Scientific Research Research Articles

Kazimierz Żurowski (1909–1987): life and work in Lviv till 1945

The Lviv stage of life and scientific activity of the famous Polish archaeologist Kazimierz Żurowski is covered in this article. Based on documents preserved in the Lviv region State Archive and private archival collections, his studies at the Department of Prehistory of the Jan Kazimierz University of Lviv, the first archaeological research, site protection documentation, and conservator’s reports on the work done are examined. Special attention is paid to the topic of scientific research conducted in his Lviv period and the influence of Lviv on the further scientific life of the archaeologist. Studies and cooperation with such famous archaeologists as Leon Kozłowski, Tadeusz Sulimirski, and Markiyan Smishko, who played an important role in the development of K. Żurowski as an archaeologist, seem to be important. A particular place in the article is given to photos from excavations conducted by K. Żurowski and his scientific travels, which are introduced into the scientific literature for the firsttime.

Review of Photodetectors for Space Lidars

Photodetectors play a critical role in space lidars designed for scientific investigations from orbit around planetary bodies. The detectors must be highly sensitive due to the long range of measurements and tight constraints on the size, weight, and power of the instrument. The detectors must also be space radiation tolerant over multi-year mission lifetimes with no significant performance degradation. Early space lidars used diode-pumped Nd:YAG lasers with a single beam for range and atmospheric backscattering measurements at 1064 nm or its frequency harmonics. The photodetectors used were single-element photomultiplier tubes and infrared performance-enhanced silicon avalanche photodiodes. Space lidars have advanced to multiple beams for surface topographic mapping and active infrared spectroscopic measurements of atmospheric species and surface composition, which demand increased performance and new capabilities for lidar detectors. Higher sensitivity detectors are required so that multi-beam and multi-wavelength measurements can be performed without increasing the laser and instrument power. Pixelated photodetectors are needed so that a single detector assembly can be used for simultaneous multi-channel measurements. Photon-counting photodetectors are needed for active spectroscopy measurements from short-wave infrared to mid-wave infrared. HgCdTe avalanche photodiode arrays have emerged recently as a promising technology to fill these needs. This paper gives a review of the photodetectors used in past and present lidars and the development and outlook of HgCdTe APD arrays for future space lidars.

DNA fragmentation factor 40-based therapeutic approaches for cancer: a review article.

DNA Fragmentation Factor (DFF) is a heterodimer protein involved in DNA fragmentation during apoptosis, which acts as a trigger downstream of caspase-3 activation. DFF40 catalytically active homo-oligomers break down chromosomal DNA. Previous scientific investigations have revealed a link between DFF40 expression changes and various cancers. DFF40 deletion or down-regulation has been observed in some cancers. Consequently, therapeutic strategies involving the DFF40 molecule compensating led to an increased rate of cancer cell apoptosis. In this review article, we aimed to introduce cancers with low expression of this protein first. The second part of this paper focuses on studies that utilized exogenous DFF40 protein produced by recombinant DNA technology and surveyed during in vitro and in vivo tests. Finally, compensation for diminished expression of the mentioned protein via gene therapy-based techniques to make up for this apoptotic molecule's low expression is the topic of thelast part of this review article.

ELEPHANT : ExtragaLactic alErt Pipeline for Hostless AstroNomical Transients

Transient astronomical events that exhibit no discernible association with a host galaxy are commonly referred to as hostless. These rare phenomena can offer unique insights into the properties and evolution of stars and galaxies. However, the sheer number of transients captured by contemporary high-cadence astronomical surveys renders the manual identification of all potential hostless transients impractical. Therefore, creating a systematic identification tool is crucial for studying these elusive events. We present the ExtragaLactic alErt Pipeline for Hostless AstroNomical Transients ( a framework for filtering hostless transients in astronomical data streams. It was designed to process alerts from the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) presented in the Fink broker; however, its underlying concept can be applied to other data sources. We used Fink to access all the ZTF alerts produced between January 2022 and December 2023, selecting alerts associated with extragalactic transients reported in SIMBAD or TNS, as well as those classified as supernovae (SNe) or kilonovae (KNe) by the machine learning (ML) classifiers within the broker. We then processed the associated stamps using a sequence of image analysis techniques to retrieve hostless candidates. We find that lesssim 2<!PCT!> of all analyzed transients are potentially hostless. Among them, only sim 10<!PCT!> have a spectroscopic class reported on TNS, with type Ia SNe being the most common class, followed by superluminous SNe. In particular, among the hostless candidates retrieved by our pipeline, there is SN 2018ibb, which has been proposed to be a pair instability SN candidate, and SN 2022ann, one of only five known SNe Icn. When no class is reported on TNS, the dominant classes are quasi-stellar object (QSO) and SN candidates, with the former obtained from SIMBAD and the latter inferred using the Fink ML classifier. represents an effective strategy to filter extragalactic events within large and complex astronomical alert streams. There are many applications for which this pipeline will be useful, ranging from transient selection for follow-up to studies of transient environments. The results presented here demonstrate the feasibility of developing specially crafted pipelines that enable a variety of scientific studies based on large-scale surveys.

Traditional Inuit songs from the Thule area. Volume 1

This publication deals with the traditional song of the Inuit, primarily Inughuit from the Thule area, but also from Baffin Island and the Copper Inuit and Uummannaq and Upernavik areas, based on sound recordings from 1909, 1912, 1915, 1937, 1962 and 1984. In 1937 Professor Erik Holtved (1899-1981) recorded 134 traditional songs: no drum-songs and 24 other songs. Transcriptions and scientific processing of this collection is the nucleus of this work. The songs are presented/notated in their full length - with drum accompaniment and the texts/ singing syllables used - but also with analyses of a representative stanza from each song. The vast majority of Holtved's informants sang long songs in a dominating form type, where certain motifs had to be used in specific positions in the course of the stanza. The present author recorded approximately 350 songs in 1962 in collaboration with the eskimologist Bent Jensen and approximately 240 in 1984 in collaboration with the artist Pauline Motzfeldt Lumholt, also in the Thule area. Both collections were recorded for the Danish Folklore Archives. The 1962 collection has been transcribed and analysed in the same way as the 1937 collection, and other form types were found. One of the "new" form types was particularly easy to recognise, as the first motif in each stanza was repeated at a lower level. The informants of this form type were to a large extent descendants of people who had emigrated from Baffin Island in the 1860s. A frequent occurrence of the same characteristic was found in a collection of 45 songs from southern Baffin Island, indicating that the nucleus of the immigrant group of the 1860s had its roots in southern Baffin Island. This is confirmed by language studies and by genealogy. The most complicated and dominating form type found in the music of the Inughuit was also found in sound recordings made in 1914-16 with the Qitiqmiut, Copper Inuit. Both partial and close similarities indicated that the type was introduced by families coming from the Copper Inuit area(s). This is confirmed by archaeological finds and language studies. Old collections from the Uummannaq and Upernavik areas were also transcribed and analysed. These songs have only basic motifs in common with those of the Thule area. The song tradition, the performance of the songs as they were sung in 1962 and 1984, and the predominant soloist performance are described, as well as the song texts, the drum with its construction and use, movement patterns during the drum-dance and the difficult interplay between singing and drumming. A CD with a selection of the songs is enclosed with the publication.

Network mutual information measures for graph similarity

A wide range of tasks in network analysis, such as clustering network populations or identifying anomalies in temporal graph streams, require a measure of the similarity between two graphs. To provide a meaningful data summary for downstream scientific analyses, the graph similarity measures used for these tasks must be principled, interpretable, and capable of distinguishing meaningful overlapping network structure from statistical noise at different scales of interest. Here we derive a family of graph mutual information measures that satisfy these criteria and are constructed using only fundamental information theoretic principles. Our measures capture the information shared among networks according to different encodings of their structural information, with our mesoscale mutual information measure allowing for network comparison under any specified network coarse-graining. We test our measures in a range of applications on real and synthetic network data, finding that they effectively highlight intuitive aspects of network similarity across scales in a variety of systems.

Modern Approaches in Domestic Psychology: Unity in Diversity

A brief result of the analysis of modern approaches undertaken within the framework of the collective monograph “Scientific approaches in modern domestic psychology” (M., 2023) is presented. 27 chapters (of different approaches) were divided into general psychological (developing within psychological science), general scientific approaches in psychology (interdisciplinary, resource, environmental, network, etc.), specific psychological in the field of psychology (personality psychology, social psychology, speech psychology, professional activities, etc.) and scientific approaches in applied psychology. Four options for comparisons are considered: the possibility of integration (V.A. Mazilov, V.A. Yanchuk) or comparison of scientific approaches (E.A. Sergienko, A.V. Yurevich). Based on the analysis, guidelines were proposed in an attempt to present the space of psychological science as differentiated by different approaches, and interconnected through the openness of borders and the flexibility of conceptual structures. The leading concepts, specifying concepts, methodological principles and leading methods of approaches are identified. all four groups demonstrate interconnections and complementarities in the understanding of nature, multidetermination of the psyche, and the ability to solve new and complex problems on their basis. Many approaches incorporate concepts and principles of other approaches in psychology. General scientific approaches have generated not only new concepts in psychology (interdisciplinarity, psychological resources), but also new methodological principles. I would like to emphasize that the analysis demonstrated a significant expansion of the methodological principles of psychological sciences, which are explicit not only in general psychological and general scientific, but also specific scientific approaches. The principles of interdisciplinarity, uncertainty, anticipation, subjectivity, evolution, multi-determination and self-development were justified, along with confirmation of the principles of systematicity, the unity of consciousness and activity, the unity of being and consciousness. But even the principles traditional for psychology are filled with new content, excluding determinism, which fetters a person by universal laws, and indeterminism, where a person is lost in infinite degrees of freedom. The author’s approach to the analysis of scientific approaches in psychology is an attempt to compare them and highlight trends in the development of methodology, which involves discussions and discussions, new solutions, new analysis possibilities, which is necessary for the development of our science and the implementation of the idea of the opponent circle.

Life world as a basic concept of the sociology of life

The article reveals new facets of such a recently revived sociological concept as the life world. It briefly describes the history of its emergence in scientific research and its embodiment in real practical activities of people. It reveals also how its individual characteristics and indicators were tested and refined in the process of theoretical and empirical studies. The most successful works describing and analyzing it are discussed, although not all of them used this concept. The author shows what role this concept plays in enriching our understanding of people’s lives in all its combinations. Citing the existing interpretations of the life-world in sociology, the author offers a possible variant of its analysis, when the life-world of a person is considered a) as a citizen, b) as a resident of a certain spatial formation (city, town, village), c) as a member of an industrial organization and finally d) as a participant in relations in the micro-environment, i. e. in the structure of interpersonal relations. In conclusion, the features of the use of the concept of life world in the context of the theoretical concept of the sociology of life are summarized.

Educational technology for the formation of project competence for engineering students

Project competence is essential to the professional education of engineering students. It synchronously affects all three components of future professional activity, forming the ability to be creative, carry out scientific research and apply modern technological solutions. However, there often is a lack of attention to master projecting in educational programs, especially for junior undergraduate students. The article describes the developed educational technology for organising project-based learning (PjBL) in the actual educational process conditions to mould engineering students' project competence. It was based on incorporating a short module dedicated to mastering the basic principles of PjBL into the existing curriculum. During the module, students developed, executed and publicly defended their projects. The choice of topic was up to the students, provided the project was dedicated to waste management. The mastery of the seven PjBL essential elements was considered an indicator of the level of project competence formation. Conducting research in the current educational process put forward strict limitations regarding the project execution time, their permanent adjustment through feedback, and timely evaluation. Short daily surveys via Google Forms devoted to each lesson topic let one organise permanent feedback between the teacher and students. The effectiveness of the applied technology was evaluated by two more detailed surveys at the beginning and after the end of the training. The understanding of PjBL elements was noticeably improved. The improvement was statistically significant for four elements, while for the remaining three, it was borderline.

Research on Practical Curriculum of Vocational and Technical Education From the Perspective of Science and Technology Integration

Theory is the navigation of practice, and practice is the wing of theory. Modern vocational and technical education is increasingly showing the characteristics of technology penetration, practice traction, system support and so on, and its dependence on the correct path and scientific methods is more prominent. Exploring the integration of theory and practice, and adhering to the combination of theory and technology to design courses have become a new window to break through the traditional curriculum model research and teaching, which has far-reaching significance and value.

VACINAÇÃO CONTRA O HPV EM ADOLESCENTES: BENEFÍCIOS, DESAFIOS E PERSPECTIVAS - UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA

Introduction: Vaccination against the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a fundamental intervention for the prevention of cancers related to the virus, especially cervical cancer. Although recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and included in several national immunization programs, adolescent vaccination adherence still faces barriers. This systematic review aims to evaluate the benefits, challenges and prospects of HPV vaccination in adolescents, focusing on studies that address both clinical efficacy and factors influencing vaccine acceptance and coverage. Methodology: A search was conducted in the databases Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS) and Virtual Library in Health (VHL) to identify studies published between 2018 and 2024. Scientific studies were included that evaluated the effectiveness of vaccination, the perception of parents and adolescents, and public policies to encourage vaccination. Results and discussion: HPV vaccination shows up to 90% effectiveness in preventing infections by oncogenic strains of the virus. However, factors such as misinformation, fear of side effects and cultural resistance were identified as the main challenges for vaccine adherence. The implementation of educational campaigns and the strengthening of public policies aimed at immunization were highlighted as effective strategies to increase vaccination coverage. Conclusion: HPV vaccination in adolescents offers clear benefits in the prevention of virus-related diseases, such as cervical cancer. However, challenges such as low acceptance and misinformation about vaccine safety need to be overcome in order to maximize its effectiveness at the population scale. Coordinated actions between governments, health professionals and communities are needed to increase uptake and ensure broad and effective vaccination coverage.

Teachers’ Utilization of Information and Communications Technology in Blended Learning Modality

The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) claims that when teachers are trained in ICT and possess a strong digital literacy, they can help students develop higher-order thinking skills, offer unique and innovative ways for them to communicate what they know, and better equip them to deal with the constant changes in technology that occur in both the workplace and society at large. Given this background, this study investigated the extent of teachers’ utilization of information and communications technology in blended learning modality in one of the schools in a fifth-class municipality in Central Philippines during the School Year 2022-2023. The study used a descriptive research design and a self-made questionnaire to gather baseline data from 34 public secondary school teachers. The result of the study showed that the extent of teachers’ utilization of ICT in blended learning modality in software applications and online platforms was high. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the extent of teachers’ utilization of ICT in blended learning modality when respondents were grouped according to the variables above. Various recommendations were provided to address the lowest mean scores in both areas, like the BLOCKED TIME Program and the utilization of various online platforms like Group Chats and Google Meet, among others. Keywords: Information and communications technology, teachers’ utilization of ICT, blended learning modality

Berberine: A Promising Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Associated Dementia – A Review

Introduction and objective: Berberine (BBR) is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from various plants. It has been utilized for millennia in traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine. A growing body of evidence supports the beneficial effects of BBR in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and in reducing the risk of developing related complications. The aim of this study is to review the existing knowledge on the efficacy and safety of BBR in the treatment of T2DM and associated dementia, based on the available scientific literature. Material and Methods: A review of the literature available in the PubMed database was conducted using the following search terms: Berberine; Diabetes Mellitus Type 2; Vascular Dementia; Alzheimer Disease. Current knowledge: The pharmacological treatments of both T2DM and AD have been associated with relatively low efficacy, a high financial burden, and numerous complications that significantly impact patients' daily lives. The exact mechanisms of action of berberine remain unclear. Summary: BBR may be an attractive option for the treatment of T2DM and associated dementia, with therapeutic effects similar to oral hypoglycemic agents, promising neuroprotective properties, a reduced risk of adverse reactions and lower cost. Moreover, BBR improves cerebral blood flow and memory in the rat model of AD. Further scientific research is required to determine the long-term outcomes of this treatment.

Parameterization of a Fluctuating Charge Model for Complexes Containing 3d Transition Metals.

Metalloproteins widely exist in biology, playing pivotal roles in diverse life processes. Meanwhile, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations based on classical force fields has emerged as an important tool in scientific research. Partial charges are critical parameters within classical force fields and usually derived from quantum mechanical (QM) calculations. However, QM calculations are often time-consuming and prone to basis set dependence. Alternatively, fluctuating charge (FQ) models offer another avenue for partial charge derivation, which has significant speed advantages and can be used for large-scale screening. Building upon our previous work, which introduced an FQ model for zinc-containing complexes, herein we extend this model to include additional 3d transition metals which are important to the life sciences, namely chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, and nickel. Employing CM5 charges as target for parametrization, our FQ model accurately reproduces partial charges for 3d metal complexes featuring biologically relevant ligands. Furthermore, by using atomic charges derived by our FQ model, MD simulations have been performed. These charges showed excellent performance in simulating proteomic metal sites housing multiple metal ions, specifically, a metalloprotein containing an iron-sulfur cluster and another containing a dimanganese metal site, showcasing comparable performance to those of RESP charges. We anticipate that our study can accelerate the parametrization of atomic charges for metalloproteins featuring 3d transition metals, thereby facilitating simulations of relevant systems.

Comparative analysis of the whole mitochondrial genomes of four species in sect. Chrysantha (Camellia L.), endemic taxa in China

BackgroundThe sect. Chrysantha Chang of plants with yellow flowers of Camellia species as the “Queen of the Tea Family”, most of these species are narrowly distributed endemics of China and are currently listed Grde-II in National Key Protected Wild Plant of China. They are commercially important plants with horticultural medicinal and scientific research value. However, the study of the sect. Chrysantha species genetics are still in its infancy, to date, the mitochondrial genome in sect. Chrysantha has been still unexplored.ResultsIn this study, we provide a comprehensive assembly and annotation of the mitochondrial genomes for four species within the sect. Chrysantha. The results showed that the mitochondrial genomes were composed of closed-loop DNA molecules with sizes ranging from 850,836 bp (C. nitidissima) to 1,098,121 bp (C. tianeensis) with GC content of 45.71–45.78% and contained 48–58 genes, including 28–37 protein-coding genes, 17–20 tRNA genes and 2 rRNA genes. We also examined codon usage, sequence repeats, RNA editing and selective pressure in the four species. Then, we performed a comprehensive comparison of their basic structures, GC contents, codon preferences, repetitive sequences, RNA editing sites, Ka/Ks ratios, haplotypes, and RNA editing sites. The results showed that these plants differ little in gene type and number. C. nitidissima has the greatest variety of genes, while C. tianeensis has the greatest loss of genes. The Ka/Ks values of the atp6 gene in all four plants were greater than 1, indicating positive selection. And the codons ending in A and T were highly used. In addition, the RNA editing sites differed greatly in number, type, location, and efficiency. Twelve, six, five, and twelve horizontal gene transfer (HGT) fragments were found in C. tianeensis, Camellia huana, Camellia liberofilamenta, and C. nitidissima, respectively. The phylogenetic tree clusters the four species of sect. Chrysantha plants into one group, and C. huana and C. liberofilamenta have closer affinities.ConclusionsIn this study, the mitochondrial genomes of four sect. Chrysantha plants were assembled and annotated, and these results contribute to the development of new genetic markers, DNA barcode databases, genetic improvement and breeding, and provide important references for scientific research, population genetics, and kinship identification of sect. Chrysantha plants.

To the problem of defining and distinguishing the definitions of "information security" and "cyber security"

The article is devoted to the problem of definition and comparison of definitions, in particular in the context of information and cyber security. The main emphasis is placed on the analysis of existing scientific approaches to the definition of these concepts, with the aim of identifying common and distinctive features between them. Different interpretations of terms in domestic and international scientific literature are studied, paying attention to their development in connection with modern challenges in the information space. Taking into account the different approaches to the definition of the terms «information security» and «cyber security» available both in science and in practice, this study compares domestic and international definitions, analyzes legislative and scientific literature, taking into account the impact of new technologies on the formation of modern definitions in the field information security. The main attention is paid to methodological approaches to the construction of definitions, their accuracy, comprehensibility and applicability in different contexts. Emphasis is placed on the need to agree on a terminology that would adequately reflect the modern challenges and risks that the state faces in the field of information and cyber security. The importance of a clear demarcation of concepts for effective legal regulation and practical application is also emphasized, emphasis is placed on the need to unify terminology and the development of standards for the construction of clear and unambiguous definitions, attention is drawn to the importance of an interdisciplinary approach in the process of creating definitions, which allows taking into account the specifics of various scientific areas. The novelty of the work lies in a comprehensive approach to the analysis of definitions, which makes it possible not only to identify key differences and similarities between different interpretations, but also to offer recommendations for their improvement. Having analyzed examples from various fields, demonstrating how ambiguous or incorrect definitions can lead to misunderstandings and errors in scientific research and practical application, the author offers his own methodology for assessing the quality of these definitions, which can be used to improve scientific communication and increase the accuracy of terminology, in the author’s vision of the definitions of «information security» and «cyber security» is published for the first time in the article, taking into account the security component and interdisciplinary nature. This makes the article an important contribution to the scientific debate on the development of terminology in the field of information and cyber security. The main aspects of the article are the analysis of different approaches to the definition of information and cyber security, the comparison of definitions by national and international researchers, the proposal of new, integrated approaches to understanding these concepts, and the discussion of practical aspects of the application of these definitions in the field of national security.

Theoretical and legal research of intellectual property: current state and cognitive challenges

In the work, the author focuses on scientific works in which intellectual property is studied from the point of view of its theoretical and legal aspects. It is noted that intellectual property is a multidisciplinary phenomenon, is the subject of research in a wide range of social sciences, including legal ones. The theoretical and legal dimension of intellectual property is particularly important in the modern conditions of the development of its legal regulation, which is capable of both strengthening the scientific study of its legal properties and developing scientifically based recommendations on increasing the effectiveness of the use of various legal means and methods necessary to ensure the protection and protection of rights intellectual property, stimulation of intellectual activity, etc. It was noted that various theoretical and legal aspects of intellectual property, including the question of its value understanding, to one degree or another were the subject of scientific research by various domestic and foreign scientists. Based on the analysis of the works of legal theorists, it was concluded that in legal science, intellectual property scientific research is presented quite widely and reflected in numerous scientific works of both domestic and foreign scientists. This indicates a rather detailed analysis of various legal aspects of intellectual property. However, characterizing the existing scientific works as a whole, it is worth noting their cumulative nature, which in essence are created and developed according to the cumulative principle, lacking systematicity and sequence of development. Today, in legal science, works of a theoretical-legal content, which have a high degree of conceptuality, organically combine both issues of a theoretical-legal and practical nature are quite sporadically presented. Mostly scientific works have a narrow spectrum of scientific knowledge, investigating one or another legal aspect of intellectual property. The same can be said about the development of intellectual property research. Mostly, they are separated from each other, which is due to the lack of unified conceptual foundations of promising directions for the development of scientific research of intellectual property. This confirms the need, on the one hand, to strengthen theoretical and legal studies of intellectual property as a legal phenomenon, and on the other hand, to emphasize the importance of conceptualizing such scientific studies, the basis of which should be the appropriate methodological approach or their combination.

Features of theoretical approaches to the category "abuse of law" in the countries of the Anglo-American legal family

The article examines the peculiarities of theoretical approaches to understanding the category of «abuse of law» in the countries of the Anglo-American legal family, primarily in Great Britain and the United States. In particular, by using a set of philosophical and worldview, general scientific, special scientific methods (primarily, comparative legal, historical legal, normative, functional) and principles of scientific knowledge: the evolution of theoretical ideas about the abuse of law, their consolidation in legislation and practical implementation in individual states of the Anglo-American legal family; the peculiarities of the legal terminology used in the legislation and judicial practice of Great Britain and the USA to determine the abuse of the right are revealed; the characteristic features and general trends of the theoretical understanding and legislative consolidation of the category of «abuse of law» in the specified states have been established. It is argued that the principle of good faith is inherent in the entire legal system of Great Britain as a whole and is reflected in its individual provisions, and the duty to establish the facts about the presence or absence of abuse of the law corresponds to judicial or other competent authorities. It has been established that the doctrine of good faith is important in US judicial practice, but there is no description of the criteria of good faith in US law, their definition is left to the discretion of the court. It is proved that both English and American legislators do not provide a clear definition of the term ‘abuse of law’ in the provisions of legislation. The content of this concept is defined and disclosed in judicial practice and legal doctrine, which are closely interrelated and are based on the assessment of such actions from the standpoint of reasonableness, good faith and fairness. Depending on the branch of law and the legal system of the state, abuse of law is most often understood as damage or loss. Damage is the destruction or diminution of material goods. Losses are understood as real losses and lost profits. It is concluded that despite the fact that the problem of abuse has not been comprehensively resolved, in practice the judicial system of the United Kingdom and the United States is quite effective in combating manifestations of abuse of law.

"Urgency" and "emergency" in the system of law-making proccess: conceptual and categorical dimension

It is indicated that the course of events at the global and regional levels of social development during recent years is difficult to characterize unambiguously from the standpoint of purely positive or negative aspects. However, it can be unequivocally noted that modern socio-political processes at the global and regional levels have a particularly sensitive effect on legal phenomena and processes. In the article, the author focuses on the relevance of the study of the conceptual and categorical foundations of the categories «urgency» and «emergency» and the peculiarities of their manifestation within the framework of law­making process. According to the author of the article, the achievement of the above is due to the need to carry out a comprehensive and conceptual analysis through the prism of scientific views and approaches of scientists. Attention was drawn to the fact that in connection with numerous factors of a subjective and objective nature, in particular, the duration of the war on the territory of Ukraine, the spread of the SARS- CoV-2 virus, the development of technologies, especially in the information field, the issues of new mechanisms for the development and adoption of the system are being updated normative legal acts taking into account the existing requirements and realities of the modern state of development of society, law and the state. Analysis of doctrinal approaches to this issue will provide clarification of the conceptual and categorical aspects of the relevant legal categories. It is substantiated that in cognitive terms it is expedient to analyze these legal categories through the prism of scientific views and concepts, which will allow generalizing their properties and improving their definitions. The content of the work includes a doctrinal analysis of the concepts of «urgency» and «emergency» as special legal categories. It was concluded that the categories «emergency» and «urgency» within the framework of law-making have a high level of relevance; require thorough, comprehensive scientific research within the framework of legal theory; are characterized by the presence of a common purpose, essential differences.

Prevention of corruption in the acts of the national police of Ukraine: administrative and legal dimension

The relevance of the research lies in the fact that the existing issue of preventing corruption among police officers is not only a problem of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, but also a national issue, in particular. The purpose of the article is to analyze the typology of corruption in the bodies of the National Police of Ukraine. In the context of scientific intelligence, a number of general scientific and sectoral methods are applied, in particular, the method of analysis, synthesis, historical and logical, dialectical, historical and synergistic, systemic methods. It is noted that corruption in police bodies is a phenomenon that poses a risk not only to established members of the structural divisions of law enforcement agencies, but also to one that, in its individual content, exerts a negative influence on the breakdown of social relations, the breakdown of the state, which presents individual rights as such on the dominance of the doctrines of the rule of law, equality of all before the law, which are characteristic of a democratic legal state. The article states that the prevention of corruption in the ranks of law enforcement officers is a component of the state’s general anti-corruption policy, which correlates with the state’s intentions to prevent this negative phenomenon, includes its own strategy for the development of public and legal relations regarding the neutralization or localization of the actions of officials of the NP of Ukraine (factors ) corruption and consequential influence with the support of the congruence of the legal toolkit in order to achieve the set goal, which is established in the field of implementation of the tasks set before it by the National Police of Ukraine. At the same time, an important factor in preventing corruption offenses among police officers is the growth of their civic consciousness. Attention was drawn to the fact that corruption offenses among police officers are an extremely dangerous phenomenon, which, unfortunately, is characteristic of foreign police officers as well. It is noted that corruption can be overcome under circumstances when each police officer will feel a direct responsibility for the fulfillment of a common desire - the formation of a police that is actually independent from corruption. It is noted that a significant number of foreign countries managed to form a modern effective mechanism for preventing corruption offenses among police officers. Considering the European choice of our state, there is a definite need to develop and implement an innovative anti­corruption policy taking into account the positive factors of the existing international experience.