Scope Definition Research Articles

A pathway to strengthening open science: comments on the draft South African Ethics in Health Research Guidelines.

The recently released draft South African Ethics in Health Research Guidelines: Principles, Processes and Structures (Draft Guidelines) by the National Health Research Ethics Council recognize open data and provide guiding principles for this in the context of health research in South Africa. While its inclusion is a positive development, there is room for improvement. Although the Draft Guidelines leverage the Draft National Policy on Data and Cloud, it lacks incorporation of other relevant government policies, notably the Draft National Open Science Policy, and fails to sufficiently detail the principles of open science and open access. This limited scope and lack of comprehensive definition and detailed guidance present challenges for researchers in conducting ethical and responsible health research in South Africa. It constrains the Draft Guidelines from fully aligning with national imperatives and from fostering African-centric approaches. To address these issues, it is recommended that the Draft Guidelines integrate broader policies and principles, enhance clarity through comprehensive definitions, provide detailed guidance on open access, and promote African-centric approaches. Implementing these solutions will strengthen the Draft Guidelines, aligning them with national visions of open science, and thereby harnessing the full potential of South Africa's diverse scientific community in advancing health research.

The Path to Optimize the Authorized Legislative Power of Special Economic Zones

The authorized legislative system of China’s special economic zones has provided strong support for the successful implementation of reform and opening up. However, with the vigorous development of the special economic zone economy, the authorized legislative power of special economic zones also faces a series of opportunities and challenges, involving key issues such as power boundaries, legal frameworks, and scope definition. This study focuses on the legitimacy analysis of the authorization decisions made by the National People’s Congress and its Standing Committee, the legitimacy analysis of the authorization of the National People’s Congress to formulate regulations by the government of special economic zones, as well as the review and supervision of the authorized legislation of special economic zones. It explores the enhancement and prospects of legislative authority in Special Economic Zones, aiming to establish a theoretical foundation for the standardization of the legislative power of special economic zones in China, promote the establishment of legal frameworks and the sustained prosperity of special economic zones.

Life Cycle Assessment of Conventionally and Organically Grown Pineapple in Gampaha District

Pineapple is one of the major commercial fruits grown in Gampaha and Kurunegala districts of Sri Lanka. Most cultivations are under conventional practices which generate significant environmental impacts while there are few organic cultivations (~1%). There is lack of published on the environmental impacts related to cultivation of pineapple in Sri Lanka. This study therefore aimed to quantify and compare environmental impacts of conventionally and organically grown pineapple in Gampaha District. Environmental impacts were compared using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) tool which evaluates the potential environmental impacts throughout the life cycle of a product or a process. According to ISO 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006 guidelines, LCA methodology has four main phases such as goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory analysis (LCI), life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), and life cycle interpretation. The system boundary for the study was from cradle to farm gate. All the environmental impacts were estimated for a functional unit of one tonne of pineapple. Primary data for the LCA was gathered using a pre-tested structured questionnaire conducted among twenty conventional- and six organic farms. Input and output inventories were prepared during LCI phase. Under LCIA phase, impact categories such as global warming potential (GWP), eutrophication, human toxicity, terrestrial ecotoxicity, and freshwater ecotoxicity were considered. Results indicated that conventional cultivation system has significantly higher impacts compared to the organic cultivation system. Global warming potential of conventionally cultivated one tonne of pineapple was 182.23 kg CO2 eq. It was 26.72 kg CO2 eq for organic cultivation indicating 7 times lower impact. Eutrophication potential was 6.63 kg PO43- eq for conventional cultivation while that for organic cultivation was 0.81 kg PO43- eq (8 times lower). Pesticide use has resulted in 2,279.12 kg 1,4 DB eq of human toxicity, 18,331.71 kg 1,4 DB eq of freshwater ecotoxicity and 1,624,494.37 kg 1,4 DB eq terrestrial ecotoxicity for conventional cultivation while organic cultivations have resulted in no toxicity. The results highlight significant contribution of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides towards all five impact categories of the LCA. The results could provide implications for promoting organic cultivation in order to reduce the impacts on the environment in the long run. 
 Keywords: Life cycle assessment, Pineapple, Conventional cultivation, Organic cultivation, Environmental impacts

How User Requirements Affect the Success of an Enterprise System Implementation Project?

The paper examines the collection, preparation, and improvement of user requirements for a complex ERP case study implementation in an international organisation. The study presents a case study of the ERP system implementation project. We address the user requirements and their quality with regard to the scope of the case study on the ERP implementation project and wider as an integral aspect of successful project management within an organisational context. In the discussion, we address and support the notions that: 1.) the choice of the type of solution and the software company; 2.) strong leadership and control from the investor side; 3.) the activities prior to the start of the ERP implementation project and a clearly defined scope at the time of contract conclusion; 4.) the quality of system requirements based on well-specified user requirements; and 5.) the alignment of the scope definition and user requirements within the organisation contribute to the success of the enterprise system implementation project.

Searching for complexity. Application of the set-theory to the analysis of urban mobility readiness index

Numerous initiatives have been developed to monitor the sustainability performance of cities, with rankings and indicators emerging as crucial tools for understanding complex urban phenomena. However, these indices require deeper analytical methods to fully interpret their results. This study highlights the application of Set-Theory methods, specifically Qualitative Comparative Analysis with process-tracing in analyzing the Urban Mobility Readiness Index (UMR) across 60 cities for 2021 and 2022. Our primary achievement is the demonstration of Set-Theory´s ability to unravel the causal complexity in urban dynamics. We find that urban mobility readiness and its negation are not determined by singular conditions but by a combination of conditions. Necessary conditions such as infrastructure and socioeconomic factors have been identified, which are critical for achieving a higher level of readiness in the UMR, and its negation. Cities lacking these conditions are less likely to reach the desired level for sustainable development. Additionally, we reveal that certain conditions serve beyond scope definitions, actively triggering causal mechanisms for both readiness and its negation. This insight underscores the multifaceted nature of urban sustainability, guiding cities towards effective strategies for sustainable development. Our study thus contributes a nuanced understanding of urban mobility, essential for policymakers and urban planners.

A project management model for architectural restoration projects

Architectural restoration projects have many peculiarities that differentiate them from other construction projects. Despite the universal guidelines, standards and bylaws, a specialized approach on the management of architectural restoration projects is yet a knowledge gap. Inadequate use of project management knowledge in the field results in time and budget overruns, quality problems, insufficient research, incorrect scope definition, lack of interdisciplinary coordination, disconnection between phases, inefficiency in change management, and further ambiguities. Following an exploratory sequential research process consisting of qualitative and quantitative data from a focus group meeting, a questionnaire survey, and a 48-h on-site training; the authors focus on the peculiar nature of architectural restoration projects from project management perspective. The study aims to explore the extent to which the conventional project management knowledge, tools and techniques can be applied to architectural restoration projects, investigate if more adaptive and contemporary approaches can fit better to them, and propose a practically applicable management model tailored for such projects. The results show that a hybrid model combining agile and waterfall project management approaches with an appropriate business context targeting the unique requirements of architectural restoration projects can be instrumental to cope with the complexities of such projects.

Tackling Noise: Technology Integration for Improved Noise Pollution Monitoring.

Noise pollution derived from motor vehicles, especially those with noisy engines, constitutes a significant challenge in urban environments, impacting quality of life and public health. In this context, the present study focuses on the implementation of an advanced technological solution: a web-based system specifically designed to monitor and manage noise pollution in Tarapoto, Peru. The execution of this project was structured in 4 key phases. The first phase involved extensive data collection and definition of the project scope. In the second phase, the system architecture was established based on initial observations. The third phase focussed on evaluating and improving system functionalities, while the fourth involved rigorous testing and corrections. The successful implementation of this system led to a significant improvement in the noise pollution monitoring process, reducing reporting times and improving data-driven decision making. This project not only provides a valuable tool for authorities in the management and mitigation of noise pollution, but also encourages community awareness and active participation in the sustainable management of the urban acoustic environment.

Improvement of Risk Management in Cost Estimation in the Building Construction Industry in Uganda

The cost performance of construction projects is a crucial success factor. However, risks in construction projects make exact budgetary requirements challenging to forecast accurately, resulting in underestimation and overestimation. Inaccurate cost estimates could further result in unnecessary financial loss to project stakeholders and the loss of reputation and trustworthiness of construction professionals. In Uganda, risk factors are either ignored or subjectively taken care of by simply allowing a contingency figure ranging from 0% to 10% of the project cost. However, this method is sometimes unreliable and difficult to justify to project owners. Therefore, there is a need for a reliable and justifiable risk-based cost estimation method. The current study aimed to improve risk management in cost estimation in the building construction industry in Uganda. The specific objectives were to establish the risk factors, assess the effects of the risk factors and develop a reliable model that can be used for risk-based cost estimation in the building construction industry in Uganda. The study adopted a mixed-method approach by utilising quantitative and qualitative research methods. The collection of data was done using a self-administered questionnaire and an interview guide. The data was first sorted, coded and entered for analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel. The risk factors in cost estimation were identified through a detailed literature review. The study revealed that the top five risk factors influencing cost estimation were: cost of materials, inflation, fraudulent practices and kickbacks, incomplete scope definition, and incomplete design and specification. The study concluded that the risk factors with the most severe effects on cost estimation were inflation, proficiency in estimating, cost of materials, incomplete design and specification, fraudulent practices and kickbacks. The study proposed a model developed using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The study recommends more research on the efficiency and effectiveness of risk-based cost estimation models.

Practical Exploration of Eco-Geological Survey Mapping in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: Framework, Standard and Preliminary Cost Estimation

It is a common responsibility of all countries to protect the ecological environment and promote sustainable development. Eco-geology, which provides a basic guarantee for the rational utilization of natural resources, ecological protection and restoration, has gradually become a new hot spot of geological survey institutions in various countries. Eco-geological survey in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau plays an important role in regional ecological protection and global change research. Setting up workable budgets symbolizes the competence of geological survey organizations in fulfilling their responsibilities, and unreliable cost estimates can cause economic and political complications. The unclear scope definition and scarcity of project information available at early stages make it hard to generate reliable preliminary cost estimates. Hence, based on historical data and the practical experience of scientists who have been engaged in eco-geological survey in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau for a long time, this research aimed to develop a cost estimation model using statistical learning methods for geological survey organizations to forecast preliminary costs during the early stages of an eco-geological survey project to fulfill different cost control and managerial functions. This research makes full use of modern remote sensing technology and reasonably arranges the input of ground survey, drilling, geophysical exploration and other workloads, supplemented by the existing ecological monitoring station data. It comprehensively sorts out the work means and workload of field and office work needed to complete the map work, and it puts forward a consistent index system and preliminary cost calculation framework. On this basis, based on the principle of matching quantity and price, a reasonable budget standard or market price is selected to calculate the budget estimate of a single map sheet, and then, through the regional adjustment coefficient, the budget estimate of a map sheet covering the whole Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is extended and calculated. The budget estimate will provide effective support for the declaration of eco-geological survey projects in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and the calculation of the scale of project funds so as to ensure the smooth development of eco-geological surveying in the region.

Enabling novel paradigms: a biological questions-based approach to human chemical hazard and drug safety assessment.

Throughput needs, costs of time and resources, and concerns about the use of animals in hazard and safety assessment studies are fueling a growing interest in adopting new approach methodologies for use in product development and risk assessment. However, current efforts to define "next-generation risk assessment" vary considerably across commercial and regulatory sectors, and an a priori definition of the biological scope of data needed to assess hazards is generally lacking. We propose that the absence of clearly defined questions that can be answered during hazard assessment is the primary barrier to the generation of a paradigm flexible enough to be used across varying product development and approval decision contexts. Herein, we propose a biological questions-based approach (BQBA) for hazard and safety assessment to facilitate fit-for-purpose method selection and more efficient evidence-based decision-making. The key pillars of this novel approach are bioavailability, bioactivity, adversity, and susceptibility. This BQBA is compared with current hazard approaches and is applied in scenarios of varying pathobiological understanding and/or regulatory testing requirements. To further define the paradigm and key questions that allow better prediction and characterization of human health hazard, a multidisciplinary collaboration among stakeholder groups should be initiated.

Distorted Perceptions of Corporate Harm in Comparison to Crime

This paper poses a critical analysis of the Worker’s Compensation Act, providing a foundation for the argument that crime is a social construct and therefore, is incapable of considering various aspects of corporate harm. Worker’s Compensation Board Appeals are examined to demonstrate the limits of the current state of the Worker’s Compensation Act, pointing specifically to harms that originate from workplace fatalities, long-term illnesses, and threats to mental health. The overall argument contends that we should move away from the narrow scope of the current definition of crime and seek a harm-based approach that allows for the consideration of multiple harms, which are often obscured by the criminal justice system.

Industrial Data-Driven Processing Framework Combining Process Knowledge for Improved Decision-Making—Part 2: Framework Application Considering Activity-Based Costing Concepts

Operating time series data collected and stored in historian must be managed to extract their full potential. Part 1 of this paper proposed a structured way (a sophisticated approach) to process industrial data; this first part explains in detail the data processing framework used as the basis for the costing analysis present in the second part of this series. The framework considers the analysis scope definition, data management steps, and operating regimes detection and identification. The added value of this proposed framework is demonstrated in Part 2 via the use of cost accounting for operational problem-solving (debottlenecking), i.e., its practicality is validated via its application alongside a cost analysis on the brownstock washing department of a kraft pulp mill. The traditional debottlenecking approach assumes a single operating condition considering that operating regimes allow for a much more sophisticated debottlenecking study of the washing department. With the use of operations-driven cost modeling (contingent on activity-based costing concepts) and processed time series data corresponding to steady-state operation, incremental profit can be assigned to each operating regime in order to identify the most cost-efficient one. The overall objective of this two-part series is to convert processed industrial steady-state data and cost information into knowledge that can be used to optimize the washing department of a chemical pulp mill. More specifically, different operating regimes are assessed, and the most suitable operating strategy is defined. The application of activity-based costing on a large amount of historically processed industrial data led to the improvement in the operation. The identified optimal way to operate (pulp throughput, pulp conductivity, defoamer and bleaching chemical quantity, etc.) led to a profit of CAD 49 M per year. Lastly, a contribution analysis of the regimes based on PCA highlighted how the process was operated when the preferred performances happened.

Bamboo Construction Inspired by Vernacular Techniques for Reducing Carbon Footprint: A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

Whilst upcoming innovations on digital technology and renewable energy can have a significant impact on the reduction of operational carbon emissions in the construction industry, readily available fast-growing building materials like bamboo are already proving reductions in the embodied carbon of dwellings above 60% when compared to traditional brickwork in Colombia. This paper presents a like-by-like comparison of the environmental impact of a conventional clay brick house (CBH) and a bamboo house for social housing in Colombia, which was built using adapted vernacular technologies. The bamboo house uses bamboo species Guadua angustifolia Kunth as the main structural support for the light cement bamboo frame (LCBF) system, a.k.a. ‘cemented bahareque’, whilst the CBH combines clay bricks and steel for the load-bearing walls. Traditionally built Guadua angustifolia Kunth bahareque (GaKB) houses are a key part of the vernacular architecture in the ‘coffee cultural landscape of Colombia’ (CCLC) recognised by UNESCO. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was performed to calculate the carbon footprint of the houses following four phases: (1) definition of objective and scope; (2) inventory analysis; (3) impact assessment; and (4) interpretation of results. The results show that the carbon footprint of the GaKB house accounts for about 40% of the CBH, i.e., the GaKB generates a carbon footprint of 107.17 CO2-eq/m2 whilst the CBH results in a carbon footprint of 298.44 kg CO2-eq/m2. Furthermore, from a carbon balance calculation, the carbon footprint of the GaKB house is further reduced to about 36% of the CSB house. LCA results for the built GaKB house demonstrate that vernacular housing projects that preserve cultural heritage can also be resilient and climate-neutral. This paper sets a precedent for the establishment of targeted government policies and industry practices that preserve the cultural heritage and vernacular technologies in the CCLC region and in other emergent economies worldwide whilst promoting future-proof and net-zero carbon construction.

The Current Status and Use of Microphysiological Systems by the Pharmaceutical Industry: The International Consortium for Innovation and Quality Microphysiological Systems Affiliate Survey and Commentary.

Microphysiological systems (MPS) are comprised of one or multiple cell types of human or animal origins that mimic the biochemical/electrical/mechanical responses and blood-tissue barrier properties of the cells observed within a complex organ. The goal of incorporating these in vitro systems is to expedite and advance the drug discovery and development paradigm with improved predictive and translational capabilities. Considering the industry need for improved efficiency and the broad challenges of model qualification and acceptance, the International Consortium for Innovation and Quality (IQ) founded an IQ MPS working group in 2014 and Affiliate in 2018. This group connects thought leaders and end users, provides a forum for crosspharma collaboration, and engages with regulators to qualify translationally relevant MPS models. To understand how pharmaceutical companies are using MPS, the IQ MPS Affiliate conducted two surveys in 2019, survey 1, and 2021, survey 2, which differed slightly in the scope of definition of the complex in vitro models under question. The surveys captured demographics, resourcing, rank order for organs of interest, compound modalities tested, and MPS organ-specific questions, including nonclinical species needs and cell types. The major focus of this manuscript is on results from survey 2, where we specifically highlight the context of use for MPS within safety, pharmacology, or absorption, disposition, metabolism, and excretion and discuss considerations for including MPS data in regulatory submissions. In summary, these data provide valuable insights for developers, regulators, and pharma, offering a view into current industry practices and future considerations while highlighting key challenges impacting MPS adoption. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The application of microphysiological systems (MPS) represents a growing area of interest in the drug discovery and development framework. This study surveyed 20+ pharma companies to understand resourcing, current areas of application, and the key challenges and barriers to internal MPS adoption. These results will provide regulators, tech providers, and pharma industry leaders a starting point to assess the current state of MPS applications along with key learnings to effectively realize the potential of MPS as an emerging technology.

FC29: Development of an Informant-Reported Lucidity Measure

Objective:The aim was to develop a lucidity measure for use with front-line caregivers to describe lucidity episodes among individuals with dementia, neurological and other illnesses and identify associated individual and episodic event characteristics.Methods:Qualitative: An external advisory board reviewed the clarity, breadth, and scope of the conceptual definition and item content. Modified focus groups were conducted with 20 staff and 10 family members who participated using a web-based survey. Data were extracted from Qualtrics for analysis using NVivo. Semi-structured cognitive interviews were conducted with10 health professionals working with older adults with cognitive impairment.Quantitative: A combined exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test for dimensionality. The explained common variance (ECV), calculated as the percent of observed variance was estimated. Estimates of internal consistency such as ordinal alpha and McDonald’s omega were computed in R and Mplus.Results:Data were collected from 50 staff informants on behalf of 302 residents, 25 with lucidity events. The majority (74%) of those interviewed were certified nursing assistants. Most (58%) of the sample of residents were White and 21% Black or African American. One fourth (25%) were Hispanic or Latino. Most (80% to 90%) of those with lucidity events were reported to have memory deficits and at least 70% required maximal assistance in performing basic tasks such as dressing. Most events (60%) were of short duration (10 minutes or less), and included showing facial expressions (83%) and making eye contact (88%). One half spoke multiple sentences. About half were reported to hold a conversation, and speak coherently to convey needs; 40% were able to remember and mention the name of relatives. Staff reactions were of surprise (60%) shock (52%) and happiness (50%).Data for item modification derived from the focus groups and cognitive interviews resulted in the final lucidity measure. Internal consistency estimates were high, with most ranging from 0.76 to 0.98. The ECVs were high for most scales, indicative of essential unidimensionality.Discussion:The dimensionality and reliability analyses results were strong, and supportive of unidimensional scales with high internal consistency. The feasibility of conducting assessments of lucidity events was established.

Evaluation of Climate-Aware Metrics Tools for Radiology Informatics and Artificial Intelligence: Toward a Potential Radiology Ecolabel

Radiology is a major contributor to health care's impact on climate change, in part due to its reliance on energy-intensive equipment as well as its growing technological reliance. Delivering modern patient care requires a robust informatics team to move images from the imaging equipment to the workstations and the health care system. Radiology informatics is the field that manages medical imaging IT. This involves the acquisition, storage, retrieval, and use of imaging information in health care to improve access and quality, which includes PACS, cloud services, and artificial intelligence. However, the electricity consumption of computing and the life cycle of various computer components expands the carbon footprint of health care. The authors provide a general framework to understand the environmental impact of clinical radiology informatics, which includes using the international Greenhouse Gas Protocol to draft a definition of scopes of emissions pertinent to radiology informatics, as well as exploring existing tools to measure and account for these emissions. A novel standard ecolabel for radiology informatics tools, such as the Energy Star label for consumer devices or Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design certification for buildings, should be developed to promote awareness and guide radiologists and radiology informatics leaders in making environmentally conscious decisions for their clinical practice. At this critical climate juncture, the radiology community has a unique and pressing obligation to consider our shared environmental responsibility in innovating clinical technology for patient care.

Life cycle assessment of higher education institutions – method and case study

Against the backdrop of climate change and resource depletion, sustainability and sustainable development has been brought in the focus of industries and organisations. To quantify the environmental impacts of products and organisations the methodology of life cycle assessment (LCA) is applied area-wide in many different sectors. The higher education sector in particular has an important role to play in sustainable development due to the multiplier role by educating the academic employees of the future. Additionally, higher education institutions (HEIs) are a relevant sector by themselves due to their size and number of employees as well as their impact on innovation and future technologies. Therefore, HEIs should be at the forefront of assessing and reducing their environmental impact. In contrast to this an analysis of the available LCAs of HEIs shows significant limitations with regards to availability of assessments as well as guidelines on assessment methodologies. To contribute to closing this gap and increase the availability of LCA information for HEIs, a guideline is developed based on current LCA standards, which contains assistance regarding the goal and scope definition, life cycle inventory and life cycle impact assessment. The guideline is applied in a case study for Leibniz Universität Hannover (LUH), one of the nine leading technical universities in Germany. Results of the case study show that the major contributors for the impact of the LUH are the transport activities, infrastructure and energy supply. In 13 of the 16 assessed impact categories, transport activities account for the largest share of potential environmental impacts, ranging from about 43% to 82%. However, the results of the case study must be considered with care as primary data availability from the LUH has been limited and therefore must be extended in the future.

Best Practices for Integrating OAuth in Mobile Applications for Secure Authentication

For safe authentication in mobile apps, OAuth is becoming the de facto standard. Strong and reliable authentication methods are more important than ever before due to the meteoric surge in mobile app use. This need is satisfied by OAuth, which allows for protected resource access while protecting user credentials from prying eyes in third-party apps. In order to guarantee security and a smooth user experience, this abstract details best practices for incorporating OAuth into mobile applications, with an emphasis on critical concerns and tactics. An overview of OAuth's fundamental concepts, such as its authorisation processes, token management, and scope definitions, is provided at the outset of the talk. Use cases include mobile apps that make use of the Authorisation Code Flow with Proof Key for Code Exchange (PKCE) highlight the need of selecting the appropriate OAuth flow. Here is some practical advice on how to put these ideas into practice: make sure the OAuth client is securely registered with the authorisation server, use the device's secure storage facilities to store tokens, and use the right techniques for token expiry and renewal.

Study of Environmental Impact Improvement for Fish Feed Production Companies

The national fish consumption increases from 2020 to 2021 of 1.10%. The practices of fish feed production have direct environmental impacts related to emissions to air, water, and soil. The fish feed production process is divided into several stages including the intake, fine grinder, mixer, press, post pellet, dryer, cooler, sieveter, bagging off, and boiler. Considering the environmental impacts from fish feed production activities, there is a need for analysis of those impacts using the LCA method. LCA includes four stages: goal and scope definition, LCI, LCIA, and interpretation. This research is limited to the fish feed production process (gate to gate) and is based on the impact category method ReCiPe 2016 (H) with a midpoint characterization factor. Subsequently, determining environmental improvement program recommendations based on LCA study results and the AHP. The results of the LCA analysis on fish feed production indicate that the production of 1 ton of fish pellets generates 13 impact categories using the ReCiPe 2016 (H) midpoint method. The hotspot in the fish feed production process are found in the boiler unit with the global warming impact category (487,5868956 kg CO? eq/ Ton of fish pellets) and the WWTP with the freshwater eutrophication impact category (0,0003883 kg P eq/Ton of fish pellets). The global warming impact is influenced by the emission inventory of CO2, CH4, and N2O, while the freshwater eutrophication impact is influenced by the inventory data of COD and BOD5.

Goods Inventory Information Systems Based on the Fast Concept at SDN 07 Sidang Danau

Inventory data collection activities in schools are still manual and the data tracking system is not yet available because the inventory data collection system in schools is not well managed so that it often makes it difficult to search for data on existing items. The inventory data collection system running at SDN 07 Sindang Danau still uses a simple computerized system utilizing standard office (Microsoft Office Excel and Word). This allows for many errors in processing inventory data, and causes inventory data collection managed by SDN 07 Sindang Danau to be less efficient. , As well as resulting in difficulties in searching for data and taking up a relatively long time in preparing reports. To help solve this problem, it is necessary to have a web-based inventory data system using the FAST concept (framework for the application of system thinking) which has 6 stages of scope definition, problem analysis, requirements analysis, logical design, decision analysis and physical design.