD ratings collected from the student sample, an exploratory minimum rank factor analysis indicated the presence of three factors (Odd Speech, Poor Memory and Monitoring of Speech, and Difficulties with Initiating and Sustaining Conversation), which explained 56.5% of the variance and showed internal consistency (ordinal α ≥ 0.88). Odd Speech and Poor Memory and Monitoring of Speech factor scores showed stronger correlations with scores from the Odd Speech Scale of the SPQ (r ≥ 0.55, p < 0.001) than with other SPQ scale scores and IPIP personality scores. However, Difficulties with Initiating and Sustaining Conversation factor scores correlated strongly with other negative-like symptom scales from the SPQ, as well as with IPIP extraversion scores. A multiple regression analysis showed that, out of the three factors, Poor Memory and Monitoring of Speech scores predicted greater Social Defeat Scale scores independently of SPQ total scores and the IPIP extraversion and neuroticism scores, though the latter was the most important predictor. The results were very similar when the correlation and regression analyses were repeated in the non-student sample from the general population.DiscussionThe findings replicate Barrera et al.’s (2015) work, suggesting that TD-like experiences are multidimensional when measured in non-clinical samples using the self-report questionnaire. Although items intended to capture negative TD-like experiences might reflect introversion, items assessing oddities of speech and speech monitoring may not be entirely accounted for by existing measures of personality and schizotypy. Furthermore, since social defeat is linked to the risk factors of psychosis, some aspects of self-reported TD might prove useful in exploring the mechanisms of developing psychosis. Additional data is currently being collected to further investigate the replicability and generalizability of these findings.

Investigation of the Relationship between Cognitive Flexibility Levels and Personal Features of University Students

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between cognitive flexibility levels and personality traits of university students and whether these variables differ according to gender, education department, cigarette and alcohol use. The research was carried out with 151 students studying in the English language education, physical education and sports, science education, public relations and advertising departments of Karadeniz Technical University. "Cognitive Flexibility Scale" was used to measure the level of cognitive flexibility, "Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Short Form" to measure personality characteristics and "Personal Information Form" created by the researcher was used for personal information. Independent Sample T-Test, One Way Variance Analysis (ANOVA) and Pearson Correlation Coefficient were used in the analysis of the data. The analyses were carried out in SPSS 22.0 program. The results of the research showed that there was a negative relationship between cognitive flexibility and neuroticism and a positive relationship between cognitive flexibility and extraversion. According to another result only estraversion scores differ by gender. Women's extraversion scores were higher than men's scores. The variables don't differ according to the education department. Cognitive flexibility and psychoticism scores differ between smokers and non-smokers. In addition neuroticism and psychoticism scores differ between individuals who consume alcohol and do not consume alcohol. The findings were discussed based on the literature and suggestions for future research were presented.&#x0D;

Childhood experiences and adult health: the moderating effects of temperament

Existing literature demonstrates a strong relationship between childhood experiences and adult health outcomes. The Differential Susceptibility to Environment Theory suggests that there are several factors, including personality, that affect a child's sensitivity to adverse and advantageous experiences. A sample of 246 adults (ages 19–57) were asked questions about extroverted personality characteristics, adverse and advantageous childhood experiences (ACEs and counter-ACEs), and several indicators of adult health, including executive functioning, perceived stress levels, depression, and past smoking habits. The sample was then stratified based on level of extroversion scores with the top quartile being labeled as “extroverts”, the bottom quartile as “introverts”, and those in between as “ambiverts”. Regression analyses were then used to assess the relationship between childhood experiences and each adult health outcome. The results of the study showed that the relationship between childhood experiences and adult health was generally stronger among extroverted individuals. These results suggest that extroverts may be more sensitive to environmental influences in childhood as compared to introverts and ambiverts. More research is needed to understand the neurobiological mechanisms that increase environmental sensitivity among extroverts.

Relationship between Intertemporal Choice and Smartphone Use in Nursing Student in 20s

Objectives ： The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of smartphone use among nursing students and the relationship between smartphone addiction, intertemporal choice, and other psychological status. Methods ： Ninety six nursing students were subjected to the following tests: the Korean Smartphone Addiction Proneness Scale for Adults (KSAPS), the Delay Discounting Task (DDT), the Big Five Inventory- K-10 (BFI-K-10), the Korean the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Results ： Among the nursing students, smartphone daily use duration and DDT negatively correlated, and extraversion scores positively correlated with smartphone daily use duration and negatively correlated with 30 days, 180 days, and 365 days indifferent points. Smartphone daily use duration and KSAPS negatively correlated with conscientiousness and positively correlated with depression, impulsivity, and STAI scores. Depression was also positive associated with neuroticism, impulsivity, and STAI scores. Conclusion : In this study, we found the selection of intertemporal choice, the difference of negative emotions and personality traits in the nursing students group was related to the level of smartphone addiction. These results will be used as basic data for understanding the characteristics of high risk groups with smartphone addiction and developing effective coping and addiction prevention programs.

Mamdani fuzzy rule-based models for psychological research

The biasness of the participants in psychological research cannot be ignored during answering various psychological questioners or inventory. Hence, the prediction of psychological parameters can be deemed an ambiguous endeavor and fuzzy modeling provides a mean to account for this ambiguity and uncertainty. In the present study, two fuzzy rule-based models that use single input and generate single output are developed to convert the raw scores of neuroticism and extraversion to standard scores. Maudsley personality inventory (MPI) and Sinha’s comprehensive anxiety test (SCAT) were used to collect raw data of neuroticism, extraversion and anxiety from participants. Using the standard scores for neuroticism and extroversion, third fuzzy rule-based model is also developed to predict the anxiety level of the participants. Each model is a collection of fuzzy rules that express the relationship of each input to the output. The performance of all developed models is tested by estimating mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and paired two-tailed t test.

Association between HEXACO personality traits and medical specialty preferences in Mexican medical students: a cross-sectional survey

BackgroundMedical specialty is a critical choice in a physician’s life because it determines their professional future and medical practice. While some are motivated to choose a specific specialty based on the monetary gain it can provide, others are inspired by seeing the work performed by a physician or by a patient’s recovery. It is common to stereotype doctors’ personalities by their specialty.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional survey study in which we administered the 100-item HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised to 292 medical students between September 2018 and March 2019. We evaluated six different domains of personality traits. We also included questions about their medical specialty of choice, their least preferred specialty, and the motivation behind these choices. The participants included 175 women (59.9%) and 117 men (40.1%).ResultsWhen the participants were asked about their preferred type of medical specialty, 52.4% indicated a preference for surgical specialties (surgical group) vs 47.6% who preferred clinical specialties (clinical group). We found that the surgical group showed significantly higher scores for Extraversion and Organization domains, while the clinical group showed significantly higher scores on the Honesty–Humility, Emotionality, and Agreeableness domains. We identified critical differences within the overall group of medical students by their medical specialty preference.ConclusionsSome classical stereotypes were confirmed by our results, such as surgical specialists tending to be more extroverted and organized, whereas clinical specialists were prone to being more introverted, anxious, and more emotionally attached to their patients.