Scientific Theories Research Articles

Influence of ideas of Russian cosmism on formation and development of scientific and technical elite of rocket engineering and cosmonautics

The article is devoted to the influence of philosophical and theoretical ideas of the scientific direction of Russian cosmism on their transformation into a scientific and practical plane – the creation of the rocket and space industry, the launch of satellites, rockets, and humans into space. The relevance of the problem considered in the article lies in the fact that space, while remaining the sphere of interests of the leading world powers competing with each other in political, economic, cultural, and military terms, remains a platform for international cooperation, on which factors of national and global security largely depend. In this work, space exploration is considered in the development from philosophical and scientific research of the late 19th – early 20th century to projects of private corporations investing in the exploration of the Moon, colonization of Mars, development of a fleet of interstellar ships for travel to the Alpha Centauri system in our days. Scientific novelty is determined by a comprehensive consideration of the dialectics of the intellectual, creative and pragmatic in matters of space exploration. In a short period of time, under the influence of the philosophical ideas of the scientific direction of cosmism, and their logical continuation in the form of the development of the theory of cosmonautics and rocket science, there was the emergence of a new stratum of society – scientific and technical elite, which brought the country to a new level of technical development, which allows it to remain the world's leading space power to this day.

Advancing sustainability in the steel industry: the key role of the triple helix sectors.

The steel industry, crucial to the global economy, grapples with critical sustainable challenges, including high energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and non-renewable resource utilization, making sustainability imperative for upholding its economic role without compromising the planet or societal well-being. This study proposes a framework aimed at advancing sustainability in the steel industry through the articulation of the triple helix sectors (university, industry, and government). Based on the integrative review scientific method, systematic selection, interpretation, and synthesis of information from various sources were carried out to map a technical-scientific scenario of sustainability in the steel industry. This scenario informed benchmarking which, in light of the scientific theory and the authors' expertise, enabled the proposition of customized actions aimed at the triple helix actors. The main theoretical-scientific contribution lies in deepening and expanding the knowledge that connects sustainability to the steel industry, thus reinforcing the basis for future research and empirical studies. As for the managerial-applied contribution, this work can guide universities in developing sustainable projects and establishing industrial partnerships; steel companies benefit from the best practices and technologies, while also achieving regulatory compliance; and governments can promote public policies that boost sustainability in the steel sector.

Evaluation of local compost methods for soil management in northwestern Nigeria: Advanced scientific theories and economic values

Compost technology is an advanced technology that involves the transformation of organic materials and organic waste/sludge into organic manures/fertilizers. This method was locally applied by many rural farmers in northwestern Nigeria long ago. It has been used by farmers as the best method for soil quality and soil fertility management in dryland and fadama areas of the region. This research paper was built to provide scientific advances in common compost methods in northwestern Nigeria. Approximately twelve (12) different methods were surveyed and explained based on cultural practices and scientific theories. These composting methods include dumping, hole-gathering, burning, container-packed, open-build, farm-tunnel, pond-manure, lake-fill-in, irrigated-bed-in, home-bin, farm-cattle and sheet-composting methods. These sets of methods were provided with specific instructions, fundamentals and theoretical justifications. There have been broad advances in how these methods can be used to generate revenues, create jobs, ensure safe and well-frained environments, improve food security and decrease or to some extent control the spread of malaria and other related human diseases in northwestern Nigeria. This study provides suggestions for better use of organic materials/sludge, development of bioorganic fertilizer industries, and continued revision of sustainable agricultural management with negative chemicals.

Benchmark-based deviation and drawdown measures in portfolio optimization

Understanding and modeling of agent’s risk/reward preferences is a central problem in various applications of risk management including investment science and portfolio theory in particular. One of the approaches is to axiomatically define a set of performance measures and to use a benchmark to identify a particular measure from that set by either inverse optimization or functional dominance. For example, such a benchmark could be the rate of return of an existing attractive financial instrument. This work introduces deviation and drawdown measures that incorporate rates of return of indicated financial instruments (benchmarks). For discrete distributions and discrete sample paths, portfolio problems with such measures are reduced to linear programs and solved based on historical data in cases of a single benchmark and three benchmarks used simultaneously. The optimal portfolios and corresponding benchmarks have similar expected/cumulative rates of return in sample and out of sample, but the former are considerably less volatile.

Values-based modes of production and consumption: analyzing how food alternatives transform the current food regime

The current food regime has experienced a multidimensional crisis, driving further unjust and unsustainable development. Various food alternatives address these challenges by promoting different modes of alternative production and consumption. However, they are not extensively theoretically addressed within the food regime literature. Thus, we suggest analyzing food regimes with further social science theories to explore food alternatives and their possible contributions to transforming the present food regime. Drawing on a combination of critical state theory, the social capital concept, and territorial approaches, we introduce an interdisciplinary conceptual framework called values-based modes of production and consumption. We assume that food alternatives are based on values other than economic ones, such as democracy, solidarity, or trust. The framework allows examining perspectives of transformation that focus on conflict or cooperation and how they can be interlinked. We aim to determine entry points for analyzing food alternatives within the current food regime because these enable an exchange between debates that are usually taking place alongside each other. By linking them, we aim to inspire further insightful interdisciplinary research.

Effects of medicalization on case outcomes in transgender employment discrimination court decisions.

Some attorneys and legal scholars argue that medicalizing transgender plaintiffs (i.e., introducing plaintiff diagnoses and/or medical procedures) in discrimination cases will enhance favorable plaintiff outcomes. Research and theory linking biological essentialism (i.e., believing social groups reflect biologically-rooted, stable categories) to prejudice, however, suggests that medicalizing transgender plaintiffs might not help them win cases and might instead backfire and harm their case outcomes. To test these competing hypotheses, we coded all published cases involving alleged transgender discrimination (N=124) from 1974 to 2021. Importantly, we addressed limitations of existing research that narrowly defined transgender plaintiff medicalization exclusively via diagnosis by documenting various other forms of medicalization beyond diagnosis. Contrary to legal scholars' claims and attorney intuitions, medicalization did not predict favorable outcomes for transgender plaintiffs. In fact, various forms of medicalization beyond diagnosis predicted negative plaintiff case outcomes. We discuss the implications of this research for informing scientific theory and legal practice.

Penegakkan Hukum terhadap Pelanggaran HAM di Papua: Diskriminasi Etnis

Racial discrimination and violence against minority communities is prohibited by law, and the protection of minority groups is guaranteed by the Constitution, national laws, as well as international laws or conventions ratified by Indonesia, such as the ICCPR and ICERD. However, cases of violence involving ethnic Papuans are often ignored by the state, even though this is a violation of human rights. This research will use a normative juridical approach by presenting and analyzing the validity of statutory provisions. The socio-legal study in this research will be carried out by analyzing social studies, multidisciplinary social science theories related to the phenomenon of racial discrimination against ethnic Papuans, such as psychology in looking at prejudice and discrimination; Communication Studies; Social Integration and Disintegration Theory; and Social Conflict Theory. The aim of this research is to examine law enforcement using a social science paradigm. This research will review the quality of law enforcement, the extent to which these rules are enforced, and the extent to which law enforcement and the government can fulfill citizens' rights not to be discriminated against. This research shows that discrimination against the Papuan people is caused by racial discrimination in various aspects, including economics, politics, education and law enforcement. The application of anti- discrimination laws must be based on the professionalism of law enforcement officials so as not to give rise to new discrimination in law enforcement. This research recommends that the Indonesian Government increase political will in enforcing anti-discrimination and violence laws in all cases, especially against the Papuan ethnic group. Maximum anti-discrimination law enforcement efforts are needed to realize human rights goals, namely the provision, enforcement and protection of human rights.

Event Causality Identification via Competitive-Cooperative Cognition Networks

Identifying the causal relations between events is an important task in natural language processing (NLP). However, existing methods mainly leverage human empirical information about causality from limited labeled corpus or pseudo-data, which leads to an insufficient understanding of the causal mechanism. Inspired by the dual process theory (DPT) in cognitive science, we propose Competitive-Cooperative Cognition Networks (C3Net), including an intuitive causal reasoner, a logical causal reasoner, and a competitive selection mechanism, which directly learn and imitate the framework of the causal identification process in human brains. On the one hand, our model can inject external causal knowledge into the intuitive causal reasoner to improve the performance of intuitive reasoning. On the other hand, it can make explicit logical reasoning in a three-stage paradigm, mimicking human reasoning behavior: association→review→inference. Furthermore, we devise a novel competitive selection mechanism based on private evidence and historical patterns of each reasoner to determine which reasoner’s inference is more reliable. Experiments demonstrate that our approach can achieve better performance than previous baseline methods.

ყალბი კოლექტიური ნების კონსტრუირების მექანიზმი და ძალაუფლების დიქტატი 2003-2021 წლების საქართველოში

The reasons for changes of Governments in Georgia since 1990 have been officially cited to be the fight against dictatorships. Dictatorships have been occurred in Georgia under the various motives for the years, even in the 2000s, although Georgia acknowledged the classical meaning of the term “Dictatorship” like the rest of the contemporary world. It is worthwhile to study not only the dynamic of changing the meaning of the term “Dictatorship”, but to examine the content and occurrences of “Dictatorship” in Georgia, that is the core subject of the represented article. The paper "Fake collective will construction mechanism and power dictation 2003-2021 in Georgia“ examines the forms and reasons of government changes of the mentioned period exploring the new governments’ management styles and attitudes of society. The research topic also covers the elections of 2021 that is regarded as the basis of the next political era in Georgia. This article attempts to find the solutions to the following issues: “Dictatorship”, “Democracy” and Georgia – the ways of the development of a public opinion in the period of government changes in 2003-2020; Etymology of the evaluation of new authorities (dictatorship, democracy); Illusion of the democratic changes/reforms or development – replacement of dictatorship with a democracy or replacement of dictatorship with a new dictatorship; How is democracy evaluated in Georgia? – The national characteristics, dynamics and public opinion of the evaluation of democracy and dictatorship; How to manage democracy to get the essential progress in Georgia? (regarding public opinion, citizenship and participation). The paper discusses the theories of Hans Kung, Max Weber, Eric Hoffer and Jurgen Habermas, in order to find the answers to the above mentioned issues. Furthermore, here is reviewed the theories of public opinion formation according to the Antonio Gramsci’s “Cultural Hegemony” and Jim Sharp’s “From Dictatorship to Democracy – A Conceptual Framework for Liberation”. The article hypothesis that the forms of dictatorship are changed in the 21st century. It is well wrapped and significantly differ from its classical meaning and nowadays, there is no need of tyranny and absolute autocracy. The mentioned topic is discussed in a multidiscipline perspective, like service and political marketing, policy philosophy, theories of political sciences, service management and in the overall context of various communication fields. The article develops the criteria for evaluation of modern dictatorship and finds answers to the questions why is it considered that the replacement of dictatorship with democracy is illusion and how is dictatorship wrapped into the cloak of democracy.

A joint entity Relation Extraction method for document level Traditional Chinese Medicine texts

Chinese medicine is a unique and complex medical system with complete and rich scientific theories. The textual data of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) contains a large amount of relevant knowledge in the field of TCM, which can serve as guidance for accurate disease diagnosis as well as efficient disease prevention and treatment. Existing TCM texts are disorganized and lack a uniform standard. For this reason, this paper proposes a joint extraction framework by using graph convolutional networks to extract joint entity relations on document-level TCM texts to achieve TCM entity relation mining. More specifically, we first finetune the pre-trained language model by using the TCM domain knowledge to obtain the task-specific model. Taking the integrity of TCM into account, we extract the complete entities as well as the relations corresponding to diagnosis and treatment from the document-level medical cases by using multiple features such as word fusion coding, TCM lexicon information, and multi-relational graph convolutional networks. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods. It has an F1-score of 90.7% for Name Entity Recognization and 76.14% for Relation Extraction on the TCM dataset, which significantly improves the ability to extract entity relations from TCM texts. Code is available at https://github.com/xxxxwx/TCMERE.

The light at the end of the tunnel? A systematic review of higher education student experiences of hope.

The most dominant model of hope is cognitive, in which hope is defined as goal-directed thinking, comprising self-agency and goal route identification. Nonetheless, competing theories about the fundamental nature of hope remain and further exploration of the construct is warranted. Little is known about whether the cognitive model aligns with how higher education students themselves think about hope. Understanding how "lay" populations conceptualise and experience psychological phenomena is as important as applying scientific theory. Personal beliefs impact on how people make sense of their life experiences and on their wellbeing. Research is specifically needed to explore the conceptualisation and experience of hope within diverse student populations. A systematic review was conducted to identify published scientific research and grey literature presenting qualitative accounts of hope from higher education students. A qualitative meta-synthesis of the eight eligible reports was conducted using thematic analysis and synthesis approaches to identify conceptualisations of hope and its associations with mental health and well-being. Nine themes were identified, reflecting that hope is: fundamental; self-construal over time; goal-directed; cognitive-emotional-behavioural; connection; resilience; dynamic and reciprocal; the inverse of depression; positive. These findings were identified as reflecting conclusions in which at least a moderate level of confidence may be placed. These findings clearly align with the cognitive model of hope, but emphasise the additional facets of fundamentality, self-construal, and negative origins. The implications for higher education institutions include to promote growth mindsets, to support students to learn skills for identifying and pursuing goals, and to provide hope-enhancing interventions as part of their student support provision.

The Book Review Column

Leslie Valiant, the father of computational learning theory, has written a new book, The Importance of Being Educable: A New Theory of Human Uniqueness (Princeton University Press, 2024), which proposes "educability" as a potentially more scientific theory of human cognition. Leslie Valiant, the father of computational learning theory, has written a new book, The Importance of Being Educable: A New Theory of Human Uniqueness (Princeton University Press, 2024), which proposes "educability" as a potentially more scientific theory of human cognition. Theorems of the 21st Century, Volume 1 by Bogdan Grechuk (Springer Nature Switzerland, 2019) deposits the first installment of important yet approachable results gleaned from the Annals of Mathematics in the first decade of the twenty-first century, from the point of view of an International Mathematical Olympiad gold and silver medalist.

Potentialist set theory and the nominalist’s dilemma

Abstract Mathematicalnominalists have argued that we can reformulate scientific theories without quantifying over mathematical objects.However, worries about the nature and meaningfulness of these nominalistic reformulations have been raised, like Burgess and Rosen’s dilemma. In this paper, I’ll review (what I take to be) a kind of emerging consensus response to this dilemma: appeal to the idea of different levels of analysis and explanation, with philosophy providing an extra layer of analysis “below” physics, much as physics does below chemistry. I’ll argue that one can address certain lingering worries for this approach by appeal to the apparent usefulness of a distinction between foundational and non-foundational contexts within mathematics and certain (admittedly controversial) arguments for Potentialism about set theory.

Quantum ontology de-naturalized: What we can't learn from quantum mechanics

Philosophers of science commonly connect ontology and science, stating that these disciplines maintain a two-way relationship: on the one hand, we can extract ontology from scientific theories; on the other hand, ontology provides the realistic content of our scientific theories. In this article, we will critically examine the process of naturalizing ontology, i.e., confining the work of ontologists merely to the task of pointing out which entities certain theories commit themselves to. We will use non-relativistic quantum mechanics as a case study. We begin by distinguishing two roles for ontology: the first would be characterized by cataloging existing entities according to quantum mechanics; the second would be characterized by establishing more general ontological categories in which existing entities must be classified. We argue that only the first step is available for a naturalistic approach; the second step not being open for determination or anchoring in science. Finally, we also argue that metaphysics is still a step beyond ontology, not contained in either of the two tasks of ontology, being thus even farther from science.

From the philosophy of measurement to the philosophy of classification: Generalizing the problem of coordination and historical coherentism

The objective of this paper is twofold. First, I present a framework called historical coherentism (Chang, 2004; Tal, 2016; Van fraassen 2008) and argue that it is the best epistemological framework available to tackle the problem of coordination, an epistemic conundrum that arises with every attempt to provide empirical content to scientific theories, models or statements. Second, I argue that the problem of coordination, which has so far been theorized only in the context of measurement practices (Reichenbach, 1927; Chang, 2001; Tal, 2012; Van fraassen 2008), can be generalized beyond the philosophy of measurement. Specifically, it will be shown that the problem is embodied in classificatory practices and that, consequently, historical coherentism is well suited to analyze these practices as well as metrological ones. As a case study, I look at a contemporary debate in phylogenetics, regarding the evolutionary origin of a newly identified archaeal phylum called Methanonatronarchaeia. Exploring this debate through the lens of historical coherentism provides a detailed understanding of the dynamics of the field and a foothold for critical analyses of the standard rationale used by practitioners.

Field Theory, Intercorporeality, and the Sámi Underworld

Field theory as a concept entered scientific discourse in the mid-nineteenth century. Yet the essential features of a field long predate discoveries about the physical properties and behavior of matter. The paper briefly describes ancient esoteric precursors to scientific field theory, including the Hermetic tradition and archetypal astrology, before turning to twentieth-century sociological field theories and their elemental idea of subjectivity and intersubjectivity. Jungian psychology is a field theory, expanding the limits of sociology in important ways. The paper adopts a somatic archetypal perspective to argue that intersubjectivity, the basis of sociological and psychological field theories, is inadequate. Instead, depth psychologists should embrace intercorporeality, the more embodied, holistic field theory originating in the work of Husserl and Merleau-Ponty. The paper concludes with a discussion of nekyia to illustrate how an intercorporeal field theory can include the underworld in world mythologies. The inverted cosmic geography of one tradition, the Sámi, gives new meaning to numinous encounters with one’s ancestors and spirit guides. Such encounters intertwine the subtle energy bodies of the personal and transpersonal worlds, a meeting one can imagine as soul to sole, not just soul to soul.

Occupant-centric control in buildings: Investigating occupant intentions and preferences for indoor environment and grid flexibility interactions

Occupant-centric control (OCC) systems have recently gained attention as they fulfill the energy efficiency goals of buildings while prioritizing occupant comfort and well-being. However, many studies overlook the core principle of focusing on occupants and their preferences. Instead, they assume seamless interaction between individuals and advanced controls reliant on occupant data. This study investigates occupant preferences in control systems, including control access, automation level preferences, interface design, and data sharing. Furthermore, it assesses occupant willingness to interact with OCC by sharing data as feedback for indoor environment control and grid flexibility purposes. This study is based on a survey conducted in six educational buildings involving 959 respondents with varying levels of technical knowledge. The method includes a well-established behavioral science theory called the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Structural equation modeling with SmartPLS statistical software was used for data analysis. The study reveals that 55.6% of occupants are willing to interact with OCC by sharing data. The key influences are occupants’ attitudes, social norms, ease of use, and user trust. The proposed behavioral models predict user interaction with OCC with moderate prediction, with R2 values reaching 63.9%, which is satisfactory in behavioral sciences. The results also show a correlation between willingness to interact with OCC and engagement in grid flexibility. These findings are important for OCC designers and building control practitioners who aim to prioritize occupant needs and preferences. The behavioral prediction models present a tool for assessing occupant data sharing inclination, thereby helping to prevent data shortages.

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO) AND ITS ROLE FOR SECURITY IN THE WESTERN BALKANS

Background: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is the world’s largest and most powerful collective security organisation in modern times. Membership in this organisation is the objective and effort of many countries, including most of the countries of the Western Balkans. Membership ensures collective protection, security and political stability. Since its inception, NATO has emerged as a global force for security and the spread of peace almost across the globe. Not everyone deems it as such, considering the Russian Federation sees it as its main enemy. Its military operations have been centred around protecting human rights and maintaining peace. The best example of this commitment is NATO’s humanitarian intervention in Kosovo, one of the countries of the Western Balkans. Even after June 1999, NATO was present in this country and took care of the peace and security of the entire Western Balkans. The presence of this organisation in this part of the globe remained essential, as did knowing the geopolitical history of this region. The Balkans still suffers from nationalist policies and interethnic divisions, which in either case remain a very important factor for security in this region. One fundamental issue of Western Balkan countries is the acceleration of economic reforms, the rule of law and the fight against corruption to achieve membership in the European Union. Instead of these important issues in the Western Balkans, clashes have continued over border changes and nationalist rhetoric, which could undermine peace and security in this region. The current problems of the Western Balkans are inherited from the dissolution of the Socialist Federation of Yugoslavia. The wars in the former Yugoslavia, despite being the cause for the establishment of new independent states, did not fulfil the ethnic expectations of these countries. Given that the Republic of Serbia, in the preamble of the 2006 Constitution, foresees the Republic of Kosovo as its own territory,1 legal action that expresses territorial claims against a sovereign state poses a risk for new conflicts in the Balkans. A situation with conflicting tendencies is also present in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the official policy of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia has openly shown the tendencies for secession from the Federation and union with Serbia.2 This paper deals with the role that NATO has played and continues to play with its presence in the Balkans in maintaining peace and regional security, the challenges of security and building a stable peace in this region of Europe, where nationalist tendencies dominate as well as interethnic problems, lack of political culture and deficits of democracy. Methods: Combined scientific methods were used in this paper, starting with the qualitative method and literature review. The qualitative method was used to interpret the scientific theories related to security. Reviewing the literature, we managed to combine the results of other studies related to our study topic. This paper also used the analysis method, which helped us separate the elements from the totality of the study problem. The historical method has served to show the axis of the security problem in the Balkans and to explain the development of NATO. Results and conclusions: As a security organisation, during the Cold War, it served as a mechanism for collective defence against the nuclear threats of the Warsaw Pact and the spread of democratic values of the Western world. After the fall of the Iron Curtain, it has served as an organisation that promotes global peace and security, democracy, human rights and the rule of law. The existence of open political issues in the Western Balkans, in particular the territorial claims of Serbia against Kosovo, the nationalist tendencies of the Serbs from Bosnia and Herzegovina for separation from the Federation, the attempts of Russia to influence this region, using history, culture and intelligence services and some other issues such as the lack of political culture in Albania and Montenegro and the issues of North Macedonia with Bulgaria have posed risks to the regional security. In this geopolitical environment called the Western Balkans, the integration of all countries in NATO and its presence in this region is essential for the future and security. In this context, the membership of Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina in NATO will have to be a priority for Western countries. The membership of these two states would serve regional peace and security.

Gradual de-idealisation and progress in political science: a case study

This article contributes to the discussion regarding the relationship between idealisation, de-idealisation and cognitive scientific progress. In this, I raise the question of the significance of the gradual de-idealisation procedure for constructing political science theories. I show that conceptions that assume the reversibility of the idealisation process can be an extremely useful theoretical perspective in reconstructions of political science modelling and analyses of scientific progress in political science. I base my position on the results of the methodological reconstruction of Richard Jankowski’s theory of voting. My reconstruction and results of empirical studies show that by gradually removing simplifying assumptions, models can emerge that more accurately identify the determinants of the voting decision and the corresponding relationships. In the case I analysed, the transition from coarse-grained to fine-grained models likely demarcates the line of scientific progress.

THE VIEW FROM THE EAST ON THE PROBLEM FIELD OF WESTERN LITERARY AND THEORETICAL STU

The study aims to determine the status of modern theoretical literary debate within the context of scientific theorizing in China and Japan. Growing understanding of the crisis of Euro-Atlantic literary-theoretical thought in the first two decades of the 21st century took shape in the publication of works by venerable specialists in the field of literary studies devoted to the causes of its occurrence and the taxonomy of directions and theoretical tools to overcome it. What unites this whole corpus of extensive research is an indirect or direct recognition of the decline of productive literary theoretical research, which came after the literary theoretical breakthrough of the late 60s of the 20th century. At the same time, the refusal to recognize Western literature as a model, artistic and aesthetic norm caused the emergence of powerful voices of authors whose writings are not directly shaped by the Western literary canon. Simultaneously, the refusal to recognize Western literature as a model, artistic and aesthetic norm caused the emergence of powerful voices of writers whose work is not directly shaped by the Western literary canon. The polemic started with the postcolonial discourse regarding the epistemological perspectives of Western literary theory in a situation of clash with a non-Western literary text, which, at the turn of the 21st century, developed into a reflection of its ontological potential. Both intellectuals and artists of the age of Multiculturalism, who relied on the Poststructuralist “breakthrough to the transcendental” on the one hand and on the philosophical nature as well as poetics and aesthetics of art of the East on the other, demonstrated that a complex of issues related to the future existence of literary theory risen by the literature itself, is much more sophisticated. First of all, these processes are caused by the early formation of new future horizons of world literature, in which artists with Eastern artistic and aesthetic background and knowledge play a major role. Following the mastering of the Western literary and aesthetic canon – rather a long period when the writings of these authors were derived from the general paradigm of Western literature – the formation of a new literature takes place, protesting Bhabha’s idea of mimicry as a way of survival and adaptation of the colonized and demonstrating the non-Western canon as its artistic source. The era of posttheory should testify that the rumours of the “death of the theory” may be greatly exaggerated in case the overcoming crisis of theory, which is based on literary knowledge originating from the East.