Scoping Review Of Interventions Research Articles

A scoping review of interventions on middle school students' attitudes towards science.

The aim of the study was to review the scientific literature on educational interventions to promote positive attitudes towards science in middle school students. Due to the decline in positive attitudes towards science observed in this critical age group of students and the implementation of training programmes aimed at changing this situation, we sought to identify components of training proposals that have received attention from researchers. This paper presents a scoping review of 37 papers published in English and Spanish over the last 10 years. The review aims to describe the research outputs and analyse the effectiveness and characteristics of program interventions, drawing from various databases. The results show the need to examine the operational definition of the constructs used in the programmes, to focus attention on the influence of intrinsic variables on middle school students' attitudes towards science, such as racial group or self-efficacy, and to conduct follow-up evaluations to assess the permanence of attitudes. While acknowledging limitations related to construct clarity or language restrictions in the search process the findings suggest that middle school students' attitudes towards science remain an open area of research, as there is no consensus on the characteristics of effective programmes.

Exploring tele-speech therapy: A scoping review of interventions, applications, benefits, and challenges.

Speech disorders can significantly impact communication, social interaction, and overall quality of life, affecting individuals of all ages. Telespeech therapy has emerged as an innovative solution, leveraging technology to provide accessible and effective speech interventions remotely. This approach offers flexibility and convenience, addressing barriers such as geographical limitations and scheduling conflicts. This review aims to explore key interventions, applications, benefits, and challenges of telespeech therapy to enhance understanding of its potential in improving speech and language outcomes. The scoping review was carried out in alignment with the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines. Three electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched. Two authors independently screened and selected the studies. Of the 2,587 papers, 52 articles were included in our review. Telespeech was most commonly used for treating aphasia (n=17), stuttering (n=8), and Parkinson's disease (n=6). The primary interventions included videoconferencing (63%), web-based platforms (24%), and mobile applications (13%), with most services delivered synchronously (63%) and some asynchronously (37%). The most common applications were "rehabilitation and treatment" (59%) and "performance assessment of patients"(35%). A total of 264 tele-speech benefits and challenges were identified and later consolidated into 40 items (26 benefits, 14 challenges). Key benefits included "reliable access to healthcare services and addressing disparities" (n=26), "cost savings" (n=23), and "improving patient outcomes and quality of care" (n=21). Major challenges were "low-speed internet" (n=13), "lack of technology skills" (n=11), and "limited access to technology" (n=8). Telespeech therapy can be effectively integrated into routine practice, especially in underserved or remote areas. It offers a flexible, cost-effective solution for rehabilitation and performance assessment, improving patient outcomes and addressing healthcare gaps. Continued technological advancements and targeted training can further enhance its benefits and effectiveness.

Carers in post-stroke aphasia: a scoping review of interventions and outcomes beyond communication partner training

Purpose Carers of people with aphasia face unique challenges. Research has demonstrated that these carers have a higher burden of care and more negative stroke-related outcomes in comparison to carers of stroke survivors without aphasia. The aim of this scoping review was to map the range of interventions for carers other than communication partner training and to examine their outcomes. Materials and methods We conducted a scoping review on this topic. Results Twenty studies were included. Most studies were case series with four randomised control trials. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used. Most studies occurred during the long-term phase of care. Two interventions had only carers as participants. Interventions were comprised of different combinations of intervention components including psychoeducation, skill-building, and support. There was high variability on who led the interventions, the format, and the dose/schedule. Twenty-eight different outcome measures for carers and dyads were used across various domains with overall positive outcomes post-intervention. Conclusions This review uncovered a wide range of formats, dosages, and outcome measures in interventions for carers. Encouragingly, the majority of these interventions included psychoeducation, skill-building, and support components. While most studies were case series, there are promising interventions that have the potential to enhance carer wellbeing.

Towards a More Inclusive Society: A Scoping Review of Interventions and Policies for Changing Attitudes Towards People with Disability

Towards a More Inclusive Society: A Scoping Review of Interventions and Policies for Changing Attitudes Towards People with Disability

Addressing obstetric violence: a scoping review of interventions in healthcare and their impact on maternal care quality.

The mistreatment and abuse of women during childbirth have been recognized as a major global health challenge, impeding facility-based delivery and contributing to the high maternal mortalities globally. The World Health Organization has specifically called for interventions to deal with obstetric violence. This scoping review consolidates the existing literature on interventions aimed at reducing obstetric violence and synthesizes existing knowledge on their impact in promoting respectful maternity care. Thirteen electronic databases were searched for relevant articles from January 2001 to March 2023. A total of 863 records were identified, and 72 full-text articles were retrieved for further screening. The review includes 16 studies, particularly from low- and middle-income countries, with interventions implemented at medical facilities and involving both women and healthcare providers. Eight of the studies were quantitative, three were qualitative and five used a mixed-methods approach. The results reveal a promising trend in reducing obstetric violence through various interventions. Ten different types of interventions were identified, highlighting strategies to improve the quality of maternity care and enhance patient-centered care. Improved patient-provider communication skills, increased privacy measures, and reduced abuse and mistreatment emerged as common themes. Enhanced communication skills, including open discussions and the right to be informed, were crucial in reducing obstetric violence. Privacy measures, such as separate rooms, curtains, and birth companions effectively decreased incidents of non-confidential care. General abuse and mistreatment, including physical abuse and neglect, were also reduced, leading to improved perceptions of respectful care during childbirth. Overall, the interventions had a favorable impact on obstetric violence reduction and women's childbirth experiences. However, despite promising results, obstetric violence remains prevalent worldwide, necessitating more efforts to implement effective interventions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first scoping review on obstetric violence interventions, providing a comprehensive overview of the state of the art. We suggest that further research is needed to explore new interventions, particularly gender-sensitive interventions, to contribute to a growing body of knowledge on the prevention of obstetric violence.

A scoping review of interventions and outcome measures in trials of dental behavior support.

Dental behavior support (DBS) describes all techniques used by dental professionals to ensure that dental care is safe, effective, and acceptable. There is a need to standardize outcome measures across DBS techniques to reduce heterogeneity, limit selective reporting, promote consistency, and optimize outcomes across DBS research. A comprehensive review of existing measures is a prerequisite to understanding potential outcomes related to the area of interest. This review had three aims: first, to identify the outcome measures (OMs) reported in trials of dental behavior support; second, to categorize the component DBS techniques reported within interventions according to emerging agreed terminology; and, third, to map outcome measures to intervention type. A scoping review of trials evaluating DBS techniques was undertaken from 2012 to 2022. The review was prospectively registered. Studies were identified through Medline, Embase, and PsycINFO. Study abstracts were screened by two reviewers. Data were extracted by single selector. Outcome measures were sorted according to measurement domains (physiological, behavioral, psychological, and treatment). Responses were assimilated and summed to produce a refined list of distinguishable outcome measures. Intervention types were categorized according to accepted descriptors. Frequencies were presented; associations between outcome domain and DBS type were also reported (Chi-square test of independence). A total of 344 trials were included in the review from an initial 14,793 titles / title and abstracts screened. Most involved children (n=215), most were from India (n=104), involving basic dental care (n=117). The median number of outcome measures per trial was four (range=1-12); 1,317 individual outcomes were reported, categorized as: psychological (n=501, 38.0%); physiological (n=491, 37.3%), behavioral (n=123, 9.3%) or, treatment-related (n=202, 15.3%). DBS interventions were split between 239 (45.7%) pharmacological and 283 (54.1%) non-pharmacological; 96.6% of interventions mapped to accepted descriptors. A significant relationship was noted between the type of intervention and the outcome domain reported. The findings demonstrate massive variation in outcome measures of DBS interventions that likely lead to unnecessary heterogeneity, selective reporting, and questionable relevance in the literature. A large range of DBS interventions were mapped according to BeSiDe list. There is a need for consensus on a core outcome set across the spectrum of DBS techniques.

Supporting the Bereaved in the COVID-19 Era: A Scoping Review of Interventions.

People whose family member(s) friend(s) have died from COVID-19 or other causes have been deeply affected by the physical and social restrictions imposed during the pandemic. These limitations have affected end-of-life care and support for the bereaved. The purpose of this review is to identify: the published studies of evaluated programs about interventions for people who have experienced bereavement during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to develop recommendations for researchers and policy makers. Using scoping review methodology, a literature review was undertaken for articles published from January 1, 2020 through February 28, 2023 to identify interventions shown to be beneficial to people who have experienced the death of loved ones during the COVID-19 pandemic. The search yielded 1588 articles of which three studies met the criteria of utilizing a pre and post-test design with only one of these, a randomized controlled trial. The interventions included in this review demonstrate preliminary efficacy.

Improving health and scientific literacy in disadvantaged adults: a scoping review of interventions

Abstract Background People with low socioeconomic status face high health risks and poor health literacy. Tailored health education could help reduce these disparities. This scoping review sought to provide an up-to-date overview of approaches to craft and conduct interventions to improve health and scientific literacy in disadvantaged adults. Methods 7 databases were searched from 2012 to 2022. Data about research design, settings, target groups, topics, skills, theoretical foundations, materials, methodologies, outcomes, and evaluation tools were extracted from the selected articles. Quality assessment was done using the Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool. Results The review included 50 studies, most of which were quasi-experimental, involving participants with low income or limited education, ethnic minorities, or immigrants. Frequently theory-driven, these interventions were conducted in community settings and used various interactive methods like discussions and practical exercises. Functional and interactive health literacy dimensions were emphasised more than critical and scientific ones. Many programs highlighted cultural appropriateness and customization. Researchers often involved participants in program development or execution. Evaluations assessed knowledge, health literacy, behavioural and psychological gains using various quantitative and qualitative instruments. Critical appraisal of the studies revealed quality limitations. Conclusions Participatory methods, interactivity and culturally appropriate materials are crucial for crafting relevant health education for disadvantaged groups. Greater emphasis should be placed on developing critical and scientific health literacy skills. Key messages • This study provides novel findings on the ways to design and evaluate health literacy interventions targeted at vulnerable groups. • Such guidance can be valuable for health education practitioners.

How to Promote Gerotranscendence in Older Adults? A Scoping Review of Interventions.

Gerotranscendence is a psychosocial theory that proposes older adults experience a mindset shift in multiple dimensions (cosmic, coherence, solitude), associated with different constructs, such as life satisfaction and well-being. Increasing studies are employing gerotranscendence, but the practical aspects of how gerotranscendence can be developed are still underexplored. This review involved an assessment of the size and scope of the existing literature on interventions related to gerotranscendence and their effect on participants' well-being. Six databases were searched, and eight studies were selected: five were observational, while three were randomized control trials. Findings showed that gerotranscendence can be developed through weekly thematic encounters. Moreover, the interventions examined in the selected studies were described as having positively impacted participants' mental health and life satisfaction. Future studies should explore gerotranscendence interventions using a rigorous methodology and long-term follow-up data to add consistency to these findings.

Addressing the unmet mental health needs of people living with HIV: a scoping review of interventions in sub-Saharan Africa

ABSTRACT Some mental health interventions have addressed mental health among people living with HIV (PLWH) using a variety of approaches, but little is known about the details of such interventions in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), a region that bears the largest burden of HIV in the world. The present study describes mental health interventions for PLWH in SSA regardless of the date and language of publication. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) reporting guidelines, we identified 54 peer-reviewed articles on interventions addressing adverse mental health conditions among PLWH in SSA. The studies were conducted in 11 different countries, with the highest number of studies in South Africa (33.3%), Uganda (18.5%), Kenya (9.26%), and Nigeria (7.41%). While only one study was conducted before the year 2000, there was a gradual increase in the number of studies in the subsequent years. The studies were mostly conducted in hospital settings (55.5%), were non-pharmacologic (88.9%), and interventions were mostly cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and counselling. Task shifting was the primary implementation strategy used in four studies. Interventions addressing the mental health needs of PLWH that incorporates the unique challenges and opportunities in SSA is highly recommended.

Can students’ feedback literacy be improved? A scoping review of interventions

Student feedback literacy has been the subject of much conceptual literature; however, relatively little intervention research has investigated how and if it can be developed. Further, no evaluation of the current empirical literature has been conducted to assess which elements of feedback literacy can be successfully improved in practice, and which elements need further investigation. This paper seeks to explore how different aspects of feedback literacy have been developed in higher education. A scoping review was conducted to address the foci, nature and success of interventions. The review found evidence that educational interventions enhanced feedback literacy in students, such as managing perceptions and attitudes, and having more confidence and agency in the feedback process. While some interventions have an effect on influencing student feedback literacy, both improved study design and intervention design are required to make the most of future feedback literacy interventions.

Empowering women in STEM: a scoping review of interventions with role models

ABSTRACT Exposing women and girls to female role models is considered essential to break down gender-stereotypical beliefs on STEM interest and engagement. However, evidence remains controversial regarding the efficacy of these interventions. Here, we provide a scoping review of fifty-seven empirical studies that considers information about: (1) research type, (2) target, (3) type of intervention, (4) role models’ characteristics, (5) variables of interest and (6) effects of the study. Our findings show that research is considerably heterogeneous in terms of role models, interventions, variables of interest and effects. Role models are frequently female STEM professionals or a mixed-gender group of STEM workers. Interventions mainly consist of asking participants to read a brief article about the role model and the effect of being exposed to a role model is mostly tested on participants’ characteristics, e.g. attitudes toward STEM and performance. This heterogeneity comes at a price, i.e. it is difficult to understand the effectiveness of role models’ exposure. Future research should focus on whether and how the heterogeneous characteristics of role models influence the efficacy of these interventions.

Increasing pneumococcal vaccine uptake in older adults: a scoping review of interventions in high-income countries

BackgroundThere is low uptake of the pneumococcal vaccination in eligible older adults, even in high-income countries that offer routine and universal vaccination programs.ObjectiveTo systematically characterize interventions aimed at improving pneumococcal vaccine uptake in older adults.DesignWe conducted a scoping review following PRISMA-SCr guidelines of five interdisciplinary databases: Medline-Ovid, Embase, CINAHL, PsychInfo, and Cochrane Library. Databases were searched from January 2015 until April 2020. The interventions were summarized into three pillars according to the European Union Conceptional Framework for Action: information campaigns, prioritization of vaccination schemes, and primary care interventions.ResultsOur scoping review included 39 studies that summarized interventions related to pneumococcal vaccine uptake for older adults, encompassing 2,481,887 study participants (945 healthcare providers and 2,480,942 older adults) across seven countries. Examples of interventions that were associated with increased pneumococcal vaccination rate included periodic health examinations, reminders and decision-making tools built into electronic medical records, inpatient vaccination protocols, preventative health checklists, and multimodal educational interventions. When comparing the three pillars, prioiritization of vaccination schemes had the highest evidence for improved rates of vaccination (n = 14 studies), followed by primary care interventions (n = 8 studies), then information campaigns (n = 5 studies).ConclusionSeveral promising interventions were associated with improved outcomes related to vaccine uptake, although controlled study designs are needed to determine which interventions are most effective.

Potential resilience treatments for orangutans (Pongo spp.): Lessons from a scoping review of interventions in humans and other animals.

Wild orangutans (Pongo spp.) rescued from human-wildlife conflict must be adequately rehabilitated before being returned to the wild. It is essential that released orangutans are able to cope with stressful challenges such as food scarcity, navigating unfamiliar environments, and regaining independence from human support. Although practical skills are taught to orangutans in rehabilitation centres, post-release survival rates are low. Psychological resilience, or the ability to 'bounce back' from stress, may be a key missing piece of the puzzle. However, there is very little knowledge about species-appropriate interventions which could help captive orangutans increase resilience to stress. This scoping review summarises and critically analyses existing human and non-human animal resilience literature and provides suggestions for the development of interventions for orangutans in rehabilitation. Three scientific databases were searched in 2021 and 2023, resulting in 63 human studies and 266 non-human animal studies. The first section brings together human resilience interventions, identifying common themes and assessing the applicability of human interventions to orangutans in rehabilitation. The second section groups animal interventions into categories of direct stress, separation stress, environmental conditions, social stress, and exercise. In each category, interventions are critically analysed to evaluate their potential for orangutans in rehabilitation. The results show that mild and manageable forms of intervention have the greatest potential benefit with the least amount of risk. The study concludes by emphasising the need for further investigation and experimentation, to develop appropriate interventions and measure their effect on the post-release survival rate of orangutans.

Teaching and learning about respiratory infectious diseases: A scoping review of interventions in K-12 education.

The pandemic outbreak of COVID‐19 has highlighted an urgent need for infectious disease education for K‐12 students. To gather a better understanding of what educational interventions have been conducted and to what effect, we performed a scoping review. We identified and examined 23 empirical researcher‐ and teacher‐designed studies conducted in the last 20 years that have reported on efforts to help K‐12 students learn about infectious diseases, with a focus on respiratory transmission. Our review shows studies of educational interventions on this topic are rare, especially with regard to the more population‐scale (vs. cellular level) concepts of epidemiology. Furthermore, efforts to educate youth about infectious disease primarily focused on secondary school students, with an emphasis on interactive learning environments to model or simulate both cellular‐level and population‐level attributes of infectious disease. Studies were only mildly successful in raising science interest, with somewhat stronger findings on helping students engage in scientific inquiry on the biology of infectious diseases and/or community spread. Most importantly, efforts left out critical dimensions of transmission dynamics key to understanding implications for public health. Based on our review, we articulate implications for further research and development in this important domain.

A scoping review of interventions using occupation to improve mental health or mental wellbeing in adolescent populations

IntroductionOccupation-based interventions could help to address a growing mental health crisis among young people and adolescents. To develop new interventions and avoid research waste, a review of the academic literature is needed that systematically identifies and describes interventions designed to improve the mental health and wellbeing of 11–25 year-olds.AimThe scoping review aims to systematically review the academic, literature to identify and describe key characteristics of intervention studies using occupation to improve adolescents’ and young people’s mental health and wellbeing, exploring the range of interventions, reviewing reporting quality and illuminating gaps for further research.MethodAn iteratively developed scoping review protocol informs a systematic database search and review of the literature. Core characteristics are extracted and described, using the TIDIER guidelines and the CASP assessment tool.ResultsFive occupational therapy-based interventions, and 69 other occupation-based studies representing a wide breadth of approaches, outcomes and settings were identified.ConclusionsRobust development, testing and reporting of occupation-based and occupation-focused intervention studies to promote and support mental health and wellbeing in adolescents and young people are needed. Interventions should be co-designed, developmentally appropriate and scaffold development. However, better agreement is needed about core outcomes measurement in this area.

Enhancing GP care of mental health disorders post-COVID-19: a scoping review of interventions and outcomes.

Considerable literature has examined the COVID-19 pandemic's negative mental health sequelae. It is recognised that most people experiencing mental health problems present to primary care and the development of interventions to support GPs in the care of patients with mental health problems is a priority. This review examines interventions to enhance GP care of mental health disorders, with a view to reviewing how mental health needs might be addressed in the post-COVID-19 era. Five electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar and WHO 'Global Research on COVID-19') were searched from May - July 2021 for papers published in English following Arksey and O'Malley's six-stage scoping review process. The initial search identified 148 articles and a total of 29 were included in the review. These studies adopted a range of methodologies, most commonly randomised control trials, qualitative interviews and surveys. Results from included studies were divided into themes: Interventions to improve identification of mental health disorders, Interventions to support GPs, Therapeutic interventions, Telemedicine Interventions and Barriers and Facilitators to Intervention Implementation. Outcome measures reported included the Seven-item Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), the Nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the 'The Patient Global Impression of Change Scale'. With increasing recognition of the mental health sequelae of COVID-19, there is a lack of large scale trials researching the acceptability or effectiveness of general practice interventions. Furthermore there is a lack of research regarding possible biological interventions (psychiatric medications) for mental health problems arising from the pandemic.

Centering Media Literacy and Cultural Tailoring: A Scoping Review of Interventions Used to Address Black Adolescent Intimate Partner Violence

Intimate partner violence (IPV) among Black adolescents is a critical public health issue, as they report higher levels of IPV perpetration and victimization than their counterparts from other racial groups. Although practitioners frequently implement educational programs to reduce and prevent adolescent relationship violence among adolescents, the extent to which these interventions have been culturally tailored to Black youth is unclear. The purpose of this scoping review is to investigate the nature and effects of cultural tailoring in IPV interventions delivered to Black adolescent populations as well as any critical media literacy (CML) content therein. We conducted searches of three databases for peer-reviewed research published in the United States between 2000 and 2020 that evaluated an IPV-focused educational intervention with a predominantly Black adolescent sample. A total of eight original studies met our inclusion criteria. Findings showed that five of the articles mentioned some level of cultural tailoring for the participants. However, the level and nature of that tailoring ranged widely with regard to curriculum development, staffing, and other program elements. No studies included any elements of CML education. Overall results indicate positive effects of IPV interventions on adolescents and reduced acceptance of violence in romantic relationships. This scoping review highlights a lack of clarity on methods used for cultural tailoring of curriculum based IPV interventions, vague application of social learning theoretical frameworks, and the potential benefits of CML content.

Antimicrobial stewardship using electronic prescribing systems in hospital settings: a scoping review of interventions and outcome measures.

ObjectivesTo identify interventions implemented in hospital electronic prescribing systems and the outcome measures used to monitor their impact.MethodsWe systematically searched CINAHL, EMBASE, Google Scholar and Medline using keywords in three strands: (i) population: hospital inpatient or emergency department; (ii) intervention: electronic prescribing functionality; and (iii) outcome: antimicrobial stewardship. The interventions were grouped into six themes: alerts, order sets, restriction of access, mandated documentation, embedded guidelines and automatic prescription stop. The outcome measures were organized into those that measure the quality or quantity of prescribing or clinical decision support (CDS) activity. The impact of each intervention reported was grouped into a positive, negative or no change.ResultsA total of 28 studies were eligible for inclusion. There were 28 different interventions grouped into the six themes. Alerts visible to the practitioner in the electronic health record (EHR) were most frequently implemented (n = 11/28). Twenty different outcome measures were identified, divided into quality (n = 13/20) and quantity outcomes (n = 4/20) and CDS activity (n = 3/20). One-third of outcomes reported across the 28 studies showed positive change (34.4%, n = 42/122) and 61.4% (n = 75/122) showed no change.ConclusionsThe most frequently implemented interventions were alerts, the majority of which were to influence behaviour or decision-making of the practitioner within the EHR. Quality outcomes were most frequently selected by researchers. The review supports previous research that larger well-designed randomized studies are needed to investigate the impact of interventions on AMS and outcome measures to be standardized.

Perceptual Disorders After Stroke: A Scoping Review of Interventions.

Perceptual disorders relating to hearing, smell, somatosensation, taste, touch, and vision commonly impair stroke survivors’ ability to interpret sensory information, impacting on their ability to interact with the world. We aimed to identify and summarize the existing evidence for perceptual disorder interventions poststroke and identify evidence gaps. We searched 13 electronic databases including MEDLINE and Embase and Grey literature and performed citation tracking. Two authors independently applied a priori–defined selection criteria; studies involving stroke survivors with perceptual impairments and interventions addressing those impairments were included. We extracted data on study design, population, perceptual disorders, interventions, and outcomes. Data were tabulated and synthesized narratively. Stroke survivors, carers, and clinicians were involved in agreeing definitions and organizing and interpreting data. From 91 869 records, 80 studies were identified (888 adults and 5 children); participant numbers were small (median, 3.5; range, 1–80), with a broad range of stroke types and time points. Primarily focused on vision (34/80, 42.5%) and somatosensation (28/80; 35.0%), included studies were often case reports (36/80; 45.0%) or randomized controlled trials (22/80; 27.5%). Rehabilitation approaches (78/93; 83.9%), primarily aimed to restore function, and were delivered by clinicians (30/78; 38.5%) or technology (28/78; 35.9%; including robotic interventions for somatosensory disorders). Pharmacological (6/93; 6.5%) and noninvasive brain stimulation (7/93; 7.5%) approaches were also evident. Intervention delivery was poorly reported, but most were delivered in hospital settings (56/93; 60.2%). Study outcomes failed to assess the transfer of training to daily life. Interventions for stroke-related perceptual disorders are underresearched, particularly for pediatric populations. Evidence gaps include interventions for disorders of hearing, taste, touch, and smell perception. Future studies must involve key stakeholders and report this fully. Optimization of intervention design, evaluation, and reporting is required, to support the development of effective, acceptable, and implementable interventions.Registration:URL: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/; Unique identifier: CRD42019160270.