Scope Of Use Research Articles

Diachronic/Synchronic Dynamism of Russian Literary Language : Democratization of Language in the aspect of a stylistic system

This paper, which focuses on the democratization of Russian literary language in the aspect of the development of the stylistic system, is a subsequent research paper studying the history of graphics and orthography of the Russian literary language and the methods and means of word formation with the material of simple words with the suffix -ka in terms of its democratization. The road to democracy of Russian literary language is characterized by the extension of the linguistic means of neutral style and its scope of use through “de-Church Slavonic”, russification, folk colloquialism, and non-normalization． During the period from the 11th to early 19th century, the development of Russian literary language and its functions can be seen as a history of constant change in the correlation between Church Slavonic and Russian. In the old Russian, Church Slavonic adopted Russian elements, the ＂Simple Russian＂ of Peter the Great replaced Church Slavic elements with Russian, and in the system of the three styles of Lomonosov, both Church Slavonic and Russian were accepted within the framework of Russian literary language． In Pushkin s artistic works, genetically and stylistically heterogeneous linguistic elements are used by the principles of proportionality and conformity． In the early and mid-20th century a functional stylistic system was established in Russian literary language, and now there is a tendency to re-integrate it within the media language. During the Soviet period, media stylistic was one of several functional stylistics of literary language, which had a “media stylistics ⊂ literary language ⊂ Russian” relationship. However, in the post- Soviet period, almost all Russian languages appear in the media, and this can be called a media language． If there is an area within the media language that can be defined as a media stylistic, the “media stylistic ⊂ literary language ⊂ media language” relationship can be established. If the media style is fused to the media language and no longer exists, the relationship will be “literary language ⊂ media language.” The language that leads to popular culture at the center of public communication is called the common language (общий язык), and in modern Russia, the media language plays this role. The Russian media language mediates the common language and the literary language, so the development of Russian literary language in the 21st century will be the history of the correlation between literary language - media language - common language.

Serangan Siber Sebagai Penggunaan Kekuatan Bersenjata dalam Perspektif Hukum Keamanan Nasional Indonesia (Cyber Attacks as the Use of Force in the Perspective of Indonesia National Security Law)

Cyber Attack is part of use of force. The scope of use of cyber force in this article is limited to use by state against another state. The increasing of cyber attack grow within the awareness of every country in the world including Indonesia in matters of strategy and regulated their National Security Law. Interpreted cyber attack as some forms of offensive attacks will be challenging. The reason why will be difficult to regulate is that the factual bases for there have to be casualties, physical destruction and attribution will be addressed. Furthermore Indonesia needs to develop new policy and regulated cyber attack in Indonesia National Security Law.

How the Euripid collaboration contributes to price transparency of pharmaceuticals

Abstract Background Spending on pharmaceuticals is growing continuously with a forecast of reaching over one trillion Euro in the next five years. Also, the average price of newly launched medicines is steeply raising, thus putting pressure on public payers. With several new advanced therapies in the pipeline, there are concerns in terms of both affordability and access for all patients who may need these treatments. To manage high launch prices, public payers in Europe more and more rely on private law contractual arrangements with pharmaceutical companies, requiring significant price discounts and other types of managed-entry agreements (MEAs). Methods In spring 2021 we analysed the EURIPID database (www.euripid.eu) for occurrence and frequency of MEA in the 28 countries (AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DK, EE, EL, ES, FI, FR, HR, HU, IE, IL, IS, IT, LV, LT, NL, NO, PT, RO, SE, SI, SK, and UK) that are covered. Euripid is a voluntary, non-profit collaboration between mainly European countries on building up and maintaining a database with information on national prices of medicinal products. Results 24 out 28 countries acknowledge the existence of MEA in their country. The highest number was identified in Italy with 1,317 agreements, followed by Latvia with 555 and Austria with 235. Seven countries use MEA as more or less standard instrument to manage their public pharmaceutical budget, whereas other countries just use it on case-by-case basis. Analysis shows that products above 100.0 Euro per unit (i.e. per shot or tablet) are much more likely to have a MEA than products with lower prices. Still, we found MEA in place also for products with a sales price per unit with <1.0 Euro. When looking into therapeutic areas, Antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents (ATC group L) including cancer medicines and immunosuppressants and medicines for the nervous system (ATC group N) dominated. Also, for some companies the likelihood of a MEA is higher than for others. Key messages Managed Entry Agreements (MEA) have become a standard tool for many public payers to manage high launch prices of pharmaceuticals. The scope of use varies widely: in some countries almost all newly launched pharmaceuticals are subject to such an agreement.

Prospects for creation and development of robotic systems in the interests of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia

The analysis of foreign experience in the use of robotic technological systems (RTS) shows that there are many possible areas of their practical application in the activities of state enforcement agencies. In the activities of the Russian police small-sized ground-based robotic systems and unmanned aerial vehicles have been used, which expand the capabilities of the internal affairs bodies in the course of resolving official tasks. The article presents the current state of the use of RTS in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, discusses the main problems to be solved, and considers the prospects for development of police robotic systems. The scope of use of RTS for various purposes is determined, depending on the application environment and the method of basing.

의미 변화의 양적 추정 - 말뭉치를 이용한 의미 변화 연구 -

This study introduces methods that can objectively and scientifically capture and describe changes in meaning using corpus data through studies applying statistical methods that have been conducted recently. For statistical inference on the change in meaning, historically recorded data must be quantified and used through a specific calculation method. A representative method of numerically analyzing language data is to use the Semantic Vector Space(SVM), which is also commonly used in the language data analysis method that has been very active in recent years. Recently, a great progress has been made in capturing and explaining semantic changes using these methods. Quantitative estimation of semantic change using computational statistics is based on frequency-based, similarity-based, and network-based methods depending on the representation of meaning can be divided into. The difference between the use of meaning in the present and the use of meaning in the past can be confirmed by comparing the context similarity of the text. If there is a large change in usage compared to the present, the context similarity will be lower, and if there is no change, the context similarity will be high. In order to grasp a detailed and specific change in meaning, a method of comparing a list of key expressions or words that well reveals the meaning of the context can be used by calculating the similarity between expressions or words in the corpus by period. Meaning expansion and reduction, which are representative results of meaning change, can be grasped by measuring the change in the scope of use, and the rise and fall of meaning can be grasped through sentiment analysis. By statistically analyzing the historical corpus in this way, it is possible to statistically grasp the historical changes in the meaning of the Korean language, and suggest implications on how to identify and analyze the change in language meaning.

Evaluation of Strength and Water Susceptibility Performance of Polypropylene Fiber–Reinforced and Silica Fume–Modified Hot Mix Asphalt

Abstract The use of industrial recycled waste material has exponentially increased in past decades for green and sustainable construction practices. Numerous industrial wastes are being effectively used to replace the conventional construction material with paved structure construction. The use of industrial waste ash to replace the mineral filler and plastic waste as reinforcement has shown tremendous scope for use in hot mix asphalt (HMA). This research aims to explore the effect of alternative mineral filler and fiber reinforcement in HMA. In the present study, an extremely fine nanocrystalline polymorph of silica fume (SF) and polypropylene (PP) fiber was used as mineral filler and reinforcement. The varying percentages of SF (i.e., 4.0 %, 6.0 %, and 8.0 %) and PP fiber (0.25 %, 0.5 %, 0.75 %, and 1.0 %) by volume of total mix were used. The strength and durability of the HMA were evaluated using Marshall Stability, indirect tensile strength, mean Marshall Stability ratio, index of retained strength, water sensitivity, indirect tensile fatigue test, and rut depth tests. The statistical significance analysis has been carried out using the analysis of covariance. The loss of indirect tensile strength was observed between 16–18 % at the optimum limits of the SF and PP fiber; this signifies the higher durability of PP-fiber-reinforced HMA modified with SF. Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MoRTH), 2013. The results also show the use of PP fiber and SF significantly improves the strength and durability of HMA.

Comparative evaluation of Intubating Laryngeal Mask Airway (ILMA), I-gel and Ambu AuraGain for blind tracheal intubation in adults.

Background and Aims:The supraglottic airway devices (SADs) that allow direct (without an intermediary device like Aintree or airway exchange catheters) tracheal intubation can be invaluable for field use in conditions ideally managed by intubation. Whilst fiberscope-guided intubation is the method of choice, if these ‘direct-intubation’ SADs could provide high success rates for blind tracheal intubation, their scope of use can increase tremendously. Our study assesses intubating laryngeal mask airway (ILMA), i-gel and Ambu AuraGain for blind tracheal intubation in adults.Material and Methods:Ninety adults undergoing elective surgery were randomized into three equal groups. After induction of anesthesia, the group-specific SAD was inserted and on achieving adequate ventilation, blind tracheal intubation was attempted over two attempts. Success rates and time of achieving adequate device placement and tracheal intubation through these were evaluated. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 17.0 and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:All three devices could achieve adequate ventilation within two allowed attempts. Successful tracheal intubation rates were significantly better with ILMA than i-gel on first attempt (87% vs. 27%, P < 0.001) and after second attempt that was supplemented with optimization maneuvers (100% vs. 40%, P < 0.001). No patient could be intubated through Ambu AuraGain within two attempts. Time taken for successful tracheal intubation did not differ significantly (P = 0.205) with ILMA or i-gel.Conclusion:Out of ILMA, I-gel and Ambu AuraGain, ILMA is the best device for blind tracheal intubation in adults with normal airways.

INFLUENCE OF THE HYDROTHERMAL TREATMENT TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS ON POULTRY MEAT

The poultry production is growing rapidly every year. Having a rapid pace of development and reproduction, and greater affordability, the poultry products are in high demand from the population. In this regard, the industry is in demand for deep processing of poultry meat, which is not only economically feasible, but also makes it possible to expand the scope of use of this product. The complex morphological structure of the poultry complicates its use as the main raw material for meat products, and poultry meat is mainly sold in the form of natural semi-finished products with a limited shelf life. It is possible to expand the range of poultry products through the production of canned food. A new technology for the production of pasteurized canned poultry meat was developed at the Department of Meat, Fish and Seafood Technology of the Odessa National Academy of Food Technologies. This technology involves hydrothermal treatment of the raw materials, hot boning, mixing of components of the formulation and pasteurization. This article reveals the issue of the first stage of production, namely the establishment of rational meat hydrothermal treatment conditions. The problem of choosing the heat treatment conditions is extremely important, because depending on the process conditions and the final heating temperature, the transformation of the components and the properties of the finished products differ significantly. The paper studies the effect of temperature in the range from 65 to 95°C in 5°C increment on the rate and degree of cooking of collagen, the formation of the required structure of the product (hydrogel base filled with individual muscle fibers), hardness and tenderness of meat. It is established that the optimal processing temperature of poultry meat is 65°C. The meat processed at this temperature had the highest degree of collagen cooking, the highest viscosity of the broth, the lowest shear stress, and the best organoleptic characteristics.

Evaluation of Wear of Disc Brake Friction Linings and the Variability of the Friction Coefficient on the Basis of Vibroacoustic Signals

The article presents the results of friction and vibroacoustic tests of a railway disc brake carried out on a brake stand. The vibration signal generated by the friction linings provides information on their wear and offers evaluation of the braking process, i.e., changes in the average friction coefficient. The algorithm presents simple regression linear and non-linear models for the thickness of the friction linings and the average coefficient of friction based on the effective value of vibration acceleration. The vibration acceleration signals were analyzed in the amplitude and frequency domains. In both cases, satisfactory values of the dynamics of changes above 6 dB were obtained. In the case of spectral analysis using a mid-band filter, more accurate models of the friction lining thickness and the average coefficient of friction were obtained. However, the spectral analysis does not allow the estimation of the lining thickness and the friction coefficient at low braking speeds, i.e., 50 and 80 km/h. The analysis of amplitudes leads to the determination of models in the entire braking speed range from 50 to 200 km/h, despite the lower accuracy compared to the model, based on the spectral analysis. The vibroacoustic literature presents methods of diagnosis of the wear of various machine elements such as bearings or friction linings, based on amplitude or frequency analysis of vibrations. These signal analysis methods have their limitations with regard to their scope of use and the accuracy of diagnosis. There are no cases of simultaneous use of different methods of analysis. This article presents the simultaneous application of the amplitude and frequency methods in the analysis of vibroacoustic signals generated by brake linings. Moreover, algorithms for assessing the wear of friction linings and the average coefficient of friction were presented. The algorithm enables determination of the time at which the friction linings should be replaced with new ones. The final algorithm analyzes the vibration acceleration signals using both amplitude analysis for low braking speeds, as well as spectral analysis for medium and high braking speeds.

Enhancement of optoelectronic properties of layered MgIn Se compound under uniaxial strain, an ab initio study.

We argue that tuning the structure of a semiconductor offers abundant scope for use in a number of applications. In this work, by means of comprehensive density functional theory computations, we demonstrated that layered MgIn_{2}Se_{4} could be a promising candidate for future electronic and optoelectronic technologies. To do this task, we have applied a uniaxial strain in the z-direction. The results show that MgIn_{2}Se_{4} can support only a -2.5% of deformation without losing its dynamical stability. However, we showed that the effect of strain strongly affects the bonding pattern, which tends to increase the bandgap value. Both the charge density and noncovalent interactions were analyzed to understand this behavior. In addition, we saw that the application of non-hydrostatic pressure also enhanced the photocatalytic/optoelectronic performance of the investigated material, offering useful insights into layered MgIn_{2}Se_{4} for future development in this area.

The Lithuanian national minority in Poland: language and community

This paper is dedicated to Lithuanians, one of the smallest national minorities in Poland. It characterises the Lithuanian community, which densely populates the Podlasie region in three clusters (Puńsk, Sejny, Suwałki). The study presents the last century’s history of the Lithuanian education and culture, including differences between the Puńsk and Sejny centres. Lithuanians’ strong sense of national identity is closely connected with their mother tongue, culture and traditions. The minority’s community nature is evidenced by the high prestige and broad scope of use of the native dialect. The functions of the primary and secondary languages are clearly specifi ed by the Lithuanian- or Polish-speaking recipient. The transformations occurring in the Southern Aukštaitian dialect are aimed at unifi cation of the Sejny and Puńsk dialects in younger people’s speech and creation of a regiolect. Interference under a strong infl uence of the Polish language is noticeable at all levels of the primary language

Novel Regional Nerve Blocks in Clinical Practice: Evolving Techniques for Pain Management.

This review examines the use of novel US-guided nerve blocks in clinical practice. Erector spinae block is a regional anesthesia technique doing by injecting a local anesthetic among the erector spinae muscle group and transverse processes. The phrenic nerve is a branch of the cervical plexus, arising from the anterior rami of cervical nerves C3, C4, and C5. The quadratus lumborum muscle is located along the posterior abdominal wall. It originates from the transverse process of the L5 vertebral body, the iliolumbar ligament, and the iliac crest. US-guided peripheral nerve procedures have a considerable scope of use, including treating headaches and hiccups to abdominal surgical pain, cesarean sections, musculoskeletal pathologies. These nerve blocks have been an effective addition to clinical anesthesia practice. The use of peripheral nerve blocks has improved postoperative pain, lessened the use of opioids and their potential side effects, and decreased the incidence of sleep disturbance in patients. More research should be done to further delineate the potential benefits of these blocks.

Tracking the Evolution of the Knowledge Base on Problem-based Learning: A Bibliometric Review, 1972-2019

The current review employed bibliometric review methods to analyze 14,130 Scopus-indexed documents on problem-based learning published from 1972 through the end of 2019. The goals of the review were to describe the landscape and analyze the evolution of topical foci of interdisciplinary research on PBL over the past five decades. The review identified the accumulation of a substantial interdisciplinary corpus of research on PBL that is significantly larger than the literature on other approaches to active learning. The growth trajectory of the literature on PBL started out “low and flat” during the 1970s and 1980s but steadily gained momentum in subsequent decades, with 58% of the PBL literature published between 2010 and 2019. PBL has achieved an impressive scope of global research over the past 45 years, with a significant number of studies published from emerging regions of the world, especially during the past decade. While a long-term body of research has accumulated on the learning outcomes of PBL, the research front has begun to shift towards the study of self-directed learning, student satisfaction, self-efficacy, critical thinking, and cooperation. Research and practice challenges identified in the review focus on establishing the scope of use and efficacy of PBL across different cultural contexts and more systematically summarizing and synthesizing the use of PBL outside of the health professions.

Digital tools of territorial communities in improving the quality of services to the population

The article considers the main aspects of the introduction of digital tools of local communities and their role in improving the quality of services to the population.The purpose of the study is an analysis of the ways and scope of use of digital tools by the United Territorial Communities (UTC) in it's activities, in particular to: involve residents in decision-making processes in these communities and improve the quality of services to the population - as a result of UTC cooperation through digital communications. The study focuses on interaction with residents of relevant UTCs, and on the cooperation of local communities in improving the quality of services to the population. Peculiarities and main aspects of digital interaction with the residents of the territorial community and effective coverage of the government's activities with digital tools are identified. It is proposed as a mechanism of cooperation of UTC by means of digital communications to improve the quality of services to the population of territorial communities implementation of the digital communication strategy.

UI/UX integrated holistic monitoring of PAUD using the TCSD method

User interface (UI)/user experience (UX) is one part of the stages in the development of the system to produce interactive and attractive web-based application layouts so that it is easy to understand and use by users. In this research, a case study was conducted on early childhood in PAUD Kuntum Mekar. The design of the UI/UX model for holistic integrative PAUD monitoring becomes one of the solutions to help parents and teachers. The method used to design UI/UX is the task centered system design (TCSD) approach starting from the stages; 1) identification scope of use, 2) user centered requirement analysis, 3) design and scenario, and 4) walkthrough evaluate, the method used for system testing is user satisfaction, and heuristic usability. The purpose of this study is the UI/UX design with TCSD can provide valid data needs of each actor based on the assignment and design of the story board of the developed system. The results of this research are UI/UX model design for integrative holistic PAUD monitoring application.

Mechanized processing of building equipment by abrasive working bodies

Carrying out of the clearing operations at carrying out mechanized processing of construction equipment from paints and varnishes, rust, various kinds of pollution belongs to mass labour-consuming operations [1]. To carry out these operations, widespread use of hand-held machines, working bodies that have abrasive wheels and metal brushes. The versatility and versatility of these machines, combined with the correct selection of the desired abrasive work tool, can significantly accelerate and facilitate the performance of cleaning and grinding operations with the desired effect.&#x0D; However, most of them have drawbacks in the cleaning of thin-sheet metal, since the removal of the base metal also takes place, which in most cases is not acceptable. So when processing non-metallic materials with metal brushes the working surface is clogged with small particles of metal, which subsequently leads to the formation of rust, and when cleaning the metal surfaces grooves are formed. Metal brushes are also ineffective in cleaning surfaces of synthetic enamels, curvilinear surfaces and inaccessible areas. Machining these tools is energy-intensive and requires the use of heavy-duty hand machines. Fiber and petal abrasive tools are not self-cleaning and lose their cutting power due to the filling of the intergranular space with cleaning waste. Sand blasting is environmentally hazardous for workers and the environment, since the sand consumables fly over long enough distances (especially when clearing tall structures and structures).&#x0D; The analysis showed that one of the effective tools for cleaning metal and non-metal surfaces from paint coatings, rust and other contaminants without removing the base material layer is a polymer-abrasive brush. However, there is insufficient research on the mechanism of its operation, energy and thermal processes that occur during operation and have a decisive influence on the performance of the polymer-abrasive brush.&#x0D; The results of studies of the influence of structural and mode parameters of manual angle grinders with polymer-abrasive brushes are presented in the paper. The study of these issues is an urgent task, as it will allow to determine the parameters of the drive machine, rational modes and schemes of their operation, as well as the scope of use of such working bodies.

Phenethyl Isothiocyanate Induces Apoptosis Through ROS Generation and Caspase-3 Activation in Cervical Cancer Cells.

The latest research shows that current chemotherapeutics are ineffective because of the development of resistance in cervical cancer cells, and hence, their scope of use is limited. The main concern of researchers at the moment is the discovery of safe and effective antiproliferative plant chemicals that can aid in the battle against cervical cancer. Previous studies have shown the possible anticancer potential of phenethyl isothiocyanate obtained from cruciferous plants for many cancers, which targets various signaling pathways to exercise chemopreventive and therapeutic effects. This provides the basis for studying phenethyl isothiocyanate's therapeutic potential against cervical cancer. In the present study, cervical cancer cells were treated with various doses of phenethyl isothiocyanate, alone and in combination with cisplatin. Phenethyl isothiocyanate alone was sufficient to cause nucleus condensation and fragmentation and induce apoptosis in cervical cancer cells, but evident synergistic effects were observed in combination with cisplatin. In addition, phenethyl isothiocyanate treatment increased the production of intracellular ROS in a dose-dependent manner in cervical cancer cells. Furthermore, investigation of phenethyl isothiocyanate induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, and activation of caspases showed that phenethyl isothiocyanate significantly activated caspase-3.

PERANCANGAN TANGAN PROSTHESIS BAWAH SIKU BERBASIS FLEXY HAND 2 DAN FLEX SENSOR

One of the best ways to rehabilitate persons with disabilities is to use prostheses. However, not all persons with disabilities, especially those with disabilities on the hands can use all types of prosthesis hands. The purpose of this research is to develop Flexy Hand 2 into a 3D Printing-based prosthesis hand that is wider in its scope of use. The method used in this research is trial and error. The scope of the user of this prosthesis hand is a person with disabilities below the elbow who still has one other hand that still has at least 3 fingers. The result of this research is a prosthetic hand that can move the entire finger and can mimic it basic hand movements such as grasping objects and picking up objects with a delay between the transmitter and receiver modules ranging from 132 milliseconds to 260 milliseconds. The entire modules works at a voltage of 5V which means the hand can be turned using a portable power supply. Keyword : Disabilities, Prosthetic Hand, Flexy Hand 2, Flex Sensor, Trial and Error.

РЕСУРСОЗБЕРІГАЮЧА ТЕХНОЛОГІЯ ОДЕРЖАННЯ КАРТОННО-ПАПЕРОВОЇ ПРОДУКЦІЇ

Nowadays, the products of domestic enterprises of the pulp and paper industry are 80% made from secondary raw materials – recycling paper, which negatively affects its quality, narrows the range and limits the scope of use. This state of the industry connected with the lack of domestic production of cellulose fibrous products. The raw material problem of the pulp and paper industry of Ukraine can be solved by using annual plants and wastes of crop processing for the production of fibrous materials for various purposes. Rapeseed stalks can be considered as a promising raw material to meet the needs of the pulp and paper industry. The aim of the work is to study the physical and mechanical properties of writing paper and cardboard for flat layers of corrugated cardboard, which contain cellulose fibers of rapeseed stalks. This paper presents the results of research of sizes of elementary cellulose fibers from rapeseed stalks. Studies of the fractional composition showed that 70% of cellulose fibers from rapeseed have a length in the range of 0.02 to 0.81 mm and only 30% have a length exceeding 1 mm. To study the effect of cellulose content from rapeseed stalks in the composition of writing paper, paper samples of 80 g/m2 were prepared at different ratios of cellulose from non-wood raw materials to coniferous cellulose. Studies have shown that the surface of paper made of non-wood pulp has a high smoothness and uniform lumen and is more elastic compared to paper made of bleached coniferous sulfate pulp. According to the results of physical and mechanical tests, it can be concluded that the increase in the content of non-wood pulp from rapeseed stalks in the composition of writing paper leads to a decrease in all physical and mechanical properties of the paper. To study the effect of non-wood pulp from rapeseed stalks in a cardboard composition for flat layers of corrugated cardboard, cardboard samples of 175 g/m2 were made. Recycling paper of MS-6B was used as a bottom layer, and non-wood pulp as a surface layer of cardboard. The ratio of recycling paper to non-wood pulp in laboratory samples of cardboard was 80:20 mass %. According to the results, it can be concluded that the use for the surface layer of non-wood pulp from rapeseed stalks allows to obtain cardboard with strength values that fully meet the requirements for cardboard of K-1 type. In general, it was shown that non-wood rapeseed pulp can be used to replace more expensive sulfate bleached coniferous pulp in the production of writing paper and cardboard for flat layers of corrugated cardboard as a surface layer.

Development and individual identification of captive Ziegler’s crocodile newt Tylototriton ziegleri

Tylototriton ziegleri is a newt native to Vietnam with a very limited range and assessed as Vulnerable by the IUCN. It is rarely found in captivity. Larval husbandry, based on field conditions, had mixed success with a high proportion of egg hatch and relatively rapid larval growth rates but also substantial larval mortality, probably due to high stocking density. Larvae started to hatch after 23 days and after 77-79 days had metamorphosed at a mean mass of 1.6 g; juveniles grew at an average of about 0.3 g/month. The primary animal carer was able to use wart patterns to distinguish between four individuals but scope for use on a larger scale was not supported when tested using computer-assisted individual identification software (WildID) or expert observers.