Scientific School Research Articles

M. I. Ravich-Shcherbo, the founder of the scientific School of biological chemistry in Kursk

The article is devoted to scientific and teaching activities of the Soviet biochemist M. I. Ravich-Shcherbo whose scientific career was largely spent in Kursk. The results of his studies into the development of ways to control malaria, carried out jointly with I. A. Smorodintsev and A. N. Adova during their work at the Tropical Institute of the RSFSR Peopleʼs Commissariat of Public Health (Narkomzdrav) in the 1920s and 1930s, and his research aimed at reducing the incidence of syphilis, conducted at the V. M. Bronner State Institute for Venereal Diseases in the 1930s – 1950s, are analyzed. His contribution to the development of wound healing and radiopaque contrast agents during World War II is also shown. Particular attention is given to the results of the studies into the mechanisms of biosynthesis of antibodies, gamma-globulin metabolism, and the ways to regulate these processes, carried out by Ravich-Shcherbo’s postgraduate and postdoctoral students in the 1950s – 1970s. The article also sheds light on the history of the scientific school of biological chemistry that became established at the Kursk Medical Institute.

THE DIALECTICAL ASPECT OF THE SYSTEM OF ACCUMULATION AND REPRODUCTION OF KNOWLEDGE OF MODERN ENGINEERING SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL

The development of the technological potential of the state is possible with a well- established system of training highly qualified specialists in the field of technical sciences, providing growth opportunities in the field of production, industry, ensuring the safety and quality of life of citizens. The key element of a modern engineering scientific school should be the system of accumulation and reproduction of knowledge, which determines the systemic relationship of knowledge with the pedagogical and scientific elements of the school, ensuring the innovative nature of technological developments. The construction of such a model is possible taking into account the dialectical aspect of the formation and development of the engineering school paradigm in its evolutionary context. The study of the dependence of the formation of these schools on the dynamics of engineering knowledge at various stages of its accumulation and reproduction allows us to determine the modern prospects for constructing a model of an engineering scientific school.

История становления и развития Краснодарской научной медицинской школы анестезиологии и реаниматологии

Today, a relevant aspect of developing a competent understanding of medicine as a complex science interconnected with a number of humanities disciplines is to consider its history through the prism of the most outstanding research teams of scientific medical schools. The presented article is devoted to consideration of the historical path of formation and development of the scientific medical school of anesthesiology and resuscitation in Kuban. The authors provide data on the prerequisites (conditions for improving knowledge about anesthesiology and resuscitation in the region) and the main stage of this process. The materials of the historiographic research were data from archival funds, in particular the state archive of the Krasnodar Territory and the Museum of History of the Kuban State Medical University, personal collections of members of the scientific school, as well as specialized literature within the scope of the work. The research methodology involved the use of chronological, biographical, analytical and narrative methods.

Focus on residents’ mental health: the Public Health Residents’ Anonymous Survey in Italy (PHRASI)

Abstract The ‘Public Health Residents’ Anonymous Survey in Italy” (PHRASI) represented the first study to specifically investigate mental health and its determinants among Italian public health residents (PHRs). Using a voluntary, anonymous, electronic, 88-item questionnaire, the PHRASI study generated evidence on well-being, eating disorders, sleep disorders, alcohol abuse, depressive symptoms, and anxious symptoms among PHRs. This highlights the correlation with sociodemographic, lifestyle, and work-related characteristics during COVID-19 pandemic. The data was collected in a nationally representative sample of PHRs enrolled in any of the four course years of Italian Public Health schools. The recruitment took place through the communication channels of the Medical Residents’ Council of the Italian Society of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine in the summer 2022. The key findings reveal prevalence rates of mental health conditions comparable to those seen in other healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: 61% of residents report depressive symptoms and 36% report anxious symptoms. The study also highlights a negative correlation of these symptoms with characteristics of the training and working environment, such as the level of supervision and peer-to-peer support. A stronger social network and higher levels of physical activity emerged to be positively associated with well-being and depression. These and other findings will be available in the final report of the survey that will be presented during the congress. PHRASI led the way to the Residents’ Mental health Investigation, a Dynamic longitudinal study in Italy (ReMInDIt), that aims to explore potential cause-effect relationships between risk/protective factors and mental health outcomes. This evidence could guide the scientific community, school directors, universities, and policymakers in the continuous process of improving the educational quality and working conditions of PHRs. Key messages • Residency training and work environment impact the mental health of the PHR workforce. • It is important to deploy concrete efforts into building healthy work environments and guarantee adequate training for PHRs.

Economic cyber-physical space: theoretical and methodological genesis and modern trends of formation and development

In this scientific study, the socio-economic and technical and technological features of the new economic and technological paradigm are high lighted. As a result of the analysis of trends in the development of the Industry 4.0 market and digital initiatives adopted in the world, the prerequisites for the formation of an economic cyber-physical space at the national level have been identified, and the relevance of the subject of scientific research has been substantiated. Based on the analysis of the evolutionary development of spatial economics, the research of scientific schools is systematized and theoretical and methodological schemes belonging to representatives of the German, French (continental), Anglo-Saxon and Russian schools of spatial economics are analyzed. As a result, the postulates of the economic cyberphysical space are developed and the author's interpretation of the concept of economic cyber physical space is proposed.

Review article: Retrogressive thaw slump characteristics and terminology

Abstract. Retrogressive thaw slumps (RTSs) are spectacular landforms that occur due to the thawing of ice-rich permafrost or melting of massive ground ice, often in hillslope terrain. RTSs occur in the Arctic, the subarctic, and high mountain (Qinghai–Tibet Plateau) permafrost regions and are observed to expand in size and number due to climate warming. As the observation of RTSs is receiving more and more attention due to their important role in permafrost thaw; impacts on topography; mobilization of sediment, carbon, nutrients, and contaminants; and their effects on downstream hydrology and water quality, the thematic breadth of studies increases and scientists from different scientific backgrounds and perspectives contribute to new RTS research. At this point, a wide range of terminologies originating from different scientific schools is used, and we identified the need to provide an overview of variable characteristics of RTSs to clarify terminologies and ease the understanding of the literature related to RTS processes, dynamics, and feedbacks. We review the theoretical geomorphological background of RTS formation and landform characteristics to provide an up-to-date understanding of the current views on terminology and underlying processes. The presented overview can be used not only by the international permafrost community but also by scientists working on ecological, hydrological, and biogeochemical consequences of RTS occurrence and by remote-sensing specialists developing automated methods for mapping RTS dynamics. The review will foster a better understanding of the nature and diversity of RTS phenomena and provide a useful base for experts in the field but also ease the introduction to the topic of RTSs for scientists who are new to it.

A systematic review of lithium biology and pharmacology and toxicological evaluation of new organic lithium salts

Objective: to systematize scientific data on biomedical studies investigating trace element lithium over the past 70 years; evaluate toxic properties of lithium ascorbate (LiAsc) as an important promising candidate molecule.Material and methods. An analysis of 49,959 publications on lithium biomedical research retrieved from PubMed/MEDLINE database was carried out using modern data mining methods developed within the framework of topological approach to recognizing (Yu.I. Zhuravlev scientific school). Publications found by experts and not indexed in PubMed/MEDLINE were used in discussing the results of a systematic analysis of publications array retrieved from PubMed/MEDLINE. An experimental study of chronic 180 day-long LiAsc (at doses of 5, 50 and 150 mg/kg) toxicity was performed on 36 “Soviet chinchilla” rabbits by assessing local irritant action. Intoxication clinical picture, body weight dynamics, water and food intake as well as physiological, hematological and biochemical parameters were analyzed.Results. Classification and systematization of all currently available publications on lithium biology and medicine were performed. It was shown that pharmacological applications of lithium salts in mental disorders as well as lithium effects on simple sugars metabolism, lipid metabolism, blood pressure regulation, hematopoiesis, inflammation and tumor growth inhibition, neurotransmitter homeostasis, neurotrophic and neuroprotective molecular mechanisms as well as homeostasis of other electrolytes comprised promising fields of lithium drug research. The prospects for using organic lithium salts, particularly LiAsc, for various therapeutic goals were also discussed. 180-day-long oral administration of LiAsc at doses of 5, 50, 150 mg/kg resulted in no macroscopic signs of local inflammatory reaction while examining its local irritant effect.Conclusion. The lithium-ion effect on neurotransmitters promotes neuroprotection and reduces a risk of addiction. The antihypertensive, antiatherosclerotic, antidiabetic, antitumor and neurotrophic effects related to organic lithium salts may be beneficial in various therapeutic applications.

Cultural scientific school development of the Odesa National A. V. Nezhdanova Academy of Music

The article presents an overview of the current state of cultural studies of the Department of Theoretical and Applied Cultural Studies of the Odesa National A. V. Nezhdanova Academy of Music (ONMA), as well as an overview of modern scientific cultural studies of the mentioned higher educational institution. The purpose of the research is to determine the perspectives and directions of cultural studies of the Department of Theoretical and Applied Cultural Studies of the National Academy of Sciences. Research methods. To achieve the goal, general scientific and special methods were used, including: historical-cultural, structural-functional, analytical and informational to establish the specifics of cultural research works of ONMA scholars. The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the comprehensive analysis of the problems of applied cultural studies of the Department of Theoretical and Applied Cultural Studies of the leading higher educational institution of arts of the Odesa National A. V. Nezhdanova Academy of Music, which develops cultural studies in the musical aspect. Conclusions. Using the example of the department of theoretical and practical cultural studies of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, we traced how cultural studies transforms from an abstract philosophical field to a scientific and practical one. This opinion is based on a review of candidate's theses, which trace the movement towards applied cultural studies, which fully reflects the features of the modern state of scientific practice. The interdisciplinary nature of the field opens up great potential for a flexible understanding of cultural practices.

Εντροπη: Shame and Identity Formation in the Letters of Ignatius of Antioch

Since the 1980s, biblical scholars have started to employ the framework of “honor and shame” to study the culture of the ancient Mediterranean region. However, this application of the social–scientific honor–shame model has led to “massive generalizations of ‘honor’ and ‘shame’”. In particular, when focusing on the concept of honor/shame rather than its lexemes, the social–scientific school ignores the nuanced nature of each Greek word group related to shame. By studying classical Greek literature, Douglas Cairns further points out a puzzling situation that the word group αἰδώς contains polarized meanings of both “to shame” and “to respect”. In this paper, we examine the puzzling double meanings of “to shame/to respect” by focusing on the use of the word group ἐντροπή in the letters of Ignatius of Antioch. This paper argues that the word group ἐντροπὴ serves a rhetorical purpose of protecting the church’s identity by rejecting beliefs/customs that are unacceptable to Christianity and promoting unity in the churches through obedience to church authorities. This paper also explores the fundamental epistemological issue of understanding emotion words in its ancient context. It provides a provisional definition for ἐντροπή, that it is a self-inhibitory emotion of sensitivity to one’s proper place in social interaction to protect one’s self-image.

Criminal Liability of Legal Entities in the Kyrgyz Republic and the Specifics of the Application of Criminal Law Terms

The article examines the dynamics of the development of the doctrinal concept of criminal liability of a legal entity, examines the points of view of leading scientists of criminal and criminal procedure law on existing and promising areas of development of the institution of criminal liability of legal entities in Kyrgyzstan and other countries. The appearance of quasi-criminal liability of legal entities in the criminal legislation of the Kyrgyz Republic seems justified. The article provides a number of arguments in support of the innovations introduced into the criminal legislation of the Kyrgyz Republic regarding the criminal liability of legal entities. In this scientific article, the author reveals the content and dynamics of the development of modern doctrinal discussions on the key problems of the institution of criminal liability of legal entities in the criminal legislation of the Kyrgyz Republic and the positions of the main scientific schools of Kyrgyzstan, Russia and abroad on theoretical issues of criminal liability. legal entities; to identify the main scientific doctrines concerning the understanding of criminal liability of legal entities; to consider the prevailing points of view on the category of the subject of criminal liability. The article also used traditional general scientific research methods such as the dialectical method of cognition, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, etc., as well as private scientific legal methods, including formal legal, the method of legal interpretation, etc. The main sources of information are electronic versions of official publications of normative legal acts of the Kyrgyz Republic, special literature on the research topic. The article also substantiates the conclusion that in the theory of criminal law, the category of “legal entity as a subject of criminal liability” is by far the most controversial.

Ani – Yerevan: The topic of succession on the canvases by Martiros Saryan

The exhibition at the Martiros Saryan House-Museum in Yerevan dedicated to the portraits of architects in the oeuvre of this artist prompted reflections on the personalities who laid the foundations for studying the Armenian architectural heritage, on the one hand, and the construction of a new Yerevan, on the other. The article analyzes the parallel drawn by Saryan between the construction of the medieval capital of Armenia, Ani, and the creation of the capital of Soviet Armenia during the renaissance of national culture. It also emphasizes the importance of the Ani architecture and the study of the heritage of Ani for the formation of both a new scientific school and a new style in the creativity of architects of the 20th century.

Historical Continuity and Scientific Ethics in the Psychological Legacy of G. V. Sukhodolsky (For the 90th Anniversary of His Birth)

The article is devoted to the author’s reflection and analysis of a number of episodes of the scientific biography of the famous Soviet scientist, a prominent representative of the Leningrad/St. Petersburg Psychological School, Gennady Vladimirovich Sukhodolsky. His struggle for the ethical component of scientific activity, for historical continuity in Russian psychological science at all stages of its development is shown. His work on the return of the honest name of N.Ya. Growth is being considered. The rehabilitation of pre-revolutionary Russian psychology, which was ideologically influence in Soviet times, has been carried out. The role of scientific schools and their leaders in ensuring historical continuity and scientific ethics in Russian psychology is discussed.

Scientific Reflection on the Logic of the Development of Russian Social Psychology (For the 100th Anniversary of G.M. Andreeva)

The author studies the life path and scientific and organizational activities of a prominent social scientist and humanitarian G.M. Andreeva against the background of an analysis of the ways of the post-war formation of Soviet social psychology. Its outstanding role in the creation of an interdisciplinary system of cognitive and communicative social psychology and in its design and pedagogical implementation through the organization of teaching at the Faculty of Psychology of Moscow State University with appropriate educational and methodological support for domestic higher education and the inclusion of its achievements in world science is shown. Generalization of her teaching experience in Russian and foreign universities and its theoretical and methodological foundations allowed G.M. Andreeva to develop a fundamental concept of cognitive psychology of social cognition, which is being developed in various directions by participants and followers of the scientific school she created, one of the largest in Russian socio-psychological science.

Scientific Traditions as a Mechanism of Continuity of Psychological Cognition. Part 2. Problems, Approaches and Prospects for Research

The authors’ main attention is focused on current problems of studying continuity and scientific traditions in psychology. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of promising directions for studying the traditions of domestic psychological science: taking into account when studying the traditions of scientific developments on the generation of knowledge, primarily tacit; analysis of the role of individual personal variables, including ideological guidelines, cognitive attitudes, life values, features of the professional development of the researcher himself in the process of selection of knowledge acquiring the status of tradition; study of traditions as the foundations and distinctive features of scientific schools in psychology. A model for studying scientific traditions in psychology is proposed, based on ideas about three aspects of the existence of science (knowledge, social institution, cognitive activity) and different views on the understanding of the term “tradition” (according to E. Shatsky) — functional, objective and subjective. It is concluded that the preservation and development of scientific traditions is the responsibility of not only the scientific community as a whole, but also personally of each researcher involved in scientific creativity in the field of psychology.

Innovations in Engineering and Technology of Worm-Type Gears

Relatively small changes in engineering and technology of traditional established products turn over time into a series of milestones that determine both technical characteristics and production methods, and as a consequence - the competitiveness of the final product. Accordingly, it is relevant to periodically look at the evolution of the accumulated solutions and make some conclusions on it. For this purpose, the paper reviews innovations in design and production of worm-type gears obtained in Izhevsk scientific school in the field of gears for the last two decades: spiroid gears operating at low rotational speeds and transmitting high loads, leading to plastic deformations due to compactness of gears; spiroid gears with small gear ratios (3...8) competing with more expensive in production bevel and hypoid ones; worm gears with steel hardened gearwheels with increased strength and manufacturability; planetary spiroid gears providing extremely high gear ratio, improved methods and techniques of design and preproduction of gear cutting. The paper presents the review of innovations in design of worm-type gears made in Izhevsk scientific school in the field of gears for the last two decades: spiroid gears for cases of low speeds and small gear ratios, worm gears with steel hardened gearwheels, planetary and spiroid gears, improved methods and techniques of design and preparation of gear cutting.

Software System SPDIAL

Spiroid gears are direct competitors to traditional technical solutions - worm and hypoid gears; and they have proven themselves in a large number of specific technical applications, providing greater strength, smaller size, and easier production. However, their design process is much less subject to being typical and standard and to resulting in simple engineering techniques. In fact, effective solutions can be obtained only by actually researching the space of parameters. An indispensable tool for this is a computer-aided design and research system. The paper presents the summary of such a system SPDIAL+ for worm-type gears (worm, QN-gears, spiroid) developed at Izhevsk scientific school in the field of gears and gearboxes. In particular, the possibilities of designing a conjugated gear, choice of gearwheel cutting parameters, analysis of gears under the action of errors and loads are considered. The role and results of applying the program as the main tool for research, design and innovations like new varieties of gears, their new properties in specific applications, new methods and techniques of tooth machining are shown.

Нанотехнологии юриспруденции

The article proposes to orient and expand legal doctrinal studies of law–making and law enforcement operations — the “atoms” of legal activity and the creation of structures from them, from which the social and legal-technical adequacy of normative legal acts, legal certainty, uniform law enforcement, and the ordering of public relations should arise. Natural sciences penetrate into smaller and smaller particles of nature — up to billionths of objects (nano). From small sizes, due to changes in the structure of materials, new properties arise — the results of technological progress. Nizhny Novgorod Scientific School “Improvement of legal technology as a pattern of the law-making process in Russia (history, theory, practice)” has been researching the technique of law-making and law enforcement for almost 30 years. One of the main tasks is the translation of scientific results into reproducible actions (technologies), in the training of practicing lawyers in law–making, interpretative, implemented law enforcement operations. The main risks for the country’s development are, “first of all, the lack of qualified personnel and its own advanced technologies — their absence in some areas” [1].

Вітчизняні наукові школи в галузі теорії та методики навчання хімії: персонологічний аспект

The article characterizes domestic scientific schools in the field of theory and teaching methods of chemistry, and based on the analysis of their scientific output, the main directions of research in this field in independent Ukraine are determined. The purpose of the article is to characterize domestic scientific schools in the field of theory and methods of teaching chemistry in the personal aspect, analysis and generalization of the subject of their scientific research. An analysis of the activities of scientific schools of famous Ukrainian method scientists in the field of theory and methods of teaching chemistry was carried out: N. M. Burynska, L. P. Velichko, N. N. Chaychenko, O. G. Yaroshenko. Based on the analysis and generalization of the topics of dissertation works of the considered scientific schools, the main directions of scientific research in the domestic theory and methodology of teaching chemistry are highlighted, namely: methodological principles of forming chemical concepts and knowledge in students of general secondary education institutions; improvement of organizational forms, methods and means of teaching chemistry in institutions of general secondary education; theoretical and methodical principles of implementation of pre-professional training and specialized training in chemistry in institutions of general secondary education; methodical principles of studying chemistry as a general educational discipline in institutions of professional pre-higher education and formation of a system of chemical knowledge among students; theoretical and methodical principles of teaching chemistry in institutions of higher education; formation of the content of school chemical education and development of the methodology of teaching chemistry as a pedagogical science; professional-pedagogical and methodical training of future chemistry teachers; implementation of the environmental component in the process of teaching chemistry; theoretical and methodological principles of monitoring the results of chemistry education. It was determined that domestic scientific schools for the theory and methods of teaching chemistry are not only an important factor in the preservation and development of traditions in the field of chemical education, but also a scientific center for generating new didactically grounded ideas to ensure innovations in chemistry education.

ABOUT SOME APPROACHES TO THE INTERNATIONAL LAW IN BRITISH SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES (PART I)

The purpose of the research. At the present time there is a shortage of scientific researches devoted to the concepts of the international law of foreign countries. At the same time, there is a significant need for such works, since any interstate cooperation, as well as confrontation, requires a detailed knowledge of the approaches to the international law of the relevant country. In this context Great Britain stands out. Positions of Great Britain continue to have a significant impact on the formation of the approaches to the international law of the Anglo-Saxon legal family states. Largely due to the ideas of the British the foundations of the pan-Western system of views on the international law were laid. This article deals with the interpretation of various international law issues by the representatives of scientific schools of several universities in Great Britain. The positions of these scientists concerning the essence and meaning of the international law, its application are of interest from the point of view of their comprehension on the basis of Russian approaches. That is the purpose of this article. Results. The approaches of British scientists to the international law considered in the article demonstrate both similarities and differences in comparison with the domestic international legal doctrine. These include: the vision of the international law as simply a set of rules or as a complex system; the role of normativity in the international law; analysis of some of the weak and strong sides of the international law; international law criticism of the foreign policy courses of certain countries, including Great Britain and the Unites States; consideration of Russia as a country that supports special, far from Western, approaches to the international law.

On the Anniversary of the Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Stanislav Ivanovich Grib

Stanislav Ivanovich Grib, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, an Honored Scientist of the Republic of Belarus, a Laureate of the State Prize of the Republic of Belarus, an Academician of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) of Belarus, a Foreign Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, a talented Belarusian scientist in the field of plant breeding, known in the country and abroad, the leader of the Belarusian scientific school in the area of breeding and seed production, an experienced organizer of agricultural science, turned 80 years old on August 6, 2024. He was the first in Belarus to scientifically substantiate and implement in practice a new scientific direction, that is, breeding of intensive varieties of grain crops with a yield of 10-12 t/ha of grain; developed methods for broadening genetic diversity and identifying genotypes that combine high productivity and good product quality with tolerance to biotic and abiotic environmental factors; substantiated the parameters of the model of intensive varieties; created and introduced into production systems of highly productive, resource-saving varieties of barley, triticale, and spring wheat. The results of his research have been published in more than 700 scientific works, including 12 monographs, books and textbooks. Stanislav Ivanovich is the author of eight inventions and 89 varieties of agricultural plants. Academician S.I. Grib, the leader of the scientific school of plant breeding in Belarus, trained four doctors and twelve candidates of science. S.I. Grib's achievements have been recognized abroad. He was elected a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, an Honorary Professor of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a member of the European Association of Plant Breeders (EUCARPIA), and an Honorary Doctor of the Belarusian Agricultural Academy (BSAA). Stanislav Ivanovich was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor, a diploma of the Supreme Council of the BSSR, medals and diplomas of the Exhibition of Economic Achievements, honorary diplomas of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of the Republic of Belarus, and the Scientific and Practical Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus for Agriculture.