Scientific Status Research Articles

Emerging Technologies for Waste Plastic Treatment

The existence of waste plastics and microplastics has caused serious pollution to the ecological environment. Harsh reaction conditions or long reaction time are typically required for the current waste plastic treatment technologies, resulting in high energy consumption and capital cost. Recently, plasma, Fenton, and electrochemical technologies have emerged to upcycle waste plastics under mild conditions and remove microplastics efficiently. The fundamentals and applications of plasma, Fenton, and electrochemical technologies in waste plastic treatment are reviewed. The prospects of these emerging technologies are also discussed, aiming to provide the scientific background, application status, and technical challenges for these emerging technologies for waste plastic treatment.

Validity and Validation of Computer Simulations—A Methodological Inquiry with Application to Integrated Assessment Models

Our purpose is to advance a reasoned perspective on the scientific validity of computer simulation, using an example—integrated assessment modeling of climate change and its projected impacts—that is itself of great and urgent interest to policy in the real world. The spirited and continuing debate on the scientific status of integrated assessment models (IAMs) of global climate change has been conducted mostly among climate change modelers and users seeking guidance for climate policy. However, it raises a number and variety of issues that have been addressed, with various degrees of success, in other literature. The literature on methodology of simulation was mostly skeptical at the outset but has become more nuanced, casting light on some key issues relating to the validity and evidentiary standing of climate change IAMs (CC-IAMs). We argue that the goal of validation is credence, i.e., confidence or justified belief in model projections, and that validation is a matter of degree: (perfect) validity is best viewed as aspirational and, other things equal, it makes sense to seek more rather than less validation. We offer several conclusions. The literature on computer simulation has become less skeptical and more inclined to recognize that simulations are capable of providing evidence, albeit a different kind of evidence than, say, observation and experiments. CC-IAMs model an enormously complex system of systems and must respond to several challenges that include building more transparent models and addressing deep uncertainty credibly. Drawing on the contributions of philosophers of science and introspective practitioners, we offer guidance for enhancing the credibility of CC-IAMs and computer simulation more generally.

Implementing the Religious Heritage in Ibn Abi Al-Khisal's Zarzuriat

This study seeks to shed light on the messages of Zarzuriat by defining them and explaining why they were called this way. The Zarzuriat of Ibn Abi Al-Khisal were chosen to the study to reveal the implementation of religious heritage - in its forms -, such as the method of quoting from the Holy Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet, as well as religious references. And the researcher concluded that this quotation was clearly reflected in the writer's Zarzuriat, as it had a prominent role in imparting aesthetics and sanctity to the text, strengthening it and raising its artistic level.The study consists of: an introduction and a preface, discussion about the Zarzuriat, their concept, and why they were called this way. It also consists of two topics, the first is related to Ibn Abi Al-Khisal in terms of introducing him and discussing his scientific and literary status; this is followed by talking about his Zarzuriat in regards to how many of them there are and what their topics are.As for the second topic, it deals with the implementation of religious heritage in the Zarzuriat of Ibn Abi Al-Khisal, as the discussion on the forms of heritage was detailed in his letters. Also, it discusses quotation of all kinds: quotation from the Holy Qur’an, from the honorable Sunnah of the Prophet, and religious references. It was followed by a conclusion containing the most prominent findings of the study, then a list of sources and references.

Bibliometric trends of geopolymer research in Sub-Saharan Africa

In recent years, geopolymers have been widely utilized as a potential alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC) to address issues related to CO2 emissions and solid waste management. Unlike OPC, the mix design of geopolymers involves different parameters such as aluminosilicate precursors, alkaline activators, curing conditions, silica/alumina ratio, and liquid/binder ratio, to achieve satisfactory mechanical and structural properties. However, little is known about the trends and development of geopolymer research in Sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, this study aims to examine the bibliometric status quo to understand the evolution and progress of geopolymer research in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in the last 10 years. Scopus database and VOSviewer software were used for bibliometric data retrieval and network visualization. A total of 251 publications were retrieved from Scopus and showed steady growth from 2012 to 2022. It is found that the Construction and Building Materials journal (impact factor of 7.693 and h-index of 198) is the leading publication source having 41 publications and 1488 citations. The top journals in terms of average citation per publication are Ceramics International (n = 53.22), Construction and Building Materials (n = 36.29), and Cement and Concrete Composites (n = 36.2). Keywords with the highest occurrences are geopolymers, inorganic polymers, and compressive strength. Authors with the highest number of publications are Elie Kamseu (n = 56), Cyriaque Rodrigue Kaze (n = 37), and Herve Kouamo Tchakoute (n = 34) whilst those with the highest average citation per publication are Antoine Elimbi (n = 68.5), Patrick Lemougna (n = 44.36), and Uphie Chinje Melo (n = 33.4). The SSA countries with the highest number of publications are Cameroon (n = 117), Nigeria (n = 58), and South Africa (n = 44) contributing 45.45%, 22.57%, and 17.12% of the total publications, respectively. Compared to global publication trends, geopolymer research remains underexplored in SSA contributing less than 4.3% of worldwide geopolymer publications. Therefore, this bibliometric study provides insights into the scientific agenda and evolution status of geopolymer research in SSA to foster and identify future collaborative research areas and help address CO2 emissions and solid waste management concerns in the built environment which is in line with circularity and sustainable development goals number 9, 11, 12, and 13.

Original scientific article Administrative-legal Status of a Voluntary Squad During Martial Law

The subject of the research is social relations that arise in the course of the activities of voluntary squads during martial law, including the possibility of their involvement by law enforcement and other bodies in the performance of state tasks to ensure public order and national security. The purpose of the work is to determine the theoretical and applied problems of legal regulation of the administrativelegal status of a voluntary squad during the period of martial law. When writing the article, formal-legal, historical-and comparative-legal, logical methods were used. The relevance of the topic is associated with the lack of a clear and even mechanism for the creation and functioning of voluntary squads precisely during the period of martial law. At the legislative level, their competence (powers, forms and acts of responding to violations of laws by individuals and legal entities) in the process of ensuring public order in the controlled territory is not defined. The fact of the absence of a single terminological series in the formation of the legal basis for the activities of voluntary squads is stated. The main part of the article substantiates the conclusion that such voluntary public organizations, taking into account their basic characteristics, should be referred to in regulatory legal acts, regardless of the direction of their action, as a “voluntary people's squad”. A comparative analysis of the legal status of a voluntary squad and volunteer formations is presented. It is concluded that they do not correlate as general and private, voluntary formation, due to the specifics of the goals of education, functioning and financing, is not a kind of voluntary squads. The conclusion is substantiated that voluntary squads should be actively used by law enforcement agencies to ensure the strengthening of public order during martial law. The question is raised about the need to specify in the normative legal acts the administrative and legal status of voluntary squads precisely in the period of martial law. Proposals are made on the mechanism of legal regulation of the powers of voluntary teams and the social and legal protection of combatants when they perform state tasks under these conditions.

Математика: становление, обоснование, разрешение кризиса

The article discusses the current situation in mathematics, which is interpreted as a crisis. The problems that allow making such a conclusion are considered: the question of the scientific status of mathematics, the possibility of its substantiation, the mental or experimental nature of mathematics, the time of its formation. The author presents the results of the genesis of geometry, the generalization of which makes it possible to assert that mathematics, on the one hand, can be considered a kind of empirical science, on the other, a constructive scientific discipline, in which more complex ideal objects are created on the basis of initial ideal objects and knowledge. Two different understandings of the foundations of mathematics are considered - general scientific and David Hilbert’s, as well as what paradoxes are in science and how they are removed. The author is inclined to believe that antinomies in mathematics cannot be eliminated once and for all, their source is attributing inconsistent characteristics to objects of mathematics, which is due to the very structure of mathematics. The fact is that the construction of ideal objects of mathematics proceeds under the influence of at least four areas: the empirical area, describing which mathematicians create initial ideal objects and knowledge; areas of design based on the original more complex ideal objects; areas of geometric theorem proofs; area of construction of the theory of geometry. In addition, here it is necessary to add the concept of the foundation of mathematics by D. Hilbert, and also take into account that there are different concepts of the foundation of mathematics. At the end of the article, the features of the current crisis in mathematics and the possible direction of its resolution are discussed.

Mu’in al-Muqri’ al-Nahreer on Know-ing What the title, the poem, and the simplification are characterized by, by Sheikh Ahmed bin Ali Al-Bilbeisi (797 AH), investigation and study

This research aims to investigate and study the manuscript of Mu’in al-Muqri’ al-Nahreer on knowing what the title, the poem, and the simplification are characterized by Sheikh Ahmed bin Ali Al-Bilbeisi (797 AH).To this end, I followed the required scientific approach including a sufficient study of the author and his book, which includes a study of the author through translating his works, the compliments he received from scholars, and his scientific impacts. Then, I studied the manuscript sufficiently, including documenting the book name, attribution of the book to the author, the sources that the author mentioned, his approach, and a description of the manuscript, with attached samples of it. The second chapter includes the investigated text, the scientific approach was used to investigate the text such as transcribing manuscripts, comparing the copies, attributing the verses, documentation of texts and sayings .. etc. I concluded the research with the key results, such as the importance of this type of classification for the students of Quranic readings, which is concerned with collecting and explaining what each book of the famous scholars’ books are characterized by, which are approved by the people of this art, to simplify it for them. The manuscript confirmed the scientific status of Imam Al-Bilbeisi - May Allah bless his soul- since this type of classification requires exploration, recalling ideas, and mastering books to be able to find matters. In addition, the specialist needs to read more to know the uniqueness of each of the original books in this science, until he distinguishes and masters the methods, to reach a level that he can recognize them.

Development of Vaccines in Celiac Disease Therapies

In Western countries, celiac disease is a relatively common genetic immune disorder. When a patient ingests foods containing gluten, the gluten protein acts as an allergen and can cause the patient to develop the disease. The disease is not directly fatal, but its onset can be very uncomfortable for the patient, and its complications may lead to an increased chance of developing certain cancers. A lifetime gluten-free diet has already been the standard course to prevent celiac disease symptoms, but it can be challenging. In past studies, researchers have attempted to prevent patients from developing or mitigating their condition through vaccines as a treatment. However, with research stagnating and clinical trials being canceled, the production of a celiac disease vaccine is currently experiencing a bottleneck. Fortunately, the treatment of celiac disease is not the only way to build tolerance through vaccines; other therapies under investigation as well as new vaccine design ideas may be effective in treating celiac disease. This review systematically summarizes the scientific status of the celiac disease and discusses the potential of vaccine as a promising treatment for celiac disease.

Exegetical Narratives in Sunan Al-Darami (T.: 255 AH) Surat Al-Imran and Al-Ma’idah- A Model (a Comparative Interpretive Study)


 
 
 
 ABSTRACT
 
 This research aims to shed light on the most important hadiths mentioned by Imam Al-Darimi (may Allah have mercy on him) in the chapter of interpretation, and to clarify the scientific status of Imam Al-Darimi, and his status among scholars, as well as the combination of the Holy Qur’an and its interpretation with the Prophet’s Sunnah, and its explanations through this study, and looking forward to understanding the verses of the Noble Qur’an, by understanding the hadiths contained in its interpretation.
 
 
 

Scientific profile of sociology

   The question of scientific status of sociology according to critical reception of definition of sociology given by A. Giddens and N. Smelser is considered in the present article. It is emphasized that the problem of the subject of sociology has not yet been solved despite the diversity and plurality of opinions. In definition given by Giddens and Smelser the emphasis is on the study of society by sociology, and not on the subject of sociology. To say that sociology scientifically studies society, social groups and relations, expresses only our cognitive-scientific approach to the subject of study, but not the essence of sociology as a science. It is known that science determines and studies a regularity that should be reflected in the definition of sociology at least indirectly, if not directly. Otherwise, we will lose sociology as a science. So it would be desirable to emphasize this fact in the definition of sociology, namely, to say that, unlike other sciences, sociology explores laws and regularities of the existence, functioning and variability of society, social groups, social formations, even of person and so on, as of integral formations.

TRAVEL LITERATURE AND ITS ROLE IN LINKING THE HISTORICAL AND INTELLECTUAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE EAST AND THE MAGHREB: THE JOURNEY OF MUHAMMAD HAJJI BOUCHAARA AS A MODEL

Historical knowledge is a human one consisting of multiple sources and stripes that carries with it diverse and abundant information that concerns a specific period of history for a nation. The trip is considered an essential source of this historical knowledge, as it relies on direct awareness of events and it is not satisfied with transmission and hearing only, which makes it a living testimony to historical facts that may not be included in the history books themselves. It is worth mentioning that the history of Morocco has not been without a book about the journey through the ages, which highlights the interest of Moroccans in this literature to the extent that it has become one of the characteristics of the Moroccan literature, so that Professor Mohamed El Fassi believes that “the most important thing with which Morocco participated in building the edifice of general Arab culture And with juris prudence research, the art of the journey”. The Moroccans have achieved the best luck in this field. Indeed, we can say with confidence and reassurance that the Moroccans have excelled and gained the advantage of being a pioneer and leader in the field of travel. If the historical sources have recorded the names of a large number of Moroccan travellers who roamed the horizons, there are those whom we do not find mentioned , so it can be imagined that a large number of Moroccan trips have been lost or are still hidden in forgotten shelves that have not yet been reached,explored or studied. An example of this is Bouchaara's Hajj trip, whose owner is unknown - despite his scientific status - in the Moroccan and Arab cultural circles. In particular, we mention: Youssef Al-Nabahani. Thus, we have uncovered a cultured Moroccan figure who remained unknown despite the fact that he left a scientific work that enriched the Moroccan treasury. From here came our conviction to present the authentic journey of Bouchaara, so who is this traveller? What are the conditions of his trip and what are its main raised issues ? Where does its importance lay? And what did it add to the series of Moroccan pilgrimages that Moroccans have been taking? These are a set of questions that we will try hard to answer through this research

The NUSES space mission

NUSES is a new space mission aiming to test innovative observational and technological approaches related to the study of low energy cosmic and gamma rays, high energy astrophysical neutrinos, Sun-Earth environment, Space weather and magnetosphere-ionosphere-lithosphere coupling (MILC). The satellite will host two payloads, named TERZINA and ZIRÉ. ZIRÉ will perform measurements of electrons, protons and light nuclei from few up to hundreds of MeV, also testing new tools for the detection of cosmic MeV photons, and monitoring of MILC signals. TERZINA will observe the Cherenkov light produced by EAS generated by cosmic ray primaries at very high energies and will monitor the light emissions from the Earth limb in the near UV and visible ranges at the ns time scale, thus testing the observational concept of detecting Earth skimming astrophysical high energy neutrinos. The scientific objectives and development status of the mission will be presented.

A few words about the story

A continuation of the discussion on the scientific and cultural status of storytelling that began in #11 last year. The poet, prose writer, bachelor of theology, author of many articles on literature and problems of church life addresses this topic.

Why does an ethnographer need a story?

continuation of the discussion on the scientific and cultural status of storytelling that began in #11 last year. Today, a professional ethnographer and ethnologist, professor at the Department of Archeology and Ethnography at Yerevan State University, visiting professor at the University of California at Berkeley, co-author of the method of mask therapy, consultant at the Institute of Mask Therapy, expresses his position.

Integración y consolidación disciplinar en la biología y la psicología. Una perspectiva comparada

During the XIX century, different sciences were structured or consolidated in their modern form. Until then, biology, earth sciences, social sciences, and even physics, chemistry, and mathematics did not exist as autonomous disciplines as we know them today. In that century, the notion of “science” was utterly separated from natural philosophy, theology, and other forms of traditional knowledge. The consolidation of scientific disciplines was characterized by deep debates on the possibilities and methods of knowing the natural and human worlds. In their process of consolidation, all life sciences faced a dichotomy related to the best way to approach their object of study: should they follow the model of physics –considered the scientific model par excellence – or not take that model into account? This dichotomy provoked intense debates in all disciplines. The way this debate was resolved had lasting consequences in the subsequent development and the epistemological scope of the new sciences in consolidation. Comparing how this debate took place in biology and psychology is relevant to understanding the disciplinary trajectory followed by each science and the possibilities of integration in each field of knowledge. There is a generalized assumption in the history of psychology that the experimental paradigm adopted extensively in psychology at the end of the XIX century would have placed the discipline under the scientific status of natural sciences. However, in biology and psychology, there was a tension between a physiological-experimental paradigm and a historical-evolutionary paradigm. Understanding those debates within biology, and the comprehension of how biology achieved its disciplinary integration, shows why the experimental connection of psychology with physiology did not mean an explicit connection with the whole of the natural sciences. Disciplinary integration in biology was possible because of adopting the evolutionary principle under a historic paradigm instead of a physical-chemical one. That is why the experimental connection of psychology with physiology eventually became an obstacle for psychology in adopting the unifying principle of biology, the Theory of Evolution, as their basis for disciplinary integration. The first part of this article describes how two branches emerged in the process of consolidation of biology: physiological-experimental and historical-evolutionary. Each one had a different approach to its object of study, but both were necessary to form what is now modern biology. The second part focuses on unifying biology as a field of scientific knowledge, bringing the two branches of this science together under the evolutionary paradigm. The third part outlines the central debates in the consolidation of psychology as a scientific discipline at the end of the XIX century and the beginning of the 20th century. It introduces implications of how these debates on knowledge in psychology developed, as opposed to how it happened in biology. Finally, the difficulties of psychology connecting with the theory of evolution are addressed, as are the impossibility of integrating the different branches of the discipline. https://doi.org/10.16888/interd.2023.40.2.1

The Contribution of NGOs to Promoting the Social Belonging of Palestinian Youth: A Study Applied to Youth Institutions in the Gaza Strip

The current study aims to determine the level of contributions of non-governmental organizations in enhancing the social belonging of young people Palestinian, the researcher used the sample social survey method through an electronic questionnaire applied to (384) young people who benefited from the services of civil institutions, the study tool was applied in the time period 4/12/2021 to 5/17/2021The study concluded that the contribution of civil institutions to all indicators of the concept of belonging came at an average level, as the highest indicators of the contribution of institutions to strengthening belonging were increasing youth's sense of stability and security, linking private goals For youth with the goals of the Palestinian society in general, while the lowest indicators were the contributions of institutions in enhancing youth participation in social life, and developing the youth’s ability to carry out duties and responsibilities towards their society for Palestinian youth. Scientific status, average income) among Palestinian youth, and the study recommended educating young people about the importance of a holistic view of society, Encouraging voluntary collective action, interest in research and studies interested in identifying the factors that affect youth affiliation, networking between civil society institutions to improve the reality of youth, crystallizing a future vision for the role of civil institutions, according to developments and societal and international changes within which work can be done.

Qualimetric assessment of research and development performance of a higher education institution

The study presents an original methodology for assessing the quality of scientific activity of the units of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov. As a tool for its solution, we used qualimetric evaluation of all possible areas of scientific activity of departments and criteria that characterize these areas. Qualimetric methods of expert survey and weighting of performance indicators and descriptive statistics were used. Twenty-five experts took part in structuring the scientific performance of the academy. The resulting structure included six main sections, each described by a specific set of attributes. The attributes were both quantitative and qualitative with certain graduations and units of measurement, each of which was assigned a weighting coefficient. The values of the coefficients were expressed in fractions of 1, and the sum was 1. The consistency of the experts proved to be quite high, and the coefficient of concordance was 0.82 (p 0.001). Based on the comprehensive assessment of each division of the academy, a scale score was calculated, which helped in determining the rating of a division. A sigma (using the mean square deviation) estimate was chosen as a scaling tool, which shows that 68% of all complex estimates of the units being evaluated are expected in the range from the arithmetic mean minus sigma to the arithmetic mean plus sigma. That is, units with the value of a complex indicator that falls within this interval are recognized as units with an average assessment of scientific activity. Approximately 16% of units whose value of the complex indicator will be greater than the calculated interval will make up a group of units with scientific activity above the average, and the same number of units whose value of the complex indicator will be less than the calculated interval will make up a group of units with scientific activity as below the average. In general, following the structuring and weighting coefficients, a calculation complex was developed to determine the scientific status of a unit, which was performed using an Excel spreadsheet and can be used, along with the evaluation of educational and methodological activities, in the general evaluation of units.

Новые подходы в постановке и решениях проблемы сознания

Background. In scientific and theoretical terms, the theme of consciousness as a subject of psychological research is regularly updated. Since psychology established its scientific status, at each historical transition from one economic structure to another, general scientific knowledge has been updated. At the same time, the central issue of consciousness is being permanently changed: from methodological issues (introspection) to structural-functional and objectified knowledge (analytical philosophy of consciousness, cognitive science, neuroscience). In this process, the so-called “hard problem of consciousness” comes to the fore today (D. Chalmers, А. Revonsuo). Objective. The article seeks to outline the necessity for and explain new methodological approaches to the formulation of and conceptual solution to the problem of consciousness (G. Akopov), moving from the contexts of interdisciplinary discourse to psychological discourse. Methods. On the basis of previous author's reviews and research (G. Akopov) on the problems of consciousness, a certain range of philosophical, neuroscientific and psychological definitions and theories of consciousness is presented. The collected material, but for all its limitations in comparison with the hard-to-observe set of ideas, approaches and concepts that exist today in modern English-language literature on the problems of consciousness, allows us to identify a number of key points in an excessively multiple picture, more or less logically compatible. The typological approach we proposed in 2015 (an expanded version in 2021) allows us to streamline the entire set of ideas about consciousness. In accordance with the typology on the identification criterion, the concept of categories and categorical spaces of consciousness in various dimensions is specified. Results. A new methodology in the formulation and solution of the problem of consciousness has been formalized: categorical and typological approaches. The possibility of constructing categorical systems of various dimensions based on the typological identification of consciousness is demonstrated. The communicative nature of consciousness, implicitly represented in certain definitions of consciousness, is shown on the material of a number of existing approaches to identifying consciousness. Conclusion. Typological and categorical approaches make it possible to streamline and systematize the existing set of statements and solutions to the problem of consciousness. The relevant system of categorical spaces of various dimensions defines new opportunities for promising research, amplified by the thesis about the existence of non-verbal languages of consciousness in the socio-communicative, interpersonal and intrapersonal communicative dimensions. The new methodology, coupled with instrumental developments, makes it possible to pose and solve the topical problem of diversity and unity in human consciousness.

The place and role of Theology in the Space of "Secular," "Sacred," and "Holy"

Despite the recognition of theology as a scientific specialty, its legal and actual consolidation as a scientific branch of knowledge in the Russian scientific and educational space, there are still many questions related to the comprehension of its place and role in the academic space. It has been revealed that theology, occupying the place of the "sacral" in the space "secular-sacred", being inside the tradition and open to the secular space, is a connecting bridge between the secular and religious, and solves the problem of overcoming the "mutual estrangement" between them. As for theology, which is in the field of the "sacred" as we see it, its main task is to preserve the original Tradition by being closed to the "secular" and the "profane". However, not being closed from the "sacred", i.e. open to the space of theology, theology fears the possibility of distortion of Tradition on the part of the theological community, which, according to some theologians, encroaches on the Sacred by its intellectual fabrications and reformatory ideas. Despite the fact that most of the theological community considers the concepts of theology and theology as synonyms, the presented study carries out their distinction, in order to understand the reasons for both the difference in views of the academic community regarding the scientific status of theology and the possibility and need for its teaching in secular universities, and within theological disagreements. Keywords: Theology, profane-secular-sacred, tradition and reformation, ultimate concern, transcending.

Wealth Creation or Extraction in Capital Structures: The Case of Toshiba and Hedge Funds

The scientific status of an economic theory is either as an idealistic prescription (normative theory) or as a depiction of a factual reality (empirical theory). This issue is important to the status of macro-economic models to distinguish between capital structures which add to economic productivity or diminish productivity. The methodology of this research is to improve macro-economic models mathematically by raising their algebraic equations to vector equations and graphing the equations in a systems-dynamics flow models. To apply this approach empirically, we analyze a recent historical event in 2022 in Japan, wherein global hedge-funds invested in the Japanese corporate conglomerate Toshiba to take it apart (privatize it). In this vectorized modeling approach, the traditional Harrod-Domar-Solar macro-economic algebraic model is thus generalized to distinguish between the normative goal of investments to increase productivity in an economy or to extract wealth. This research shows how to model such differences in capital structures—wherein their capital flows increase or decrease productivity in an economy.