Self-care Behavior Scores Research Articles

Knowledge and self-care behavior among heart failure patients in South India

BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is a chronic condition with significant public health concerns. HF necessitates adequate knowledge and adherence to self-care for enhanced quality of life and decreased rehospitalization. This study aimed to explore knowledge and self-care behavior in patients with HF. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted in cardiology wards of a tertiary care hospital and the design was a randomized controlled trial. The baseline data (before the intervention) from 160 HF patients enrolled in a randomized controlled trial were analyzed. Knowledge and self-care behavior were measured using the Dutch HF Knowledge Questionnaire (score ranging from 0 to 15) and European HF Self-care Behavior Scale-9 (score ranging from 0 to 100). Higher scores indicated better self-care behavior and knowledge. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation and inferential statistics such as independent sample t-test and ANOVA were performed. RESULTS: The majority (75.0%) were men with a mean age of 56.1 ± 7.9 years. A significant proportion had hypertension (65%), diabetes (58.7%), or both comorbidities (40.6%). Most exhibited a left ventricular ejection fraction <30% (60.6%) and New York Heart Association class II (43.1%). The mean knowledge and self-care behavior scores were 7.1 ± 2.0 and 45.0 ± 12.4, respectively. Over half of the participants had inadequate self-care behavior (51.2%), and 88.3% lacked sufficient knowledge about HF. Medication adherence was high (87.0%) among the participants, while only 3.1% reported regular weight monitoring and 32.3% exercised regularly. CONCLUSIONS: There was a lack of HF-related knowledge and inadequate self-care behavior for HF management. Effective interventions to improve disease-related knowledge may lead to better self-care behavior and improve clinical outcomes.

Assessing the Status of Self-care Behavior in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes in Binzhou City: A Cross-sectional Study

Worldwide, diabetes is a silent epidemic that claims 4.2 million lives worldwide each year. Experts predict that by 2045, one in 10 people will be affected by the disease. In China, with the change of lifestyle in recent years, the number of obese and overweight people is increasing, and the incidence of diabetes is also rising year by year, which makes the health education of diabetic patients particularly important. The purpose of this study was to assess self-care behavior and its influencing factors. This study is an analytical cross-sectional study. Data will be collected through questionnaires. Participants will be divided into two groups based on the questionnaire results: high adherence and low adherence. In this group of questionnaires, the Chinese version of the Diabetes Self-care Questionnaire (DSMQ) (r>0.60, Cronbach’s alpha=0.764) will be used, and another questionnaire which will determine the influencing factors will be designed by the author . The convenience sampling method will be used to select the survey objects. The minimum sample size for this study will be 384. Of the 377 participants,171 (45.36%) were female and 296 (54.64%) were male. The mean HbA1C was 8.807%±3.975%. The average BMI was 22.198±2.940kg. The self-care behavior score of the subjects was 4.368±2.388, which was in the sub-optimal nursing level.

Effect of the Theory-driven Educational Intervention on Self-Care Behavior and Glycosylated Hemoglobin Level in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

The diabetics' lack of knowledge about self-care and incorrect beliefs in this care are the reasons for their admission to hospitals. The present study aimed to examine the impact of education based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) on intention, self-care behavior, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in patients with Type 2 Diabetes. The present study was conducted on 60 diabetic patients who were randomly classified into intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, self-care education based on TPB was held, but the control group only received routine care. The data were collected using a fourpart questionnaire including characteristics, items of patients' knowledge, items of TPB constructs, and items of diabetes self-care. Data were analyzed in SPSS software. In intervention group, mean score of self-care behavior and its domains significantly changed from (total: 52.26±14.75, diabetic diet: 22.20±6.05, exercise: 5.17±4.04, blood sugar testing: 5.03 ± 4.15, medication: 5.40±2.28, foot care: 13.47±8.42) into 76.66±8.87, 29.43±5.48, 7.60±2.60, 8.73±2.31, 6.48±1.09, 23.53±3.09, respectively three months after intervention (p<0.01). In this case, these changes were not seen in the control group. The mean level of HbA1c in the intervention group (6.38±0.16) was significantly lower than before the intervention (7.56±1.08) and the control group (8.02±0.25) three months after intervention (p<0.01). Education based on the TPB was effective in improving the patients' self-care behavior and HbA1c index. Therefore, we suggest all medical centers to use the TPB as an effective and low-cost educational approach to improve diabetics' self-care behavior and health.

Designing and Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Educational Intervention Based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) in Promoting Self-Care Behavior Among Healthcare Workers

Background: Self-care is a fundamental aspect of health, encompassing conscious and purposeful actions by individuals for themselves, their children, and their families to maintain health. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effect of an educational intervention based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) on self-care behaviors among health workers in comprehensive urban health service centers in Rudbar in 2019. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 89 health workers from comprehensive urban health service centers in Rudbar city, Gilan, participated. The participants were randomly assigned into control and intervention groups. An educational intervention, consisting of five 60 - 75 minute sessions based on the HBM, was designed and implemented for the intervention group. Outcome data were collected before and three months after the educational intervention using a questionnaire that measured HBM constructs and health-promoting self-care behaviors. Data analysis was performed using the chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The age range of most participants (43%) was 30 - 39 years, and 86% of participants were female. Both experimental and control groups were comparable in demographic characteristics, HBM constructs, and health-promoting self-care behavior at pretest. The educational intervention based on the HBM improved the mean scores of the HBM constructs (except for perceived benefits) and dimensions of self-care behavior (P &lt; 0.05 for all). The average score of self-care behavior in the intervention group increased from 128.4 before the intervention to 148.37 after the intervention. Conclusions: According to the results, using the HBM, with its suitable methods and structure for engaging employees actively, was effective for designing educational interventions to promote self-care behaviors in health workers. Therefore, it can be used as a suitable framework for planning educational interventions to enhance self-care behaviors among health workers.

Associations between perceived care quality, self-care behaviors, and glycemic control in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes under the national essential public health services program

BackgroundThe rising prevalence of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) in China poses a critical health challenge, necessitating effective management strategies. The National Essential Public Health Services Program (NEPHSP), initiated in 2009, focuses on equitable access to health services, including T2D management. This study investigates the associations between perceived care quality, self-care behaviors, and glycemic control in Chinese adults with T2D under NEPHSP, particularly examining the mediating role of self-care behaviors.MethodsConducted from April to November 2020 in Huai’an City, Jiangsu Province, this study involved 1,577 T2D patients enrolled in NEPHSP. We assessed perceived care quality using the Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care (PACIC) scale and developed a comprehensive self-care behavior score, covering nine essential health practices. Glycemic control was evaluated using HbA1c levels. Linear regression models were used to explore these associations, adjusting for demographic and clinical factors, while causal mediation analyses examined the role of intermediate variables.ResultsHigher PACIC scores significantly correlated with improved self-care behaviors (β = 0.294, 95% CI: 0.233 to 0.354) and were negatively associated with HbA1c levels (β=-0.109, 95% CI: -0.192 to -0.026). The self-care behavior score inversely related to HbA1c levels (β=-0.197, 95% CI: -0.263 to -0.132). Notably, self-care behaviors mediated 50.41% (P < 0.05) of the effect of perceived care quality on HbA1c levels.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates a substantial association between perceived care quality and better glycemic control in Chinese adults with T2D under NEPHSP, with self-care behaviors playing a crucial mediating role. These findings suggest that patient-centered care and comprehensive self-care practices are essential for effective T2D management within NEPHSP.

The development and initial validation of the self-care belief and behavior questionnaire

ABSTRACT The construct of self-care offers a promising area of study as a possible intervention point to improve quality of life. However, current operationalizations of self-care have been limited by emphasizing self-care behavior without considering self-care beliefs. This study created and tested the psychometric properties of a novel measure, the Self-care Belief and Behavior Questionnaire. The measure was informed by Butler et al. (2019) proposed self-care definition that includes six life domains. Exploratory factor results showed that the measure had 3 factors (e.g. self-care behavior, worthiness related to self-care, and negative perceptions of self-care). The confirmatory model showed an acceptable fit (χ2 = 50.5, df = 32, p = .02; χ2/df = 1.58; CFI = .956; TLI = .939; SRMR = .061; RMSEA = .061; 90% RMSEA CI [.025, .092]) with indices within the recommended cutoffs (CFI & TLI > .90; SRMR < .08; RMSEA .05–.08). Self-care behavior scores were positively related to self-compassion (r = .537, p < .001) and self-esteem (r = .51, p < .001), scores were not correlated with the social desirability scale (r = -.025, p < .05) and were positively correlated with psychological wellbeing (r = .52, p < .001) indicating that this factor met convergent, divergent, and concurrent validity standards. Self-care is a multi-faceted concept that involves beliefs, thoughts about the self and actual behaviors. Future research should test this measure in other populations such as helping professionals as self-care is often a recommended coping tool in the face of emotional challenging work.

Exploring the Level of Self-Care Behavior, Motivation, and Self-Efficacy among Individuals With Hypertension: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Hypertension is a serious public health issue. It is a significant but controllable factor in the emergence of cardiovascular disease. Controlling hypertension is a main target for individuals to prevent further illness. This study aims to explore the level of self-care behaviors, motivation, and self-efficacy among individuals with hypertension. A cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational design was used to recruit (n = 121) participants utilizing the Hypertension Self-Care Profile (HTN-SCP) questionnaire. The analysis revealed that the mean score of self-care behavior was 49.7 (SD = 10.0) out of 20-80, which indicates that they are likely to have good self-care behavior. The mean score of motivation for self-care was 59.7 (SD = 11.8) out of 20-80, reflecting that individuals with hypertension have a good level of motivation for self-care, and the mean score of self-efficacy was 70.0 (SD = 9.8) out of 20-80, which means that individuals with hypertension have a high level of self-efficacy. Also, there was a significant positive correlation between self-care behavior and motivation for self-care (r = .527, p < .001), between motivation for self-care and self-efficacy (r = .554, p < .001), and between self-efficacy and self-care behavior (r = .572, p < .001). The study revealed that Jordanian patients with hypertension have good self-care practices, motivation, and high self-efficacy. Patients should therefore be strongly recommended to be compliant with self-care practices. The government should prioritize hypertensive patients by making it easier for them to receive information about self-management practices to improve their quality of care.

Efficacy of Supportive Care for Radiodermatitis in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer: Supplementary Analysis of an Exploratory Phase II Trial.

Self-care demonstrated efficacy in preventing severe acute radiation dermatitis among patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma undergoing chemoradiotherapy (CRT). This prospective trial aimed to confirm the feasibility and safety of transcutaneous electrical sensory stimulation while examining the relationship between changes in self-care behavior through supportive care interventions and the severity of acute radiation dermatitis during CRT. Patients underwent assessments for dermatitis grading (Grades 1 to ≥3) and were interviewed regarding self-care practices. The self-care questionnaires comprised six items, and a point was deducted for each task that the patient could not perform independently. Statistical analysis was performed to determine the association between G3 radiation dermatitis and the lowest self-care behavior scores. Of the 10 patients enrolled, three experienced G3 dermatitis. During CRT, six patients maintained their initial scores and did not develop ≥G3 dermatitis. Meanwhile, three of four patients with decreased scores exhibited ≥G3 dermatitis. The group with ≥G3 dermatitis had significantly lower scores than those with ≤G2 dermatitis, suggesting that the inability of patients to perform self-care routinely may lead to severe acute radiation dermatitis. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm the potential of self-care interventions in preventing severe dermatitis.

Impact of a multicomponent integrated care delivery program on diabetes care goals achievement: a primary care quality improvement initiative

AimTo evaluate the impact of multicomponent integrated care (MIC) delivery program in a primary care real-life setting on diabetes care goals. MethodsPatients with T2D and usual primary care from the public health system in Mexico were invited to participate in a five-month ambulatory MIC quality initiative (DIAbetes Empowerment and Improvement of Care program, DIABEMPIC). Results841 patients who finished the program and with complete data were analyzed. The patients had a mean decrease in hemoglobin A1c, systolic and diastolic pressure, and LDL-cholesterol of 2.4%, 9 mmHg, 3 mmHg, and 22.5 mg/dL, respectively (p < 0.001). The achievement of the optimal triple target goal increased from 1.8% to 26.7% (p < 0.001). In the adjusted analysis, the diabetes knowledge and global self-care behavior score post-intervention, as well as the increment of global self-care behavior score were associated with the optimal composite risk factor control achievement. ConclusionThe incorporation of diabetes therapeutic education interventions to improve self-care behaviors along with adequate treatment intensification in diabetes care are fundamental to attaining optimal risk factor control and attenuating disease burden.

Impact of Nursing Interventions on Hospital Readmissions in Patients With Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Our study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the nursing care program on the incidence and rate of 28-day hospital readmissions among pulmonary TB patients. We conducted a quasi-experimental study using a historical control group. Patients diagnosed with pulmonary TB who received nursing interventions between 28th January 2021 and 31st May 2021 were categorized as an intervention group, whereas historical controls (usual care) were selected from 1st January 2020 to 31st December 2020. The primary outcomes were the incidence and rates of hospital readmissions within 28 days due to TB-related complications. The secondary outcome was the change in knowledge and self-care behavior scores at discharge and 28 days post-discharge. Cox models were used to assess the intervention's impact on the incidence of hospital readmission. Rates of readmission were compared by the Poisson model. Both Cox and Poisson models were adjusted for age, sex, sputum smears at diagnosis, serum albumin level, and diabetes mellitus at baseline. Among 104 pulmonary TB patients included in the analysis (68 were in a historical control group and 36 were in an intervention group), 20 patients were readmitted due to TB-related complications. We found that our nursing care program resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence (adjusted hazard ratio was 0.16 [95% CI 0.03-0.87]) and the rate of hospital readmissions (adjusted incidence rate ratio was 0.22 [95% CI 0.06-0.85]). Furthermore, nursing interventions significantly improved knowledge and self-care behavior scores with significant score retention at 28 days post-discharge. The nursing care program can significantly decrease the incidence and rate of 28-day hospital readmission and improve knowledge and self-care behavior scores in pulmonary TB patients.

Self-care Behaviors and Lipid Profiles among an Ethnic Minority Adult Population in Thai Rural Communities

Background: Health perceptions and increased self-care behaviors can effectively prevent and control many diseases and improve one’s health. This study aimed to investigate the association of self-care behaviors with lipid profiles and creatinine among an ethnic minority adult population in Thai rural communities. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed from January to April 2021 among ethnic minorities from hill tribe communities of Phayao Province, Northern Thailand. A total of 252 adults ages 20 and older were recruited from various ethnic groups, including Indigenous (34.5%), Hmong (25.4%), and Mien (40.1%) peoples. The data were obtained from face-to-face interviews using questionnaires and from blood samples. Results: Multiple linear regression revealed that self-care behavior score was associated with ethnicity, age, education, and self-efficacy score (p &lt; 0.05). Total cholesterol level was associated with ethnicity, gender, financial status, drinking alcohol, smoking, and underlying disease (p &lt; 0.05). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was associated with gender, financial status, and drinking alcohol (p &lt; 0.05). Creatinine level was predicted by ethnicity, gender, age, smoking, and self-care behaviors (p &lt; 0.05). Alcohol consumption was found to be a predictor of body mass index and blood pressure (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Health promotion programs for specific populations should emphasize public health benefits (e.g., reducing risk factors of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), increasing health awareness and health beliefs for better outcome expectations, and enhancing the ability to perform self-health management routinely) in accordance with the local context of the studied population.

Self-care Behaviors and Lipid Profiles among an Ethnic Minority Adult Population in Thai Rural Communities

Background: Health perceptions and increased self-care behaviors can effectively prevent and control many diseases and improve one’s health. This study aimed to investigate the association of self-care behaviors with lipid profiles and creatinine among an ethnic minority adult population in Thai rural communities. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed from January to April 2021 among ethnic minorities from hill tribe communities of Phayao Province, Northern Thailand. A total of 252 adults ages 20 and older were recruited from various ethnic groups, including Indigenous (34.5%), Hmong (25.4%), and Mien (40.1%) peoples. The data were obtained from face-to-face interviews using questionnaires and from blood samples. Results: Multiple linear regression revealed that self-care behavior score was associated with ethnicity, age, education, and self-efficacy score (p &lt; 0.05). Total cholesterol level was associated with ethnicity, gender, financial status, drinking alcohol, smoking, and underlying disease (p &lt; 0.05). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was associated with gender, financial status, and drinking alcohol (p &lt; 0.05). Creatinine level was predicted by ethnicity, gender, age, smoking, and self-care behaviors (p &lt; 0.05). Alcohol consumption was found to be a predictor of body mass index and blood pressure (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Health promotion programs for specific populations should emphasize public health benefits (e.g., reducing risk factors of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), increasing health awareness and health beliefs for better outcome expectations, and enhancing the ability to perform self-health management routinely) in accordance with the local context of the studied population.

Identification of illness representational patterns and examining differences of self-care behavior in the patterns in chronic kidney disease.

Self-care behavior is considered important for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although lifestyle interventions are popular, they have not been sufficiently effective. According to studies on other chronic diseases, illness representation has been found to formulate a pattern, and self-care behavior could differ depending on the pattern, which suggests difference in self-care behavior based on illness representation. This study examined what kind of illness representational patterns exist among CKD patients and whether there is a difference in self-care behavior depending on the pattern. A survey was conducted from the beginning of June to the end of October 2019 on 274 CKD patients who were either outpatients or hospitalized at general hospitals in Western Japan. The Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised was used to assess illness representation and the Japanese Chronic Kidney Disease Self-Care scale was used to assess self-care behavior. Two-stage cluster analysis was used to identify clusters. Cluster features were examined using analysis of variance and Tukey HSD tests. Differences in self-care behavior scores among identified clusters were investigated. Two hundred and forty-four questionnaires were received, and 212 were analyzed. Participants were aged 64.9±12.9, and the estimated glomerular filtration rate was 33.7±15.8. Three clusters were identified: Cluster 1 represented the difficulty of making sense of the changed condition caused by the disease and easily falling into misunderstanding; Cluster 2 represented patients with disease conditions that impacted their daily life and emotional responses; Cluster 3 represented the controllability and understandability of the disease. Total self-care behavior scores indicated a significant difference between Cluster 1 (52.1 ± 9.7) and Cluster 3 (57.7 ± 8.2). In conclusion, we showed that three representational patterns exist among CKD patients. In addition, a difference was found in self-care behavior depending on the illness representational pattern, suggesting the need to focus on illness representation.

The Effect of Diabetes Self-care Education through WhatsApp Virtual Messenger on the Self-care Behavior of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Semi-experimental Study

Background and Objective: Immediate interventions are necessary to improve the self-care behaviors of diabetic patients. This study aimed to investigate the effect of diabetes self-care education through WhatsApp virtual messenger on the self-care behavior of diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted in Jiroft, Iran, in 2019, and included 96 patients with type 2 diabetes who met the inclusion criteria and were selected randomly and divided into intervention and control groups using simple random allocation (lottery). The educational content of self-care was sent to the intervention group by the researcher for 8 sessions of 60 minutes (2 sessions per week) through the WhatsApp virtual messenger. Summary of Diabetes Self Care Activities questionnaire was completed in two stages before and one month after the end of the intervention in both groups. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 24) through descriptive (Mean±SD) and inferential statistics (ANCOVA). Results: Before and one month after the intervention, the overall score of self-care behaviors and the scores of such subscales as diet adherence, foot care, blood sugar control, and regular medication use, increased significantly in the intervention group (P&lt;0.001); however, there was no significant change in the overall score of self-care behavior and its subscales in the control group (P&gt;0.05). Conclusion: Implementation of the self-care education program through WhatsApp virtual messenger helps to improve the self-care behaviors of diabetes patients and can be used as an effective method in preventing the adverse consequences of diabetes.

Navigating Cancer with Emotional Intelligence: A Study on Self-Care Behavior Enhancement in Women

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an emotional intelligence (EI) training program in improving self-care behaviors among female cancer patients. It hypothesized that participants undergoing the EI training would exhibit significant improvements in self-care behaviors compared to those in the control group. Methods and Materials: Employing a randomized controlled trial design, this study involved 30 female cancer patients, divided equally into an experimental group, which received the EI training, and a control group, which did not receive any intervention. The EI training was structured into 8 sessions, each lasting 90 minutes, spread over 8 weeks. Self-care behavior was measured using the Self-Care of Chronic Illness Inventory (SC-CII) at three time points: baseline, post-intervention, and at a four-month follow-up. Findings: The findings revealed that the experimental group showed a significant improvement in self-care behaviors from baseline to post-intervention and maintained these improvements at the four-month follow-up. Analysis of variance with repeated measurements indicated significant effects for time, group, and the interaction between time and group on self-care behavior scores, demonstrating the positive impact of EI training. Conclusion: The study concluded that emotional intelligence training significantly enhances self-care behaviors among female cancer patients. These improvements were sustained over time, highlighting the potential of EI training as a valuable intervention in the supportive care of cancer patients. The findings suggest the integration of EI training into patient care programs could be beneficial in improving the quality of life and well-being of individuals facing the challenges of cancer.

Effects of Nurse-Led diabetes Self-Management education on Self-Care knowledge and Self-Care behavior among adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending diabetes follow up clinic: A Quasi-Experimental study design

IntroductionThe prevalence of type II diabetes is growing globally. Nurse-led diabetes self-management education (DSME) plays an important role in DM treatment because it enhances diabetic self-care knowledge and practice, which in turn improves clinical outcomes. PurposeTo assess the effect of DSME on self-care knowledge and behavior among adult people with type II diabetes attending diabetic follow-up clinics in selected hospitals. MethodsAn institution-based quasi-experimental study design was used, and a systematic random sampling technique was used to select 360 patients, out of whom 321 patients participated and 278 completed the study. Participants were assigned to the interventional or control group, and DSME was delivered monthly for six months for the interventional groups. The data was collected by trained nurses using structured interviews. ResultsAn independent t-test showed that there was no significant difference in all of the outcomes before intervention; however, there was a statistically significant higher mean score difference in self-care knowledge and self-care behavior after the delivery of DSME (p < 0.05). Before the intervention, 96 (62.7%), 39 (25.5%), and 18 (11.8%) of participants in the intervention group had low, medium, and high knowledge, respectively. After the intervention, the level of participant knowledge in the low range for an interventional group decreased from 62.7% to 20.6%, and the high range increased from 11.8% to 54%. In addition, 129 (84.3%) and 24 (15.7%) of participants from the intervention group before the intervention had poor and good self-care behaviors, respectively, while 30 (23.6%) and 97 (76.4%) of participants from the intervention group after the intervention had poor and good self-care behaviors, respectively. ConclusionThe study concluded that there was a significant improvement in the mean score of self-care knowledge and self-care behavior after nurse-led DSME; hence, the implementation of DSME in health facilities can improve diabetes self-care management.

The effectiveness of daily humanistic care in pharmaceutical care of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Although the current methods of pharmaceutical care have demonstrably improved pathogenic condition and humanistic health outcomes of patients with type 2 diabetes, lacking humanistic care limits its reach and effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of daily humanistic care reminders in pharmaceutical care of patients with type 2 diabetes.A total of 1200 patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited. The control group received only pharmaceutical care, whereas the intervention group received extra humanistic care from clinical pharmacists. Biochemical data, levels of quality of life, satisfaction, and self-care behavior and relationships between humanistic care and glycemic control were collected before and after 12-month intervention.Humanistic care increased levels of quality of life, satisfaction, self-efficacy and self-care behavior score, decreased blood pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), blood lipid, fasting blood glucose, postprandial 2-h blood glucose (PPG), inflammation, and insulin resistance after 12-month follow up. Humanistic care showed a positive correlation with glycemic control and negative relationship with HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes. There was a positive correlation between humanistic care and glycemic control (R = 0.641, P < .01) and a negative relationship between humanistic care and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes (r = −0.482, P < .01).In conclusion, humanistic care could improve the control of overall clinical outcomes and enhanced medication adherences, which play an important role in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Factors associated with self-care behavior in patients with pre-dialysis or dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease.

Self-care behavior plays a pivotal role in the management of chronic kidney disease. Improved self-care behavior in patients with chronic kidney disease is a key factor in health management and treatment adherence. This study aimed to evaluate the participants’ general and medical condition-related characteristics, physiological indices and the level of health literacy affecting self-care behavior in patients with chronic kidney disease in South Korea. The data of 278 participants were analyzed using t-test, analysis of variance, correlation coefficient, and linear multiple regression analysis. There were significant differences in self-care behavior scores depending on participants’ age and cohabitation status, employment, and smoking status as well as having dialysis due to end-stage kidney disease; number of comorbidities; levels of serum hemoglobin, calcium, and creatinine; and estimated glomerular filtration rate. The results of regression analysis revealed that not currently working, non-smoker, end-stage kidney disease, and positive response to the “actively managing my health” scale of the Health Literacy Questionnaire significantly affected self-care behavior in patients with chronic kidney disease, and the explanatory power of the model was 32.7%. Therefore, it is necessary to identify each patient’s barriers or needs according to individual characteristics, such as age, cohabitation and employment status, and daily life circumstances, including smoking habits, comorbidities, social support, and level of health literacy to develop efficient support strategies for promoting adequate self-care behavior with CKD.

The Effect of Peer Group-Based Training Using Health Belief Model on Quality of Life and Foot Ulcer Self-Care Behaviour in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Objective: The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of peer group-based training (PGBT) using the health belief model (HBM) on the quality of life (QOL) and foot ulcer self-care behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes. Materials and methods: The present study was a randomized controlled clinical trial performed on patients with type 2 diabetes who were referred to the Diabetic Care Clinic in Shiraz (Iran) from September 2019 to June 2020. A total of 70 patients participated in the study and were randomly assigned to peer training (n = 35) and control groups (n = 35). Diabetes Quality of Life, and diabetes self‑care behaviors, which were completed by both groups before, immediately, 1 month, and 3 months after the intervention. The data were analyzed using the Chi‑square test, paired t-test, independent t‑test, ANOVA, and descriptive statistical methods. P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The results showed that mean scores of QOL, constructs of HBM (awareness, perceived susceptibility, perceives severity, perceived benefit, self-care behavior, and foot care) before the intervention did not reveal a significant difference between the two groups, but immediately one month after the educational intervention, the mean values for the intervention group were significantly higher than the control group (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: PGBT using HBM was effective in increasing the mean score of QOL and self-care behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes. Thus, this method is recommended to be utilized alongside other methods to train patients.

Factors Influencing Self-Care Behavior and Treatment Adherence in Hemodialysis Patients.

Low self-care and treatment adherence are found among hemodialysis patients. We aimed to identify the factors influencing self-care behavior and treatment adherence and examine the mediating effect of treatment adherence on self-care behavior. A questionnaire was administered through a social media community from 11 July to 13 August 2021. The data collected from 100 participants were analyzed using the independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson’s correlation, multiple linear regression analysis, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis. The mean self-care behavior and treatment adherence scores were 3.52 ± 0.57 and 4.01 ± 0.48, respectively. The mean age and hemodialysis duration were 51.70 ± 9.40 and 7.57 ± 7.21 years, respectively. The common primary cause of end-stage renal disease was glomerulonephritis (n = 39, 39%). Self-care behavior varied with education, frequency of self-care behavior education, and social support and was positively correlated with treatment adherence and social support. Treatment adherence was positively correlated with social support. Treatment adherence, social support, and health status were influenced self-care behavior (54.5%. Self-care behavior and frequency of self-care behavior education influenced treatment adherence (61.3%). Treatment adherence partially mediated the relationship between social support and self-care behavior. Intervention strategies that increase both social support and treatment adherence can promote self-care behavior.