Scomber Japonicus Research Articles

수입가격을 고려한 고등어 가격의 유통단계별 인과성과 비대칭적 가격 전이 분석

수입가격을 고려한 고등어 가격의 유통단계별 인과성과 비대칭적 가격 전이 분석

Vertical migration patterns linked to body and environmental temperatures in chub mackerel

Fishes in the genus Scomber are currently one of the most abundant, economically important, and widely distributed fishes in the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. This study recorded the depth, peritoneal and environmental temperature of the chub mackerel Scomber japonicus using an electronic tag. The 176 tagged mackerel were released from Tsushima Strait, Japan. A total of 1,075 days of data from November to August were obtained from seven individuals. Mackerel extensively used the epipelagic zone, and ranges of depth and environmental temperature during the overall recording period were 0.5–213 m and 3.4–29.1 °C, respectively. The mean depth during the day was deeper than that observed during the night in the foraging season. This vertical distribution pattern of the mackerel may overlap with that of prey organisms. We also observed a unique short-term vertical migration of mackerel during the foraging season. When the mackerel repeated the short-term vertical migrations, ranges of peritoneal temperature (13.9–15.0 °C) were narrower than environmental temperature (7.9–16.5 °C). This behavior allowed the mackerel to use physiologically unsuitable thermal layers, while avoiding overcooling of body temperature. However, these vertical migration patterns broke down in the spawning season. Behavioral decisions of diel vertical migration in chub mackerel may be affected by body condition of individual fish such as maturation states. Quantifying vertical migrations of Scomber species occupying intermediate trophic levels is important when considering conservation strategies of more than simply fisheries stock but also that of marine ecosystems.

Development of a chub mackerel with less-aggressive fry stage by genome editing of arginine vasotocin receptor V1a2

Genome editing is a technology that can remarkably accelerate crop and animal breeding via artificial induction of desired traits with high accuracy. This study aimed to develop a chub mackerel variety with reduced aggression using an experimental system that enables efficient egg collection and genome editing. Sexual maturation and control of spawning season and time were technologically facilitated by controlling the photoperiod and water temperature of the rearing tank. In addition, appropriate low-temperature treatment conditions for delaying cleavage, shape of the glass capillary, and injection site were examined in detail in order to develop an efficient and robust microinjection system for the study. An arginine vasotocin receptor V1a2 (V1a2) knockout (KO) strain of chub mackerel was developed in order to reduce the frequency of cannibalistic behavior at the fry stage. Video data analysis using bioimage informatics quantified the frequency of aggressive behavior, indicating a significant 46% reduction (P = 0.0229) in the frequency of cannibalistic behavior than in wild type. Furthermore, in the V1a2 KO strain, the frequency of collisions with the wall and oxygen consumption also decreased. Overall, the manageable and calm phenotype reported here can potentially contribute to the development of a stable and sustainable marine product.

Developing machine learning methods for automatic recognition of fishing vessel behaviour in the Scomber japonicus fisheries

IntroductionWith a higher degree of automation, fishing vessels have gradually begun adopting a fishing monitoring method that combines human and electronic observers. However, the objective data of electronic monitoring systems (EMS) has not yet been fully applied in various fishing boat scenarios such as ship behavior recognition.MethodsIn order to make full use of EMS data and improve the accuracy of behaviors recognition of fishing vessels, the present study proposes applying popular deep learning technologies such as convolutional neural network, long short-term memory, and attention mechanism to Chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) fishing vessel behaviors recognition. The operation process of Chub mackerel fishing vessels was divided into nine kinds of behaviors, such as “pulling nets”, “putting nets”, “fish pick”, “reprint”, etc. According to the characteristics of their fishing work, four networks with different convolutional layers were designed in the pre-experiment. And the feasibility of each network in behavior recognition of the fishing vessels was observed. The pre-experiment is optimized from the perspective of the data set and the network. From the standpoint of the data set, the size of the optimized data set is significantly reduced, and the original data characteristics are preserved as much as possible. From the perspective of the network, different combinations of pooling, long short-term memory(LSTM) network, and attention(including CBAM and SE) are added to the network, and their effects on training time and recognition effect are compared.ResultsThe experimental results reveal that the deep learning methods have outstanding performance in behaviors recognition of fishing vessels. The LSTM and SE module combination produced the most apparent optimization effect on the network, and the optimized model can achieve an F1 score of 97.12% in the test set, surpassing the classic ResNet, VGGNet, and AlexNet.DiscussionThis research is of great significance to the management of intelligent fishery vessels and can promote the development of electronic monitoring systems for ships.

Stock Assessment of Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus) in the Northwest Pacific Using a Multi-Model Approach

Chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) is a major targeted species in the Northwest Pacific Ocean, fished by China, Japan, and Russia, and predominantly captured with purse seine fishing gear. A formal stock assessment of Chub mackerel in the region has yet to be implemented by the managing authority, that is, the North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC). This study aims to provide a wider choice of potential models for the stock assessment of Chub mackerel in the Northwest Pacific using available data provided by members of the NPFC. The five models tested in the present study are CMSY, BSM, SPiCT, JABBA, and JABBA-Select. Furthermore, the influence of different data types and input parameters on the performance of the different models used was evaluated. These effects for each model are catch time series for CMSY, catch time series and prior of the relative biomass for BSM, prior information for SPiCT, and selectivity coefficients for JABBA-Select. Catch and CPUE (catch per unit effort) data used are derived from NPFC, while some life history information is referred from other references. The results indicate that Chub mackerel stock might be slightly overfished, as indicated by CMSY (B2020/BMSY = 0.98, F2020/FMSY = 1.12), BSM (B2020/BMSY = 0.97, F2020/FMSY = 1.21), and the base case run for the JABBA-Select (SB2020/SBMSY = 0.99, H2020/HMSY = 0.99) models. The results of the models SPiCT (B2020/BMSY = 2.30, F2020/FMSY = 0.31) and JABBA (B2020/BMSY = 1.40, F2020/FMSY = 0.62) showed that the state of this stock may be healthy. Changes in the catch time series did not affect CMSY results but did affect BSM. The present study confirms that prior information for BSM and SPiCT models is very important in order to obtain reliable results on the stock status. The results of JABBA-Select showed that different selectivity coefficients can affect the stock status of a species, as observed in the present study. Based on the optimistic stock status indicated by the best model, JABBA, a higher catch is allowable, but further projection is required for specific catch limit setting. Results suggested that, as a precautionary measure, management would be directed towards maintaining or slightly reducing the fishing effort for the sustainable harvest of this fish stock, while laying more emphasis on accurately estimating prior input parameters for use in assessment models.

Physiological Effect of Extended Photoperiod and Green Wavelength on the Pituitary Hormone, Sex Hormone and Stress Response in Chub Mackerel, Scomber japonicus

Chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus, is heavily farmed and harvested due to its demand as a high-quality protein source rich in fatty acids. However, the effects of environmental cues on sexual maturation of the fish remain understudied. We aim to elucidate the effect of light manipulation on the hormones related to reproduction and on the stress response in the species. Mackerel were exposed to different photoperiods (12 h light:12 h dark or 14 h light:10 h dark) and light wavelengths (provided by white fluorescent bulbs or green LEDs). Total RNA extracted from the brain was assayed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (a powerful technique for advancing functional genomics) and blood plasma was analyzed via immunoassay using ELISA kits. The mRNA expression of gene-encoding gonadotropin-releasing hormone, gonadotropin hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone were significantly increased through the use of an extended photoperiod and green wavelength, which also increased testosterone and 17β-estradiol plasma levels. Plasma levels of cortisol and glucose, which are indicators of a stress response, were significantly decreased through green LED exposure. Our results indicate that environmental light conditions affect the production of pituitary and sex hormones, and reduce the stress response in S. japonicus.

Seasonal variations in the drip rate and toughness of frozen–thawed muscles of the spotted mackerel Scomber australasicus and the Pacific mackerel Scomber japonicus, and the relationship of pH and water content with meat quality

Seasonal variations in the drip rate and toughness of frozen–thawed muscles of the spotted mackerel Scomber australasicus and the Pacific mackerel Scomber japonicus, and the relationship of pH and water content with meat quality

Evaluation of Biological Reference Points of Two Important Fishery Resources in the East China Sea

Fishery resources play an important role in the national economy and ecological diversity in China; it is of great significance to evaluate and rationally exploit the fishery resources. Most fisheries off the coast of China are data-limited, as the complex assessment models are not suitable for its resource assessment. Therefore, data-limited models for fishery resources assessment in China are among the current research hotspots. In this paper, two new data-limited assessment models (Bayesian state–space implementation of the Schaefer production model (BSM) and Monte Carlo MSY estimation model (CMSY)) were used to evaluate the fishery resources of Scomber japonicus and Muraenesox cinereus in the East China Sea. The results showed that the estimated value of MSY of S. japonicus was 220 × 103 t to 240 × 103 t, the estimated value of F/FMSY was greater than one, and the estimated value of B/BMSY was very close to one, indicating that the fishery in the East China Sea had been overfished. The estimated value of MSY for the M. cinereus fishery in the East China Sea ranged from 140 × 103 t to 170 × 103 t. The estimated value of F/FMSY at the biological reference point was greater than one and the estimated value of B/BMSY was less than one, indicating that the fishery had been overfished and resources had declined. Both models can be used for data-limited fisheries offshore of China. To better understand the impact of uncertainty on fishery resource assessment, more research should be carried out on these two data-limited assessment models.

Occurrence of Predation of Juvenile Chum Salmon (<em>Oncorhynchus keta</em>) by Chub Mackerel (<em>Scomber japonicus</em>) and Spotted Mackerel (<em>Scomber australasicus</em>) in Miyako Bay, Iwate Prefecture, Japan

Occurrence of Predation of Juvenile Chum Salmon (<em>Oncorhynchus keta</em>) by Chub Mackerel (<em>Scomber japonicus</em>) and Spotted Mackerel (<em>Scomber australasicus</em>) in Miyako Bay, Iwate Prefecture, Japan

Feeding habits of the sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon longurio on the west coast of the Gulf of California, Mexico

Abstract The sharpnose shark (Rhizoprionodon longurio) is among the top three shark species captured by artisanal fisheries of the Gulf of California. This study includes information regarding the feeding habits of this species using the stomach contents of 70 individuals ranged from 54 to 109 cm in total length (TL). Out of the 16 prey items identified, fish of the families Scombridae (Scomber japonicus; prey-specific relative importance index [%PSIRI] = 6.3) and Batrachoididae (%PSIRI = 5.5), the cephalopod Lolliguncula spp. (%PSIRI = 6.3), and the crustacean Pleuroncodes planipes (%PSIRI = 4.3) were the most important prey. Only female stomachs were obtained (N = 19) in the central area of the gulf, and the PSIRI indicated that the preferred prey were the cephalopod Lolliguncula spp. (%PSIRI = 10.5) and fish of the Sparidae family (Calamus brachysomus; %PSIRI = 5.8). The number of stomachs was not sufficient to analyse differences by sex. Regarding its trophic position, R. longurio was a tertiary consumer (TL K = 4.4). A TL K = 4.4 was calculated for the central area, and a TL K = 4.3 for the southern area. According to Levin's index (Bi), this shark is a specialist predator in the whole study area (Bi = 0.19), including the centre (Bi = 0.29). Conversely, it was considered a generalist predator in the southern area (Bi = 0.63). The high quantity of empty stomachs could relate to the time the sharks were caught in fishing a gear.

Biological interactions potentially alter the large-scale distribution pattern of the small pelagic fish, Pacific saury Cololabis saira

We aimed to understand the effect of biological interactions on the distribution of small pelagic fishes. Surveys were conducted during 2003-2019 using sea surface trawl nets in the western and central North Pacific Ocean, covering an area between 143° E and 165° W, to estimate the distributions of 4 small pelagic fishes: Pacific saury Cololabis saira, Japanese sardine Sardinops melanostictus, chub mackerel Scomber japonicus, and Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus. These species are potential competitors, as they all occupy a similar niche. Japanese anchovy was abundant during 2003-2012, while Japanese sardine and chub mackerel were abundant during 2013-2019. Only Pacific saury was distributed throughout the survey area, while the others occurred within the area west of 180° longitude (WA). Pacific saury and its potential competitors showed adjacent distributions, with a slight overlap along sea surface temperature gradients in the WA. This distribution pattern remained even when Japanese sardine expanded its distribution to colder waters and increased in abundance after 2013, resulting in a shift in the distribution of Pacific saury to colder waters and a period of high densities of Japanese sardine. Such a distribution shift of Pacific saury was not observed in the area east of 180° longitude, where no Japanese sardine was observed. These results suggest the possibility that biological interactions such as inter-species competition can be an important factor in determining the distribution of small pelagic fishes.

Little evidence for bioaccumulation or biomagnification of microplastics in a deep-sea food web

Microplastic contamination is documented in marine organisms, but little is known about bioaccumulation or biomagnification of microplastics, especially in tissues external to the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract. The objective of this work was to explore microplastic contamination in GI tracts and other tissues (abdomen and tail in crustaceans; mantle in cephalopods; fillets in fishes) of species at different trophic levels sampled in a deep-sea food web in Monterey Bay, CA, USA. The species included are tuna crab Pleuroncodes planipes, market squid Doryteuthis opalescens, northern lampfish Stenobrachius leucopsarus, chub mackerel Scomber japonicus, California halibut Paralichthys californicus, and Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. After chemical digestion, microplastics in GI tracts were quantified and identified to material type using μ-Raman spectroscopy and in other tissues using pyrolysis-GC/MS. The concentrations of microplastics in GI tracts were significantly different among species, and microplastic contamination was dominated by microfibers. The concentrations of microplastics (mainly polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride) in other tissues also varied among species. A significant positive correlation between body size and plastic concentration in other tissues was observed for halibut only, suggesting bioaccumulation may not be ubiquitous. The trophic magnification factor for microplastics beyond the GI tract was <1, suggesting that biomagnification is not occurring in tissues. However, we did observe evidence for biomagnification of microplastics in the GI tracts. Future studies are needed to better understand these patterns and the mechanisms for translocation, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of microplastics in aquatic organisms.

Standardization of catch per unite effort for chub mackerel <i>Scomber japonicus</i> in the waters at Kuril Islands

Chub mackerel became an important object of Russian fishery in the NorthWest Pacific since 2015. Annual catch of the species by Russian fleet reached 87,388 t in 2021. The data of trawl catches by Russian fishing vessels in the national waters in autumn of 2015–2021 are considered for possibility of CPUE standardization taking into account the factors of fishing gear and environments. Generalized additive models (GAM) were used as the method, the best model was chosen using the information criteria of Akaike and Schwarz. The selected model explains 63% of dispersion and includes such predictors as coordinates of catch, date of catch, vessel length, engine power, number of fishing vessels, and SST. Influence of these factors on CPUE is interpreted and discussed.

Gelibolu Yarımadası’ndan (Kuzey Ege Denizi, Türkiye) Avlanan Palamut (Sarda sarda Bloch, 1793), Uskumru (Scomber scombrus Linnaeus, 1758) ve Kolyoz (Scomber colias Gmelin, 1789) Balıklarının Toplam Boy, Toplam Ağırlık, Maksimum Vücut Çevresi ve Operkulum Çevresi Arasındaki İlişkiler

Bu çalışma Gelibolu Yarımadası açıklarında (Kuzey Ege Denizi, Türkiye) Ocak 2017-Aralık 2017 tarihleri arasında palamut (Sarda sarda Bloch, 1793), uskumru (Scomber scombrus Linnaeus, 1758) ve kolyoz (Scomber colias Gmelin, 1789) türlerinin boy-ağırlık ve boy-çevre ilişkilerini ortaya çıkarmak için ticari balıkçılar tarafından avlanan öü balıkları kullanmak suretiyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Boy-ağırlık ilişkisi palamut, uskumru ve kolyoz balıkları için, sırasıyla, W=0.0143TL2.84 (R2=0.89), W=0.0059TL3.11 (R2=0.92) ve W=0.0059TL3.11 (R2=0.92) olarak tahmin edildi. Yine sırasıyla bu türlerin boy-operkulum çevre ilişkileri Gope=0.3988TL+0.2512 (R2=0.78), Gope=0.3528TL+0.8122 (R2=0.84) ve Gope=0.4295TL-0.5991 (R2=0.94) olarak hesaplanırken boy-maksimum vücut çevre ilişkileri ise Gmak=0.5993TL-4.1237 (R2=0.79), Gmak=0.4206TL+0.2732 (R2=0.83) ve Gmak=0.4676TL-0.168 olarak saptanmıştır. Bu çalışma Karadeniz’i de kapsayacak şekilde tüm Akdeniz Havzası için bu türlerin boy-operkulum ve boy-maksimum vücut çevresi ile ilgili ilk bilgileri içermektedir.

Stock Assessment of Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus) in the Northwest Pacific Ocean Based on Catch and Resilience Data

This study aimed to evaluate the stock status of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) in the Northwest Pacific Ocean. Chub mackerel is a commercially important fish species in South Korea. The fishing grounds of chub mackerel are in the Northwest Pacific Ocean, off South Korea and the neighboring countries of China and Japan. Previous chub mackerel stock assessments have mostly been based on catch data from a single country. However, in this study we used the total catch data on chub mackerel in the Northwest Pacific Ocean to assess the stock status, owing to their migrations and occurrence in the waters of several different countries. We used a catch and maximum sustainable yield model, which is based on catch and resilience data, using the Monte Carlo method. Moreover, sensitivity analysis was conducted according to the availability of catch data by sea area and country. The results showed that the current level of chub mackerel biomass is lower than the biomass required to achieve a maximum sustainable yield based on median values. Furthermore, analysis of all scenarios showed the same results, while the current biomass showed a decreasing trend. These results indicate that improved cooperative resource management is required to prevent further stock status decline.

Estimation of growth parameters of the Atlantic chub mackerel (Scomber colias Gmelin, 1789) off Gallipoli Peninsula (Northern Aegean Sea, Turkey)

This study was carried out to reveal the age and growth of the atlantic chub mackerel (Scomber colias Gmelin, 1789) in Gallipoli Peninsula (northern Aegean Sea, Turkey). The individuals of sampled S. colias from commercial fishmongers randomly each month were taken during the period January 2016-December 2016. A total of 348 otoliths were aged successfully. The total length and weight of aged specimens ranged from 16.0 to 28.0 cm and from 31.72 to 222.68 g, with a mean of 22.0 cm and 101.23 g, respectively. The length-weight relationship was estimated as W = 0.0060TL3.20 (R2 = 0.97). The von Bertalanffy growth equations were computed to be 𝐿∞ = 32.0 cm, k = 0.30 year-1, 𝑡0 = -1.72 year for all samples. The growth performance index (𝛷′) was found as 2.49. The present study provides the first information on the growth parameters of the species so as to define the current state Scomber colias population for Gallipoli Peninsula (northern Aegean Sea, Turkey).

Maternal spawning experience and thermal effects on offspring viability of chub mackerel and their influence on reproductive success

Maternal effects on offspring viability significantly contribute to the productivity and resilience of exploited marine fish populations. The temporal trend of biomass of chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) in the western North Pacific showed cyclic fluctuation patterns, but it has been rapidly increasing since 2011. Although there are several assumptions regarding the mechanisms of the population dynamics of this species in these waters, there is a contradiction in the effects of thermal environmental conditions on recruitment success. We explored the effects of maternal age and/or previous spawning experience on egg and offspring traits of captive chub mackerel in response to thermal conditions. Moreover, from the relationship between the growth rate and temperature experienced by captive fish, the experienced temperatures of wild specimens were assessed. The sizes of eggs spawned from females aged 1–3 years were negatively correlated with temperature, but the effects of maternal age on egg size and nutrition were significant with larger and nutrient-rich eggs spawned from 2- or 3-year-old females (repeat spawners) than those from 1-year-old females (first-time spawners) at a given temperature. Such temperature- and maternal-age-dependent egg traits reflected the standard length of first-feeding larvae. The effects of maternal age on the starvation tolerance of larvae after hatching and body sizes of first-feeding larvae were also evident in larvae derived from 3-year-old females showing longer starvation tolerance and larger body heights than those from 1-year-old females. Further, larvae derived from 3-year-old females grew significantly faster than those from 1-year-old females at the tested temperatures. The process of ontogenetic development and growth rate of captive specimens until age 25 days were positively correlated with temperature. Meanwhile, the estimated temperatures experienced by wild specimens until age 25 days ranged from 18.0 to 20.3°C. These findings suggested that there were opposing thermal responses between maternal and offspring traits of chub mackerel, but the temperatures experienced by the main recruit fish may be restricted within the range of temperatures available for spawning. We discuss the mechanisms of reproductive success of this species in accordance with the maternal spawning experience and thermal effects on life history traits.

Spatial variability of life-history parameters of the Atlantic chub mackerel (Scomber colias), an expanding species in the northeast Atlantic

Atlantic chub mackerel is a pelagic species present in the Atlantic Ocean that in recent decades has expanded northwards in the eastern Atlantic. Fish samples were collected in scientific surveys and commercial catches between 2011 and 2019. We analysed the geographical variation of the biological parameters (age, length, weight and condition), as well as the length-weight relationship, maturity-at-length and spawning season onset and duration in five geographical areas (from south to north): the Canary Islands, Gulf of Cadiz, western Portuguese coast, northwestern Spanish coast and Cantabrian Sea. The influence of sea surface temperature (SST) on fish length was modelled as a potential driver of geographical variability. All biological parameters increased progressively northwards, while the spawning season was delayed and prolonged with increasing latitude, from January in the Canary Islands to May-August in the Cantabrian Sea, when SST was between 15°C and 19°C. SST had a positive effect on length in three study areas and a negative one in two of them, suggesting that each group is at a different position within their thermal tolerance range. Deviance from the geographical pattern of some biological parameters in the Gulf of Cadiz suggests that it could be a hinge or mixing zone between Atlantic African, Mediterranean and Atlantic Iberian population components.

A Fast and Simple DNA Mini-barcoding and RPA Assay Coupled with Lateral Flow Assay for Fresh and Canned Mackerel Authentication.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12161-022-02429-6.

Exploration of the roles of microbiota on biogenic amines formation during traditional fermentation of Scomber japonicus.

The influence of microbiota composition and metabolisms on the safety and quality of fermented fish products is attracting increasing attention. In this study, the total viable count (TVC), pH, total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) as well as biogenic amines (BAs) of traditional fermented Scomber japonicus (zaoyu) were quantitatively determined. To comprehend microbial community variation and predict their functions during fermentation, 16S rRNA-based high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) were employed, respectively. The fresh samples stored without fermentation were used as controls. TVC and TVB-N values increased rapidly, and the content of BAs exceeded the permissible limit on day 2 in the controls, indicating serious spoilage of the fish. In contrast, a slower increase in TVC and TVB-N was observed and the content of BAs was within the acceptable limit throughout the fermentation of zaoyu. Significant differences in microbiota composition were observed between zaoyu and the controls. The bacterial community composition of zaoyu was relatively simple and Lactobacillus was identified as the dominant microbial group. The accumulation of histamine was inhibited in zaoyu, which was positively correlated with the relative abundance of Vibrio, Enterobacter, Macrococcus, Weissella, et al. based on Redundancy analysis (RDA), while Lactobacillus showed a positive correlation with tyramine, cadaverine, and putrescine. Functional predictions, based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis, revealed that the relative abundance of metabolic function exhibited a decreasing trend with prolonged fermentation time and the abundance of metabolism-related genes was relatively stable in the later stage of fermentation. Those metabolisms related to the formation of BAs like histidine metabolism and arginine metabolism were inhibited in zaoyu. This study has accompanied microbiota analysis and functional metabolism with the accumulation of BAs to trace their correspondences, clarifying the roles of microorganisms in the inhibition of BAs during fermentation of Scomber japonicus.